KODI IMWE MUKHAPIDZIWA?

Kodi Pinthu Pyakukumbwa M’madembe Pisaphedzera Pinalonga Bhibhlya?

Revista ya Biblical Archaeology Review yalonga kuti kukhalapo kwa “anthu akukwana 50” analongwa m’Malemba Acihebhere kunakwanisa kucitirwa umboni na pinthu pidagumanwa na anyakukumba m’madembe. Mwa iwo muli na amambo 14 a Ayuda na Aisraele, kuphatanizambo amuna akudziwika kakamwe ninga Dhavidhi, Ezekiya na anango akukhonda dziwika na anthu azinji ninga Menaheme na Pacheya. Musagumanikambo Afarao 5 na amambo 19 a ku Asirya, Babilonya, Moabu, Persya na Sirya. M’Bhibhlya na mu ndandanda yakugumanwa na anyakukumba m’madembe nee musagumanika basi ene amambo anewa, mbwenye musagumanikambo amuna ninga anyantsembe akulu, mulembi na anyapidzo anango.

Revista yapitiriza kulonga kuti, “pana kubverana kukulu kakamwe pakati pa anyakupfundza” thangwi ya kukhalapo kwa amuna anewa onsene. Mwandimomwene, Malemba Acigrego Acikristu asalonga amuna anango azinji a mbiri, pontho pinthu pyakukumbwa m’madembe pisacitira umboni wa madzina awo​—ninga Herode, Ponsyo Pilato, Tiberyo, Kayifa na Serjio Paulu.

Kodi Nkhalamu Zasoweka Lini M’mbuto Zinalongwa M’Bhibhlya?

Maseze kuti mu nsitu wa n’Dziko Yakucena nee musagumanika nkhalamu lero, Malemba a m’Bhibhlya akukwana 150 asalonga pya cinyama ceneci mukupangiza kuti cikhadziwika na anyakulemba Bhibhlya. Mazinji mwa malemba anewa asaciphatisira mwakuphiphirisa, mbwenye m’makhundu anango a Bhibhlya asalonga anthu adagumanikana na nkhalamu mbazipha ninga Sansoni, Dhavidhi na Banaiya. (Atongi 14:5, 6; 1 Samweli 17:34, 35; 2 Samwele 23:20) Mbwenye amuna anango aphiwa na nkhalamu.​—1 Amambo 13:24; 2 Amambo 17:25.

Midzidzi yakale, nkhalamu ya ku Azya (Panthera leo persica) ikhabuluka ku Azya Menori na Gresya mpaka Palestina, Sirya, Mesopotamya na kumulolo kwa Indiya. Kazinji kene cithundzithundzi ca cinyama ceneci cakugopswa na cakulemedzwa, cikhagumanika m’mbuto zinango zakale Cifupi na madziko a Kumulolo. Pithundzithundzi pya nkhalamu pikhabalikisa mapfufu a M’miseu ya Bhabhilonya wakale.

Mwandimomwene, anyankhondo akhaoneka ninga Akristu, akhasodza nkhalamu ku Palestina mu pyaka madzana 12 N.W. Pisaoneka kuti nkhalamu zadzasoweka m’mbuto ineyi pakupita pyaka 1300. Ngakhale tenepo, zikhapitiriza kuoneka ku Mesopotamya na ku Sirya mpaka pyaka madzana 19, pontho khundu yakutoma ya pyaka madzana 20 zagumanikambo n’dziko ya Irani na Iraki.