Baibulo Linapulumuka Ngakhale Kuti Ena Ankafuna Kusintha Uthenga Wake

VUTO LIMENE LINALIPO: M’nkhani zapitazi taona kuti Baibulo linasungidwa bwino ngakhale kuti likanawola komanso panali anthu omwe sankalifuna. Komabe pali anthu ena omwe ankafuna kusintha uthenga wake. Nthawi zina m’malo mophunzitsa mfundo za m’Baibulo, iwo ankasintha uthenga wake kuti ugwirizane ndi ziphunzitso zawo. Taonani zitsanzo izi:

• Malo olambirira: M’zaka za pakati pa 300 ndi 100 B.C.E., Asamariya ena omwe anamasulira Pentatuke Wachisamariya (mabuku 5 oyambirira a m’Baibulo), anawonjezera mawu patsogolo pa Ekisodo 20:17 akuti: “Ku Gerizimu mudzamangako kachisi.” Iwo ankafuna kuti Malemba azigwirizana ndi zimene ankafuna zoti adzamange kachisi m’phiri la “Aargaareezem,” kapena kuti Gerizimu.

• Chiphunzitso cha utatu: Pasanathe zaka 300 kuchokera pamene Baibulo linamalizidwa kulembedwa, wolemba mabuku wina yemwe ankakhulupirira utatu anawonjezera mawu pa 1 Yohane 5:7, akuti, “Kumwamba kuli Atate, Mawu, komanso Mzukwa Woyera: onsewa ndi mmodzi.” Katswiri wina wa Baibulo dzina lake Bruce Metzger, ananena kuti, “Kungoyambira mu 500 C.E., mawu amenewa ankapezeka kwambiri m’mipukutu yachilatini chakale komanso m’Baibulo lachilatini lotchedwa Vulgate.”

• Dzina la Mulungu: Omasulira Baibulo ambiri anaganiza zochotsa dzina la Mulungu m’Baibulo chifukwa cha zomwe Ayuda ankakhulupirira zoti akatchula dzina la Mulungu akhoza kuona malodza. Ndiyeno anayamba kumangogwiritsa ntchito maina audindo monga “Mulungu” kapena “Ambuye.” Komatu nthawi zina m’Baibulo mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponena za anthu, mafano ngakhalenso Mdyerekezi.​—Yohane 10:34, 35; 1 Akorinto 8:5, 6; 2 Akorinto 4:4.a

ZIMENE ZINATHANDIZA KUTI BAIBULO LISUNGIKE: Choyamba, ngakhale kuti anthu ena ankafuna kusintha uthenga wa m’Baibulo, panali ena ambiri amene ankakopera Malemba mwaluso komanso mosamala. Mwachitsanzo, m’zaka za m’ma 500 ndi 900 C.E., Amasorete anakopera Malemba Achiheberi n’kupanga buku lomwe limadziwika kuti Zolemba za Amasorete. Iwo akamakopera, ankawerenga liwu lililonse pofuna kutsimikizira kuti sanawonjezeremo mfundo zolakwika. Ngati akukayikira kuti mumpukutu womwe akugwiritsa ntchitowo muli mfundo zolakwika, ankalemba mfundozo m’mphepete mwa mpukutuwo. Amasorete sankafuna kusintha uthenga wa m’Baibulo ngakhale pang’ono. Pulofesa wina dzina lake Moshe Goshen-Gottstein analemba kuti: “Iwo ankadziwa kuti kusintha uthenga wa m’Baibulo mwadala unali mlandu waukulu.”

Chachiwiri, masiku ano pali mipukutu yambiri yomwe inapezeka. Choncho akatswiri a Baibulo savutika kudziwa ngati pali mfundo zina zosiyana ndi za m’mipukutu yoyambirira. Mwachitsanzo, kwa zaka zambiri atsogoleri azipembedzo ankaphunzitsa kuti Mabaibulo awo Achilatini anali odalirika kwambiri. Koma chodabwitsa n’choti pa 1 Yohane 5:7 anaphatikizapo mawu olakwika aja omwe tawatchula kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi. Ndipotu mawuwa anawaphatikizanso m’Baibulo la King James. Komano mipukutu ina itapezeka, m’pamene anazindikira kuti m’mipukutu yakale munalibe mawuwa. Bruce Metzger analemba kuti: “M’mipukutu yakale (monga ya Chiameniya, Chiitiopiya, Chikoputiki, Chiarabu ndi Chisilaviki), mulibe mawu omwe anawawonjezera [pa 1 Yohane 5:7], kupatulapo m’mpukutu wa Chilatini tautchula uja. N’chifukwa chake m’mabaibulo ena okonzedwanso monga la King James anachotsamo mawu olakwikawa.

Kodi mipukutu yakale imatsimikiziradi kuti uthenga wa m’Baibulo sunasinthe? Mipukutu ya ku Nyanja Yakufa itapezeka mu 1947, akatswiri anali ndi mwayi woyerekezera Zolemba za Amasorete ndi zimene zinali m’mipukutuyi, yomwe inalembedwa zaka zoposa 1,000 m’mbuyomo. Munthu wina yemwe anakonza nawo mipukutu ya ku Nyanja Yakufa ananena kuti mpukutu umodzi wokha “unapereka umboni wosatsutsika wosonyeza kuti ntchito yokopera Malemba yomwe okopera Achiyuda anagwira m’zaka zopitirira 1,000, inachitika mwaluso ndiponso mosamala kwambiri.”

Mumzinda wa Dublin, ku Ireland muli Laibulale yotchedwa Chester Beatty komwe anasungako pafupifupi mipukutu yonse ya Malemba Achigiriki Achikhristu yopangidwa ndi gumbwa. Ina mwa mipukutuyi ndi ya m’zaka za m’ma 100 C.E., zomwe zikusonyeza kuti yangokhalapo kwa zaka 100 zokha, kuchokera pamene Baibulo linamalizidwa kulembedwa. Buku lina linanenanso kuti, “mipukutu ya gumbwa imatsimikizira kuti uthenga wa m’Baibulo unalembedwa mwatsatanetsatane komanso kuti uthengawu sunasinthidwe paliponse.”​—The Anchor Bible Dictionary.

ZOTSATIRA ZAKE: Mipukutu yambiri yakale yomwe inapezeka yathandiza kuti uthenga wa m’Baibulo ukhale wolondola. Katswiri wina dzina lake Frederic Kenyon analemba zokhudza Malemba Achigiriki Achikhristu kuti: “Palibenso buku lina lakale lomwe lili ndi umboni wotsimikizira kuti ndi lolondola kuposa Baibulo, ndipo palibe katswiri aliyense woganiza bwino yemwe angatsutse zoti uthenga womwe tili nawowu ndi wodalirika.” Ponena za Malemba Achiheberi, katswiri wina dzina lake William Henry Green, ananena kuti: “Tinganenedi motsimikiza kuti palibenso buku lina lakale lomwe linamasuliridwa ndi kukopedwa molondola kuposa Baibulo.”