Na ho na le Sebaka se Lekaneng Bakeng sa Batho le Liphoofolo?
KE HOBANE’NG ha liphoofolo tse hlaha li ntse li fokotseha likarolong tse ngata hakaale tsa Afrika? (Bona lebokose le leqepheng le bapileng le lena.) Ba bang ba beha molato keketsehong e sekhahla ea palo ea baahi ba kontinente.
Ke ’nete, likarolong tse ngata tsa Afrika, haholo-holo ho potoloha metse e meholo ea litoropo ho na le sepenya sa baahi. Hape, libakeng tsa mahae mehlape ea balemi ba bangata ba banyenyane e putula sebaka ka ho fula. Ka mohlala, nahana ka libaka tse nang le sepenya sa baahi tse kang Venda, Gazankulu, le Kangwane, tse moeling oa Kruger National Park. Libaka tsena tsa bolulo tsa batho ba batšo li ile tsa thehoa e le karolo ea leano la khethollo ea ’mala la Afrika Boroa ’me li na le baahi ba ka bang 70 ho ea ho 100 square k’hilomithareng e ’ngoe le e ’ngoe. Ho feta libakeng tsena u le tseleng ho ea thabela matsatsi a phomolo Kruger National Park e ka ba ho sithabetsang. Koranta ea Afrika Boroa Sowetan ea hlalosa: “Batho ba lulang meeling . . . ba futsanehile, ba bangata ha ba sebetse, ’me baa lapa.” Koranta e ’ngoe ea sebaka seo, The Natal Witness ea hlokomela: “Liphoofolo li phela boiketlong ba nala ka ’nģane ho terata.”
Ho latela litlaleho tsa morao-rao, balaoli ba Kruger Park ba rerile ho etsa ho eketsehileng ho thusa batho ba lulang meeling ea sebaka seo. Empa ho ne ho tla etsahala’ng ha meeli eohle e ne e ka tlosoa ’me litsōmi, balisa, le bajaki ba lumelloa ho kena ntle le ho thibeloa? Litsebi tsa paballo ea tlhaho li tšoha hore qetellong boholo ba liphoofolo tse hlaha bo tla fela, joalokaha ho etsahetse linaheng tse ling.
Libaka tsa polokelo ea liphoofolo tse hlaha tse tsamaisoang hantle li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa polokong ea liphoofolo tse hlaha, haholo-holo linaheng tse nang le baahi ba bangata haholo. Libaka tsa polokelo ea liphoofolo tse hlaha li ka boela tsa kenya chelete e ngata ka bahahlauli ba tsoang linaheng tse ling. (Bona lebokose leqepheng la 5.) Moqolotsi oa litaba oa Moafrika Musa Zondi oa phethela sehloohong sa Sowetan seo ho builoeng ka sona ka holimo: “Libaka tsena li boetse li fana ka menyetla ea mesebetsi ho batho ba likete—haholo-holo ba lulang haufi le libaka tsena. Ho feta moo, lena ke lefa la rōna. Ha ho na lefa le molemo ho feta libaka tseo leo re ka le sielang bana ba rōna.”
Sepenya sa Baahi—Na ke Sona Feela Tšokelo?
Sepenya sa baahi hase sona feela tšokelo liphoofolong tse hlaha tsa Afrika. Ka mohlala, nahana ka linaha tse ’nè tse khōlō tsa Afrika tse sehelaneng meeli: Namibia, Botswana, Angola, le Zambia. Li etsa sebaka se seholo ho feta India, empa palo ea baahi ba tsona ha ba kopantsoe ke ba tšeletseng feela ho square k’hilomithara. Hoo hoa fokola ha ho bapisoa le palo ea baahi ba linaha tse kang Jeremane, e nang le baahi ba 222 ho square k’hilomithara; Brithani, e nang le baahi ba 236 ho square k’hilomithara; le India e nang le baahi ba 275 ho square k’hilomithara! Ha e le hantle, palo ea baahi Afrika eohle, e leng 22 ho square k’hilomithara, e tlaase haholo ho karolelano ea lefatše e leng 40.
Richard Bell oa Zambia oa lumela bukeng Conservation in Africa: “Baahi ba Afrika ba eketseha ka sekhahla, empa kakaretso ea palo ea baahi e ntse e batla e le tlaase ntle le libakeng tse itseng moo batho ba lulang sebakeng se le seng.”
Mafu, komello e senyang, mekhoa ea machaba ea ho bolaea liphoofolo ka ntle ho molao, lintoa tsa lehae, le ho hlokomolohuoa ha balemi ba libaka tse ka thōko ho litoropo kaofela li na le seabo phokotsehong ea liphoofolo tse hlaha tsa Afrika.
Qhoebeshano ea linaha tse matla lipakeng tsa seo pele e neng e le Soviet Union le Bophirima e ile ea fella ka likhohlano Afrika eohle, moo mahlakore ka bobeli a ileng a tšollela libetsa tse rarahaneng kontinenteng ena. Hangata, libetsa tse itšebetsang li ’nile tsa sebelisetsoa ho bolaea liphoofolo tse hlaha bakeng sa ho fepa mabotho a lapang le bakeng sa ho fumana libetsa tse eketsehileng ka thekiso ea manaka a litlou, manaka a litšukulu, le likhau tse ling le thepa e ’ngoe. Ho bolaoa ka sekhahla ha liphoofolo tse hlaha ha hoa ka ha khaotsa ha ho fela Ntoa ea Mantsoe. Libetsa li sa ntse li le teng Afrika. Mabapi le e ’ngoe ea lintoa tsa lehae tsa Afrika, Angola, koranta Africa South ea tlaleha: “Ho bolaea liphoofolo ka ntle ho molao ho neng ho se ho ntse ho atile nakong ea ntoa, ho se ho eketsehile ho feta haesale ntoa e lala hobane liloani tse lokolotsoeng tšebeletsong ea sesole ha li khone ho laoloa.” ’Me ntoa eo e boetse e tsositsoe.
Ba bangata ba bolaeang liphoofolo ka ntle ho molao ba beha bophelo ba bona kotsing ka lebaka la chelete e ngata e amehang. Koranta ea Afrika The Star, ea tlaleha: “Lenaka le le leng [la tšukulu] le ka bitsa [hoo e ka bang R70 000].” Setsebi sa paballo ea tlhaho, Dr. Esmond Martin, o ile a etela naha e ’ngoe ea Asia ka 1988 ’me a fumana hore theko ea lenaka la tšukulu e nyolohile lilemong tse tharo tse fetileng ho tloha ho R4 520 ho ea ho R13-750 k’hilogramo e le ’ngoe.
Ke Mang ea Tla Hlasela Pele?
Ho nkiloe mehato e potlakileng ho fana ka tlhokomeliso ea tšokelo e etsoang ke tlhoko ea manaka a tlou le a tšukulu. Ka July 1989, bashebelli ba TV ba limilione lefatšeng lohle ba ile ba shebella ha qubu e khōlō e etsang litone tse 12 ea manaka a tlou, eo theko ea eona e neng e ka hakanyetsoa ho limilione tse robong le tse 18 tsa liranta, e hotetsoa ke mopresidente oa Kenya, Daniel arap Moi. Molaoli oa Kenya oa liphoofolo tse hlaha, Dr. Richard Leakey, o ile a botsoa hore na ntho e joalo e bonahalang e le tšenyo e ka lokafatsoa joang. O ile a araba: “Re ne re ke ke ra khona ho kholisa batho ba Amerika, Canada kapa Japane ho khaotsa ho reka manaka a tlou haeba re sa ntse re tsoela pele ho a rekisa.” Ka sebele, mehato e joalo e ile ea nyarosa batho ba bangata hore ba be ba sebelisane ’moho le thibelo ea thekiso ea machaba ea manaka a tlou. Tlhoko ea thepa ea manaka a tlou e ile ea fokotseha haholo.
Mabapi le tšukulu, boemo bo fapane. Le hoja mopresidente oa Kenya a ile a hotetsa manaka a tšukulu a theko ea limilione tse ngata tsa liranta ka 1990, tlhoko e ntse e tsoela pele. (Bona lebokose “Lebaka Leo Lenaka la Tšukulu le Tummeng ka Lona,” ho leqephe 9.) E le ho sireletsa lenane le ntseng le fokotseha la litšukulu, linaha tse ling li ile tsa qala ho sakha manaka a liphoofolo tsena. Ka linako tse ling e e-ba masiea-sieane hore na ke mang ea tla fihla pele, setsebi sa paballo ea tlhaho se sebelisang tsenene e robatsang kapa setsōmi se bolaeang liphoofolo ka ntle ho molao se sebelisang sebetsa se itšebetsang se bolaeang.
Mokhoa o Mocha oa Paballo ea Tlhaho
Ka nako e telele litsōmi tsa Bophirima le litsebi tsa paballo ea tlhaho li ’nile tsa ananela bokhoni ba baahi ba libaka tsa mahaeng ba ho fumana liphoofolo ka ho latela mehlala ea tsona. Ka sebele, Maafrika a mangata a na le tsebo e hlollang ea liphoofolo tse hlaha. Lloyd Timberlake oa hlalosa bukeng ea hae Africa in Crisis: “Boholo ba tsebo ena bo fetisoa ka molomo, ’me ho ba le tšokelo ea hore e tla lahleha ha Maafrika a tloha mahaeng a fallela litoropong . . . Ka hona lefatše le kotsing ea ho lahleheloa ke seo . . . setsebi sa mekhoa ea batho Leslie Brownrigg a se bitsitseng ‘phuputso ea makholo a lilemo ea batho ba bangata.’”
Nakong e fetileng, mebuso ea likolone e ile ea theha libaka tsa boikhathollo tsa sechaba ka ho leleka balemi bao ba banyenyane bao ka makholo a lilemo ba ’nileng ba iphelisa ka liphoofolo tse hlaha bakeng sa lijo. Hona joale mebuso e meng ea Afrika e batla thuso ea balemi bana ba mahae bao e leng khale ba hlokomolohiloe. Worldwatch Institute ea tlaleha: “Lichabeng tse ngata tsa Afrika e ka boroa, mebuso e khaolitse taolo e feteletseng holim’a liphoofolo tse hlaha. Batho ba mahaeng ba lulang ho tse leshome tsa Libaka tsa Taolo ea Liphoofolo tse Hlaha tsa Zambia tse 31 ba fuoe litokelo liphoofolong tse hlaha; ho bolaea liphoofolo ka ntle le molao ho se ho fokotsehile haholo ’me ka lebaka leo palo ea liphoofolo tse hlaha e bonahala e phahama hape.” Ho na le litlaleho tse ling tsa katleho moo balemi ba mahaeng ba ileng ba ameha ka ho baballa ha bona lintho tse hlaha, tse kang tšukulu e ntšo le litlou tsa lehoatata la Kaokoland Namibia, libakeng tseo ho bolokoang liphoofolo tse hlaha tsa Kangwane Afrika Boroa, le linaheng tse ling tsa Afrika.
Ho sa tsotellehe mokhoa ona o tšepisang, litsebi tsa paballo ea tlhaho li ntse li amehile ka bokamoso. Mokhoa ona o mocha ke tharollo ea nakoana feela. Ka mor’a nako, keketseho e sekhahla ea baahi e tla ’ne e be tšokelo. U.S.News & World Report ea hlalosa: “Nakong ea lilemo tse lekholo tse tlang, palo ea baahi e lebeletsoe ho eketseha bonyane ka limilione tse likete li hlano, haholo-holo linaheng tse ntseng li hōla, tseo ka nako e tšoanang e leng tsona feela libaka tsa ho qetela tseo ho ka lebuoang ho tsona bakeng sa liphoofolo tse hlaha polaneteng ena.”
Ha palo ea baahi e ntse e atolohela libakeng tsa mahoatata, ho ba le qhoebeshano lipakeng tsa motho le phoofolo. Buka Conservation in Africa ea hlalosa: “Mefuta e mengata ea liphoofolo tse khōlō tsa Afrika ha e utloane le mekhoa e mengata ea ho ntlafatsa libaka tsa mahae, ka mohlala, tlou, kubu, tšukulu, nare, tau le koena, haesita le matsa a maholoanyane, litšoene le likolobe.”
Kaha ha ho bonahale eka motho o na le tharollo ea nako e telele ea polokeho ea liphoofolo tse hlaha tsa Afrika, ke mang ea nang le eona?
[Lebokose/’Mapa o leqepheng la 7]
“Lenane la linare le fokotsehile ho tloha ho tse 55 000 ho ea ho tse ka tlaase ho 4 000, matsa ho tloha ho a 45 000 ho ea ho a ka tlaase ho 5 000, liqoaha ho tloha ho tse 2 720 ho ea ho hoo e ka bang tse 1 000, le likubu li fokotsehile ho tloha ho tse 1 770 ho ea ho tse ka bang 260.”—Papiso ea lipatlisiso tse peli tse entsoeng ka sefofane ka 1979 le 1990 Marromeu Delta ea Mozambique ’me tsa tlalehoa makasineng oa African Wildlife, oa March/April 1992.
“Ka 1981 liqoaha tse ka bang 45 000 li ile tsa falla ho feta meferong le merung [ea Botswana leboea]. Empa ka 1991 ke tse 7 000 feela tse ileng tsa phetha leeto le tšoanang.”—Ho tsoa makasineng Getaway ha o etsa tlhahlobo ea video ea liphoofolo tse hlaha Patterns in the Grass, November 1992.
“Nakong ea ketelo ea rōna [Togo, Afrika Bophirima] re ile ra fumana palo e thahasellisang le e sa lebelloang ea litlou tsa moru Fosse aux Lions Nature Reserve . . . Ho baloa ha tsona ho entsoeng ka sefofane ka March 1991 ho ile ha fana ka kakaretso ea liphoofolo tse 130. . . . [Empa nakong e ka tlaase ho selemo] lenane la litlou tse Fosse aux Lions le ne le theohetse ho 25.”—Tlaleho ea makasine African Wildlife, March/April 1992.
[’Mapa]
(Ha u batla ho bona boitsebiso bo hlophisitsoeng hantle, sheba sengoliloeng)
Libaka tsa polokelo ea liphoofolo tse hlaha tsa Afrika li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa polokong ea liphoofolo tse ngata
AFRIKA
MOROCCO
WESTERN SAHARA
MAURITANIA
ALGERIA
MALI
TUNISIA
LIBYA
NIGER
NIGERIA
EGYPT
CHAD
SUDAN
DJIBOUTI
ETHIOPIA
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
CAMEROON
CONGO
Cabinda (Angola)
GABON
ZAIRE
UGANDA
KENYA
SOMALIA
TANZANIA
ANGOLA
ZAMBIA
MALAWI
NAMIBIA
ZIMBABWE
MOZAMBIQUE
BOTSWANA
MADAGASCAR
AFRIKA BOROA
SENEGAL
GAMBIA
GUINEA-BISSAU
GUINEA
BURKINA FASO
BENIN
SIERRA LEONE
LIBERIA
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
GHANA
TOGO
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
RWANDA
BURUNDI
SWAZILAND
LESOTHO
Fosse aux Lions Nature Reserve
Masai Mara Game Reserve
Serengeti National Park
Marromeu Delta
Kruger National Park
Leoatle la Mediterranean
Leoatle le Lefubelu
Leoatle la Indian
Libaka tse Boletsoeng Sehloohong
Libaka tse Khōlō tsa Boikhathollo tsa Sechaba
[Lebokose/Setšoantšo se leqepheng la 9]
Lebaka Leo Lenaka la Tšukulu le Tummeng ka Lona
“METSI a Phekolang Feberu a Lenaka la Tšukulu a Three Legs Brand.” Leo ke lebitso la moriana o tummeng o rekisoang Malaysia, ho latela bangoli ba buka Rhino, Daryl le Sharna Balfour. Pampiring e ngotsoeng lebitso la moriana ona oo ho lumeloang hore oa sebetsa ho na le molaetsa ona: “Moriana ona o ritetsoe ka makhethe ka Lenaka la Tšukulu le ka Lithethefatsi tse Phekolang Feberu tse hloailoeng ka hloko, le ka tlas’a taolo e tobileng ea Litsebi. Moriana ona o hlollang o sebetsa ka mokhoa o makatsang ho fana ka pheko hang-hang ho ba tšoeroeng ke: Malaria, Mocheso o Phahameng, Feberu e amang Pelo le Litho tse ’Nè, Molikoa-likoane o Bakoang ke Maemo a Leholimo, Bohlanya, Meno a Opang, joalo-joalo.”—Mongolo o tšekaletseng ke oa rōna.
Litumelo tse joalo li tumme linaheng tsa Asia. Lenaka la tšukulu le metsi kapa le sitsoeng le fumaneha habonolo metseng e mengata ea Asia. Ka tšepo ea ho loantša ho tuma ha lona, ba ha Balfour ba hatisa sena: “Ho noa lenaka la tšukulu ho na le bohlokoa ba moriana bo tšoanang le ba ho hlafuna manala a hao.”
Yemen, lenaka la tšukulu le nkoa e le la bohlokoa ka lebaka le leng—e le thepa ea ho etsa mefeng ea lithipa. Lilemong tsa bo-1970 ho ile ha kena litone tse fetang tse 22 naheng eo, ’me ho thata ho fumana ntho e ’ngoe e loketseng e le nkelang sebaka. Ba ha Balfour baa hlalosa: “Batho ba Yemen ba fumane hore ha ho na ntho e molemo joaloka lenaka la tšukulu ka bothata haesita le chebahalo. . . . Ha [mefeng ea lithipa] e ntse e tsofala e shebahala hantle le ho feta, ’me mefeng ea lithipa tse tsofetseng e ba bosehla bo bosootho.”
[Likrafo/Litšoantšo tse leqepheng la 8]
(Ha u batla ho bona boitsebiso bo hlophisitsoeng hantle, sheba sengoliloeng)
2 720
1 000
1979 Lenane la liqoaha 1990
55 000
3 696
1979 Lenane la linare 1990
1 770
260
1979 Lenane la likubu 1990
45 000
4 480
1979 Lenane la matsa 1990
Papiso ea manane a liphoofolo tse hlaha Marromeu Delta a 1979 le 1990
[Tlhaloso ea Moo Setšoantšo se Nkiloeng Teng]
Bottom left: Safari-Zoo of Ramat-Gan, Tel Aviv