ʻOku ʻI Ai ha Tēvolo?

“Naʻe ʻi ai ha taimi ʻi he hisitōlia ʻo e Siasi Kalisitiané ʻa ia naʻe hoko ai ʻa e tēvoló, ʻa Pelisipupe pe ko Sētane, ʻa e tuʻi ʻo e koví, ko ha tokotaha moʻoni mo mālohi ia ʻo hangē ko ia ki he tokolahi ʻoku hōloa ʻo e kakaí, ʻoku nau vakai ko e tuʻunga ia ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ‘ʻOtuá’ ʻi he ʻaho ní; ko ha foʻi faʻu ʻa e kau Siú mo e muʻaki kau Kalisitiané ke fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻaki ʻa e faʻunga konga-tangata mo konga-manu ʻo e fulikivanu naʻa nau sio takatakai ki ai ʻiate kinautolú. Ki mui mai, naʻe hoko ai ʻa e kau Kalisitiané ʻo ʻiloʻi ko ha tokotaha pē eni ʻi he anga ʻo e fakakaukaú ʻo ʻikai hano makatuʻunga ʻi he moʻoní pea nau liʻaki fakafufū atu ia.”​—“All in the Mind​—A Farewell to God,” ʻa Ludovic Kennedy.

ʻIHE hangē ko e lea ʻa e tokotaha faʻu-tohi mo faiongoongo ko Ludovic Kennedy, naʻe ʻikai veiveiua ʻi ha laui senituli ha taha ʻi he Puleʻanga-Haʻa-Kalisitiané ki he tuʻunga moʻoni ʻo e Tēvoló. ʻI hono kehé, ko e kau Kalisitiané, ʻi ha ngaahi taimi “naʻe uluisino ʻiate kinautolu ʻa e mālohi ʻo Sētane mo ʻene kau tēmenioó,” ʻo hangē ko hono fakalea ʻe Palōfesa Norman Cohn. (Europe’s Inner Demons) Ko e uluisino ko ení naʻe ʻikai ke fakangatangata pē ia ki he kakai masiva māʻulalo mo taʻeakó. Ko e fakatātaá, ko e tui ʻo pehē ko e Tēvoló ʻoku hā sino ia ʻi he fōtunga ʻo ha manu ke ne puleʻi ʻa e koví mo e ngaahi ouau fakalieliá, “naʻe ʻikai tupu ia mei he talatupuʻa talatukufakaholo ʻa e tokolahi naʻe taʻeakó, ka ʻi hono kehé, ko e tupu ia mei he tui fakamāmani ʻa e kulupu ʻo e kau ʻatamaiʻiá,” ko e lau ia ʻa Palōfesa Cohn. Ko e “kulupu ʻatamaiʻia” ko ení—kau ai ʻa e kau faifekau naʻe akó—naʻa nau fakatupunga ʻa e kumi ʻo e kakai fefine taula-faʻahikehé ʻa ia naʻe mafola ʻi ʻIulope kotoa mei he senituli hono 15 ki he 17, ʻi he pehē ko ia naʻe fakamamahiʻi pea tāmateʻi ʻe he siasí mo e ngaahi mafai fakasivilé ʻa e kau fefine ʻe toko 50,000 nai naʻe tukuakiʻi ko e kau taula-faʻahikehé.

ʻOku ʻikai ha ofo, ʻi he talitekeʻi ʻe he tokolahi ʻa e meʻa ʻoku nau fakakaukau ko e ngaahi tui loto-vēkeveke mo fakafaʻahikehe ʻo fekauʻaki mo e Tēvoló. Naʻa mo e 1726, naʻe kataʻi ʻe Daniel Defoe ʻa e tui ʻa e kakaí ko e Tēvoló ko ha fuʻu manu fakailifia “ʻoku ʻi ai hono ongo kapakauʻi peka, ongo meʻatui, ko ha vaʻe ʻoku mavaeua, hiku lōloa, ʻeleloʻi huhu, mo e ngaahi meʻa meimei tatau mo ia.” Ko e ngaahi fakakaukau peheé, ko ʻene leá ia, ko e “fanga kiʻi fakakaukauloto taʻepoto launoa” ia naʻe faʻufaʻu ʻe he “kakai naʻa nau fokotuʻu ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ʻīmisi ʻo e tēvoló mo e kakai naʻa nau faʻu ʻa e ʻīmisi ʻo e tēvoló” ʻa ia ʻoku nau “kākaaʻi ʻa e māmani taʻeʻiló ʻaki ha tēvolo ko e faʻu pē ʻe kinautolu.”

Ko e anga ia ʻo hoʻo sio ki he ngaahi meʻá? ʻOkú ke toe fakakaukau “ko e tēvoló ko hono moʻoní ko e faʻu ia ʻe he tangatá ke fakamatalaʻiʻaki ʻa ʻene tuʻunga angahalaʻiá tonu”? Ko e fakamatala ko iá, ʻoku hā ia ʻi he The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, pea ko e tokolahi ʻoku nau taku ko e kau Kalisitiane kinautolú ʻoku nau fakakaukau pehē. Ko e kau teolosia ʻa e Puleʻanga-Haʻa-Kalisitiané, ko e lau ia ʻa Jeffrey Burton Russell, ʻi he fakalūkufuá kuo nau “toʻo ʻa e tokanga ki he Tēvoló pea mo e kau tēmenioó ʻo pehē ko e ngaahi tōʻonga manavahē taʻeʻuhinga pē mei he kuohilí.”

Neongo ia, ki he kakai ʻe niʻihi, ʻoku mātuʻaki moʻoni ʻa e Tēvoló. ʻOku nau fakaʻuhinga, kuo pau pē ʻoku ʻi ai ha faʻahinga mālohi makehe mei natula mo fakatupu maumau ʻoku tuʻu mei mui ʻi he ngaahi kovi ʻoku hoko ʻi he taimi ki he taimi ʻa ia ʻoku hūhū ʻi he kotoa ʻo e hisitōlia ʻo e tangatá. “Ko e ngaahi meʻa fakalilifu kuo ʻomai ʻe he senituli hono uofulú,” ko e lau ia ʻa Russell, ʻokú ne ʻomai ʻa e ʻuhinga ʻe taha ki he “toe tupulaki vave mai ʻa e tui ki he Tēvoló, hili haʻane tuku fakataimi.” Fakatatau ki he faʻu-tohi ko Don Lewis, ko ha kakai poto ʻi onopooni, ʻa ia ʻoku nau “fakamāhiki” ki he ngaahi tui mo e manavahē taʻeʻuhinga ʻa “ʻenau fanga kui taʻeakó” ʻoku “nau toe hoko ʻo ʻāvea ʻi he tuʻunga kovi ʻoku ʻi he anga ʻoku mahulu hake ʻi natulá.”​—Religious Superstition Through the Ages.

Ko e hā leva ʻa e moʻoni ʻo e meʻá? Ko e Tēvoló, ko ha tui-fakafaʻahikehe laupisi pē ia? Pe ko ha taha ia ke fai ha tokanga fakamātoato ki ai ʻi he senituli hono 21?

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 4]

Hangē ko ia ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻe he tā tongitongi ko eni ʻa Gustave Doré, ko e ngaahi tui-fakafaʻahikehe motuʻá naʻe fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e Tēvoló ko ha tokotaha konga-tangata mo konga-manu

[Maʻuʻanga]

The Judecca​—Lucifer/The Doré Illustrations For Dante’s Divine Comedy/Dover Publications Inc.