Feʻiloaki mo e Kaumeʻa ʻo e Tokotaha Ngoué—Ko e Fonu-ʻUtá
MEI HE TOKOTAHA-TOHI ʻĀ HAKE! ʻI PILITĀNIA
NEONGO ʻoku ʻikai ko e mongomongá ʻa e ʻinisēkite ʻoku manakoa ʻe he tokotaha kotoa, ʻoku faʻa manakoa ange ʻa e fonu-ʻutá ia. ʻOku saiʻia ai e fānaú, pea ʻoku talitali lelei ia ʻe he kau ngoué. Ko e hā ʻoku manakoa lahi ai kinautolú?
ʻUhinga ʻOku Manakoa Aí
Ko e lahi taha ʻi he faʻahinga ʻo e kiʻi mongomonga ʻaonga ko ení ʻoku nau manako ke kai ʻa e ʻēfití (hā he toʻohemá), ʻa e fanga kiʻi ʻinisēkite sino molū ʻoku nau mimisi hake ʻa e huhuʻa fakatupu moʻui ʻo e ngoue matalaʻiʻakaú mo e ngaahi ngoue fohá. Ko e fanga kiʻi fonu-ʻuta lalahi ʻe niʻihi ʻe lava ke nau kai ʻa e ngaahi ʻēfiti ʻe laulaui afe ʻi he kotoa ʻo ʻenau moʻuí—pea ʻi he taimi ʻoku kei ʻunufe ai ʻa e fanga kiʻi fonu-ʻutá ʻoku nau toe ʻuakai lahi foki. Tānaki atu ki ai, ʻoku maʻu moʻui ʻa e fanga kiʻi mongomongá ni mei he tokolahi ʻo e fanga kiʻi ʻinisēkite maumau kehé, pea ko e niʻihi ko honau mamaná ia ʻa e fanga kiʻi tōtōsia ʻoku nau maumauʻi e ʻakaú. Tā neʻineʻi ke talitali lelei ʻe he kau ngoué ʻa e fanga kiʻi fonu-ʻutá!
ʻI he konga ki mui ʻo e 1800 tupú, naʻe fakafolau fāinoa mai ai mei ʻAositelēlia ki Kalefōnia ʻi ʻAmelika ʻa e ʻinisēkite ko e Icerya purchasi. Naʻe tupulaki vave ʻa e fanga kiʻi ʻinisēkite maumaú ni ʻo ʻi he tuʻunga fakamanamana ai te nau fakaʻauha ʻa e ngaahi ngoue fuaʻiʻakau ko e situlasí pea ʻe tāpuni ai mo e kautaha tō ngoué. ʻI hono ʻiloʻi naʻe ʻikai ke uesia ʻe he ʻinisēkite ko ení ʻa e ngoue foha ʻi hono fonua tupuʻangá, naʻe ʻalu ai ha faisaienisi ʻinisēkite ki ʻAositelēlia ʻo fekumi ki he fili anga-maheni ʻo e ʻinisēkité. Naʻá ne ʻiloʻi ai ko e vedalia, ko ha kiʻi fonu-ʻuta. Fakafuofua ki he fanga kiʻi fonu-ʻuta ʻe 500 naʻe fakaheka vaka mai ki Kalefōnia, pea ʻi loto he taʻu ʻe taha naʻe meimei fakaʻauha kotoa ai ʻa e fanga kiʻi ʻinisēkite Icerya purchasi. Naʻe fakahaofi ai ʻa e ngaahi ngoue fuaʻiʻakau ko e situlasí.
Ko e Vilo Takai e Moʻui ʻa e Fonu-ʻUtá ʻi he Taʻú
Ko e kiʻi mongomonga fakaʻofoʻofa ko ení ʻoku sino fuopotopoto mo ha fatafata lafalafa. Neongo ʻa ʻene ʻuakai lahí, ko e lahi taha ʻi he faʻahinga ʻo e fonu-ʻutá ʻoku siʻi he milimita ʻe 12 ʻa hono lōloá. Ko e ngaahi ʻufiʻufi fefeka mo ngingila ʻo e kapakaú ʻa ia ʻoku ui ko e elytra ʻokú ne maluʻi ʻa e ongo kapakau pelepelengesi ʻi lalo ʻokú ne punaʻakí mo fakatupunga ai ʻa e sīpinga fakalanulanu ʻa e kiʻi mongomongá ni. ʻI he puna ʻa e ʻinisēkité ni, ʻoku mafaʻa hake ai ʻa e elytra ʻo mapelu ki he tafaʻakí. Neongo ʻoku faʻa hā mai ʻa e fanga kiʻi fonu-ʻutá ʻoku lanu kulokula mo pulepule ʻuliʻuli, ʻoku fakafuofua ki he faʻahinga ʻe 5,000 ʻoku ʻi ai moʻoni honau lanu kehekehe pea pulepule. Ko e niʻihi ʻoku lanu moli pe engeenga mo pulepule ʻuliʻuli. Ko e niʻihi kehé ʻoku lanu ʻuliʻuli mo pulepule kulokula. Ko e niʻihi ʻoku hala kinautolu ha lanu pulepule. Ka ko e niʻihi ia ʻoku ʻi ai honau ngaahi fakaʻilonga pule veimau pe matohitohi.
ʻOku lahi honau faʻahinga ʻoku nau moʻui ʻo aʻu ki he taʻu ʻe taha. Lolotonga ʻa e faʻahitaʻu momokó, ko e faʻahinga lalahí ʻoku nau mohe ʻi ha feituʻu mōmoa mo malumalu. ʻI he ʻā hake ʻi he taimi ʻoku fakaʻaʻau ai ke māfana ange ʻa e ngaahi ʻahó, ʻoku nau puna ʻo fekumi ki he ngaahi ʻakau ʻoku hakeʻuta ai ʻa e ʻēfití. Hili ʻa e fakafanaú, ʻoku fakatō ʻe he ʻinisēkite fefiné ha pupunga fua engeenga iiki (ʻoku hā he toʻomataʻú) ofi ki ha nofoʻanga ʻēfiti lelei ʻi ha tuʻaʻi lauʻiʻakau. ʻOku fofoa hake ʻa e fua taki taha ʻo hoko ko ha ʻunufe veʻe ono ʻa ia ʻoku fōtunga ʻo hangē ha kiʻi ʻelikeita fekai (hā ʻi laló) kae ʻikai ko ha fonu-ʻuta ʻi haʻane fuʻu lahi. Koeʻuhi ʻoku fakamoleki ʻe he ʻunufé ʻa hono taimí ʻi hono kai ʻa e ʻēfití, ʻoku vave ai ʻene tupú ʻo fuʻu lahi ia ki hono kilí. Hili ʻa e maunuunu atu hono kilí ʻi he taimi lahi, ʻoku pipiki ia ki ha ʻakau pea tupu hake ai hano kili piupa. ʻI loto he piupá, ʻoku hokohoko atu ʻa e tupu ʻa e kiʻi ʻunufé kae ʻoua kuo ʻasi hake kuo fuʻu lahi. ʻI heʻene ʻuluaki ʻasi haké ʻoku molū pea tētea, ʻo kei nofo ʻi he ʻakaú lolotonga ia ʻa e fakafefeka ʻa hono sinó. ʻI he ʻaho pē ʻe taha, ʻoku hā mai ʻa hono ngaahi fakalanulanu kehekehé.
ʻOku ako ʻa e ngaahi filí ke kalofi ʻa e fonu-ʻuta fakalanulanú. ʻI hono fakamanamanaʻí, ʻoku tukuange mai ʻe he mongomongá ni ha huhuʻa lanu engeenga, namukū mo ifo taʻeoli mei hono ngaahi hokongá. Ko e fanga manu kainikaveá, hangē ko e fanga manupuná pe fanga hiná, ʻoku ʻikai ngalo ʻenau fuofua fetaulaki matuʻutāmakí, pea ko e lanu mataʻāʻā ʻo e ʻinisēkité ni ʻoku hoko ia ko ha fakamanatu hokohoko.
Ko ha Fonu-ʻUta Fakatupu Palopalema
Ko e faʻahinga ʻe taha ʻo e fonu-ʻutá, naʻe ʻuluaki ngāueʻaki ke fakasiʻisiʻiʻaki ʻa e ʻinisēkite maumaú, ʻoku fakamoʻoniʻi ʻene hoko foki ko ha manu maumau. Ko e fonu-ʻuta halekuiní, ʻoku moʻui fiefia fakataha mo e faʻahinga kehe ʻo e fonu-ʻutá ʻi hono nofoʻanga tuʻufonuá ʻi ʻĒsia tokelau-hahake. Koeʻuhi ko e anga-kehe atu ʻene ʻuakai ki he ʻēfití mo e fanga kiʻi manu maumau kehe ki he ʻakaú, naʻe fetuku ai ia ki muí ni ki ʻAmelika Tokelau mo ʻIulope. Ko hono pangó, kuó ne ʻai ke matuʻutāmaki e moʻui ʻa e fanga kiʻi fonu-ʻuta tuʻufonuá ʻaki ʻene kai kotoa ʻa ʻenau meʻakaí. ʻIkai ke ngata pē aí, ʻi he ʻosi ko ia ʻa e meʻakai ʻoku saiʻia aí—pea ʻi he ʻikai hano ngaahi fili anga-maheni ke nau fakasiʻisiʻi iá—ʻoku hanga hake leva ʻa e mongomonga fekaí ni ʻo keina ʻa e fanga kiʻi fonu-ʻuta fakalotofonuá mo e fanga kiʻi ʻinisēkite ʻaonga kehé. ʻOku manavahē ai ʻa e kau fakatotolo ʻinisēkité ki he kahaʻú ʻi heʻenau tomuʻa ʻiloʻi ʻe ʻauha ʻosiʻosingamālie ʻa e faʻahinga ʻe niʻihi ʻo e fonu-ʻutá. ʻOku toe ʻai pē ʻe he halekuiní ke taʻemanakoa ia ʻaki ʻene kai manumanuʻi ʻa e fua momoho ʻoku teu ke tolí pea nau fakapupunga tokolahi ʻi he ngaahi ʻapí ʻi he faʻahitaʻu fakatōlaú ke nau hao mei he faʻahitaʻu momokó.
Ko e faʻahinga kehe ʻe niʻihi ʻo e fonu-ʻutá ʻoku nau kai ʻa e ngaahi ngoue mahuʻingá kae ʻikai ko e fanga kiʻi ʻinisēkite maumaú. Kae kehe, ko e meʻa fakafiefiá ko e tokolahi taha ʻo kinautolú ʻoku saiʻia ai ʻa e kau ngoué.
Talitali Lelei ʻa e Fonu-ʻUtá
ʻE lava fēfē ke ke tohoakiʻi ʻa e fanga kiʻi fonu-ʻutá ki hoʻo ngoué? Ko e ngaahi ʻakau matala tuʻufonuá ʻoku nau tokonaki ha matavai fakamānako ʻo e efuefu fakafua mo e huhuʻa melie. Ko ha konga vao mo ha meʻi vai siʻisiʻi ʻi ha foʻi tisi ʻe tohoakiʻi ai foki kinautolu. ʻO ka malava, fakaʻehiʻehi mei hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi kemikale tāmate ʻinisēkité. Ko e ngaahi lauʻiʻakau mōmoa ʻe niʻihi ʻoku toe ʻi he ʻakaú pe ʻi he kelekelé he lolotonga ʻa e faʻahitaʻu momokó ʻe tokonaki ai ʻa e ngaahi nofoʻanga māfana lelei ke mohe ai. Feinga ke ʻoua ʻe laiki ha faʻahinga ʻinisēkite pē mo ha ngaahi foʻi fua te ke maʻu ʻi hoʻo ngoué. ʻE lava ai ke ke fakaʻauha ʻa e toʻu hono hoko ʻo e fanga kiʻi fonu-ʻutá.
Manatuʻi, ko ha niʻihi pē ʻo e fanga kiʻi ʻinisēkite fakaʻofoʻofá ni ʻe tokoni ia kia koe ke fakasiʻisiʻiʻaki ʻa e fanga kiʻi manu maumau ngoué ʻo ʻikai ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi faitoʻo tāmate ʻinisēkité. Kapau te ke tokangaʻi lelei ʻa e fanga kiʻi fonu-ʻutá, te nau fakapaleʻi leva koe. Ko ha toe fakatātā kinautolu ʻo e poto ʻa hotau Tokotaha-Fakatupú, ʻo hangē ko ia naʻe lāuʻilo ki ai ʻa e tokotaha-tohi-sāmé ʻi heʻene pehē: “Hono ʻikai ko e fuʻufuʻunga meʻa hoʻo ngaahi ngaue, ʻe Sihova! Pea ko e poto kuo ke ngaohi ʻaki hono kotoa: ʻOku fonu ʻa mamani ʻi hoʻo koloa.”—Sāme 104:24.
[Maʻuʻanga Tā ʻi he peesi 16]
ʻOlunga: © Waldhäusl/Schauhuber/Naturfoto-Online; ua ʻi toʻohemá: Scott Bauer/Agricultural Research Service, USDA; loto-mālie: Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, www.insectimages.org; ngaahi foʻi fuá: Bradley Higbee, Paramount Farming, www.insectimages.org
[Maʻuʻanga Tā ʻi he peesi 17]
Toʻohema: Jerry A. Payne, USDA Agricultural Research Service, www.insectimages.org; fika ua mei toʻohemá: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, www.insectimages.org; fika tolu mei toʻohemá: Louis Tedders, USDA Agricultural Research Service, www.insectimages.org; fika fā mei toʻohemá: Russ Ottens, The University of Georgia, www.insectimages.org; fanga kiʻi fonu-ʻuta ʻi ha lauʻiʻakau: Scott Bauer/Agricultural Research Service, USDA