Ko e “Kāinga Pōlaní”—Ko e Hā Naʻe Fakatangaʻi Ai Kinautolú?
ʻI he 1638 naʻe fakahoko ai ʻe he falealea Pōlaní ha tā fefeka ki ha kiʻi kulupu fakalotu naʻe ʻiloa ko e Kāinga Pōlaní. Naʻe fakaʻauha ai ha falelotu mo ha mīsini paaki ʻa e kulupú. Naʻe tāpuni ʻa e ʻUnivēsiti ʻo Raków, pea ko e kau palōfesa ko ia naʻa nau faiako aí naʻe ʻave ʻo fakaheeʻi.
ʻI ha taʻu ʻe uofulu ki mui ai, naʻe toe hoko atu ʻa e falealeá ki ha sitepu ʻe taha. Naʻá ne tuʻutuʻuni ki he mēmipa kotoa ʻo e kulupú, ʻa ia naʻe toko 10,000 nai pe tokolahi ange ai, ke nau mavahe mei he fonuá. Naʻe anga-fēfē ʻa e hoko ʻo mātuʻaki faingataʻa ʻa e tuʻungá ʻi ha fonua ʻa ia ʻi he taimi ko iá, naʻe fakakaukau ki ai ko e taha ia ʻo e fonua anga-kātaki taha ʻi he kotoa ʻo ʻIulopé? Ko e hā naʻe fai ʻe he Kāinga Pōlaní ke nau tuha ai mo e tōʻongafai anga-kakaha peheé?
NAʻE kamata kotoa ia ʻi he taimi naʻe tupu hake ai ha vākovi ʻi he lotoʻi Siasi Kalavini ʻo Pōlaní. Ko ha poini lahi ʻo e fakakikihí ko e tokāteline ʻo e Tolu-Tahaʻi-ʻOtuá. Ko e kau taki ʻo ha ngaʻunu fokotuʻu fakakaukau foʻou ʻi he lotoʻi siasí naʻa nau talitekeʻi ʻa e tokāteliné ʻo pehē ʻoku taʻefakatohitapu. Naʻe fakaʻitaʻi ʻe he meʻá ni ʻa e taki ʻo e siasí pea fakatupunga ai ke mavahe ʻa e ngaʻunu fokotuʻu fakakaukau foʻoú.
Naʻe ui ʻe he kau lotu Kalaviní ʻa e kau taʻelototataú ko e kau ʻElaiení,a ka ko e kau muimui ʻo e kulupu foʻoú naʻa nau fili ke ui kinautolu ko e kau Kalisitiane pe ko e Kāinga Pōlaní. ʻOku toe ʻiloa kinautolu ko e kau Sosiniá, ʻo ui kia Leliasi Sosinasi, ko ha tokotaha ʻĪtali ʻa ia naʻe tākiekina ʻe Sevetusi, ʻa ia ko hono ʻilamutú ʻa Fasitusi Sosinasi naʻá ne fononga ki Pōlani peá ne hoko ai ʻo ʻiloa ʻi he ngaʻunú.
ʻI he taimi ko iá ko ha houʻeiki Pōlani, ko Jan Sienieński, naʻá ne kumi ke foaki ki he siasi foʻoú ʻa e meʻa naʻá ne ui “ko ha feituʻu, lōngonoa mavahe” ia ke tupulaki ai. ʻI hono ngāueʻi ha monū makehe ʻa ia naʻe foaki ange ʻe he tuʻi ʻo Pōlaní, naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻe Sienieński ʻa e kolo ko Raków, ʻa ia naʻe hoko ki mui ko e senitā ʻo e tui faka-Sosinia ʻi Pōlaní. Naʻe foaki ʻe Sienieński ki he tangataʻifonua ʻo Raków ha ngaahi totonu, ʻo kau ai ʻa e totonu ke lotu tauʻatāiná.
Ko e kau ngāue fakameaʻá, kau toketaá, kau talavaí, kakai ʻo e koló, mo e kau matāpule ʻo e ngaahi siasi kehekehe naʻe tohoaki kinautolu ki he kolo foʻoú. Tānaki atu ki ai, naʻe fakatahataha ki ai ʻa e kau faifekau mei Pōlani, Lituēnia, Tulenisilivēnia, Falanisē, pea naʻa mo ʻIngilani. Kae kehe, naʻe ʻikai ke kau kotoa ʻa e kau tūʻuta foʻou atu ko ení ʻi he ngaahi tui faka-Sosiniá; ko ia, ʻi he taʻu ʻe tolu hono hokó, mei he 1569 ki he 1572, naʻe hoko ai ʻa Raków ko ha feituʻu ʻo e ngaahi fetalanoaʻaki fakateolosia taʻehanongataʻanga. Ko e hā hono olá?
Ko ha Fale Kuo Mavahevahe
Naʻe hoko ʻa e ngaʻunu faka-Sosiniá ʻiate pē ʻo mavahevahe, ʻa ia ko e faʻahinga naʻa nau tukulotoa ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau tefito angé ʻi he faʻahi ʻe tahá pea ko e faʻahinga ʻa ia ko ʻenau ngaahi fakakaukaú ne ʻikai fuʻu hulú ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá. Kae kehe, neongo ʻenau ngaahi fefaikehekeheʻakí, naʻe mahino lelei ʻa e ngaahi tui naʻa nau faitatau aí. Naʻa nau talitekeʻi ʻa e Tolu-Tahaʻi-ʻOtuá; naʻa nau fakafisi ke fai ʻa e papitaiso valevalé; ʻi he fakalūkufuá naʻe ʻikai te nau toʻo meʻatau pea naʻe ʻikai te nau faʻa maʻu ha ngaahi mafai fakapuleʻanga.b Naʻa nau toe fakaʻikaiʻi ʻa e ʻi ai ha heli ko ha feituʻu ʻo e fakamamahí. ʻI he meʻa kotoa ko ení, naʻa nau liʻaki ai ʻa e ngaahi talatukufakaholo fakalotu manakoá.
Naʻe langaʻi fakatouʻosi ʻe he kau lotu Kalaviní mo e haʻa faifekau Katoliká ha fakafepaki kakaha ki he kulupú, ka naʻe maʻu ʻe he kau faifekau faka-Sosiniá ʻa e ʻaonga mei he ʻatimosifia ʻo e kātaki fakalotu, naʻe poupouʻi ʻe he ngaahi tuʻi Pōlani hangē ko Sigismund II Augustus mo Stephen Báthory, ke akoʻi ʻaki ʻa ʻenau ngaahi fakakaukaú.
Ko e Ngāue Fakaʻilonga ʻa Budny
Ko ha liliu Kalavini ʻo e Tohitapú, ʻa ia naʻe ngāuelahiʻaki ʻi he taimi ko iá, naʻe ʻikai te ne fakahoko ʻa e ngaahi fiemaʻu ʻa e kau lautohi tokolahi. Naʻe fakahoko ʻa e liliú, ʻo ʻikai mei he ngaahi muʻaki leá, kae mei he Vulgate Latiná pea mo ha liliu Falanisē he taimi ko iá. “Ko e tuʻunga faitotonu mo e totonu ʻo e fakakaukaú ne mole ia ʻi he kumi ki he ākenga fakaʻofoʻofá,” ko e lau ia ʻa ha tuʻunga mafai ʻe taha. Naʻe fakahū mai ai ʻa e ngaahi hala lahi. Ko ia ai, ko ha mataotao ʻiloa ko Szymon Budny naʻe fakaafeʻi mai ia ke ne fakatonutonu ʻa e liliú. Naʻá ne fakapapauʻi ai ʻe faingofua ange ke faʻu ha liliu foʻou fakaʻaufuli ʻi hano fakatonutonu ʻa e liliu motuʻá. Naʻe kamata ke ngāue ʻa Budny ki he foʻi ngāué ʻi he 1567 nai.
ʻI heʻene liliú, naʻe ʻanalaiso fakaʻāuliliki ʻe Budny ʻa e foʻi lea kotoa pē pea mo hono ngaahi faikehekehé ʻi ha founga ne teʻeki ke fai ia ki muʻa ʻe ha taha ʻi Pōlani. Ko e ngaahi feituʻu naʻe faingataʻa ai ʻa e liliu ʻo e konga tohi faka-Hepeluú, naʻá ne fakahaaʻi ʻa hono liliu fakahangatonú ʻi he fakamatala he tafaʻakí. ʻI hono fiemaʻú, naʻá ne faʻu ha ngaahi foʻi lea foʻou pea feinga ke ngāueʻaki ʻa e lea faingofua fakaʻaho faka-Pōlani ʻi hono taimí. Ko ʻene taumuʻá ke ʻoatu ki he tokotaha lautohí ha liliu faitotonu mo totonu ʻo e Tohitapú.
Ko e liliu ʻe Budny ʻa e kotoa ʻo e Tohitapú naʻe pulusi ia ʻi he 1572. Kae kehe, ko e kau faipulusi ʻo e tohí naʻa nau fakakeheʻi ʻa ʻene liliu ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohitapu Faka-Kalisí. ʻI he ʻikai ke loto-siʻi aí, naʻe hoko atu ʻa Budny ke ngāue ki ha liliu toe fakaleleiʻi, ʻa ia naʻe kakato ia ʻi he taʻu ʻe ua ki mui ai. Ko e liliu pōtoʻi ʻe Budny ʻa e Ngaahi Konga Tohitapu Faka-Kalisí naʻe māʻolunga ange ia ʻi he ngaahi liliu faka-Pōlani ki muʻá. Tānaki atu ki ai, naʻá ne toe fakafoki mai ʻa e huafa fakaʻotua, ko e Sihová.
Lolotonga ʻa e konga fakaʻosi ʻo e senituli hono 16 pea mo e ʻuluaki hongofuluʻi taʻu ʻe tolu ʻo e senituli hono 17, ko Raków, ʻa e kolomuʻa ʻo e ngaʻunú, naʻe hoko ia ko ha senitā fakalotu mo ha fakaeʻatamai. Naʻe pulusi ʻi ai ʻe he kau taki mo e kau hiki tohi ʻo e Kāinga Pōlaní ʻenau ngaahi tulekí mo ʻenau ngaahi tohí .
Naʻa Nau Poupouʻi ʻa e Akó
Naʻe kamata ke vave ʻa e lele ʻa e ngāue fakaepulusi ʻa e Kāinga Pōlaní ʻi he 1600 nai ʻi hono fokotuʻu ha mīsini paaki ʻi Raków. Naʻe malava ʻe he mīsiní ʻo faʻu fakatouʻosi ʻa e fanga kiʻi tohi talanoa iiki mo e ngaahi tohi lalahi ʻi he ngaahi lea ʻe niʻihi. ʻI heʻene hoko ko ha senitā ʻo e paaki tohí, naʻe vave ʻa e feʻauhi ʻa Raków mo e ngaahi faiʻanga paaki tohi lelei taha ʻi ʻIulopé. ʻOku ʻi ai ʻa e tui naʻe aʻu ʻa e lahi ʻo e ngaahi tohi naʻe pulusi ʻi he mīsini paaki ko iá ki he 200, lolotonga ʻa e ngaahi taʻu ʻe 40 hono hokó. Ko ha faʻuʻanga pepa ofi mai, ʻa e Kāinga Pōlaní, naʻe ʻomai mei ai ʻa e pepa tuʻunga māʻolunga ki he ʻū tohi ko ení.
Naʻe vave ʻa e sio ʻa e Kāinga Pōlaní ki he fiemaʻu ke akoʻi honau kaungātuí, pea mo e niʻihi kehé. Ke fakahoko iá, naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻa e ʻUnivēsiti ʻo Raków ʻi he 1602. Ko e ngaahi foha ʻo e Kāinga Pōlaní, pehē ki he tamaiki tangata Katolika mo Palotisani, naʻa nau kau ki he ngaahi kalasi ʻi aí. Neongo ko e ʻunivēsití ko ha seminālio fakateolosia, naʻe ʻikai ko e lotú pē ʻa e kaveinga naʻe akoʻí. Naʻe toe hoko ko ha konga ʻo e ngaahi lēsoní ʻa e ngaahi lea muli, saienisi ki he ʻulungāngá, ʻikonōmiká, hisitōliá, laó, saienisi ʻo e fakakaukau matalá, saienisi ʻo natulá, fiká, faitoʻó, mo e fakamālohi-sinó. Naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e fuʻu laipeli lahi ʻa e ʻunivēsití, ʻa ia naʻe hokohoko atu ʻene tupú ʻi he tokoni ʻa e mīsini paaki fakalotofonuá.
ʻI he hoko mai ʻa e senituli hono 17, naʻe hā ngali ʻe hokohoko atu ai ʻa e lakalakaimonū ʻa e Kāinga Pōlaní. Ka, naʻe ʻikai ke hoko ia ʻo pehē.
Fakafetau Mai ʻa e Siasí mo e Puleʻangá
ʻOku fakamatala ʻa Zbigniew Ogonowski ʻo e Akoʻanga Saienisi ʻo Pōlaní: “ʻI he ngataʻanga ʻo e hongofuluʻi taʻu hono tolu ʻo e senituli hono 17, naʻe kamata ke hōloa vave ai ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo e kau ʻElaieni ʻo Pōlaní.” Naʻe tupu eni ʻi he ngāue mālohi fakautuutu ʻa e haʻa faifekau Katoliká. Naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻe he haʻa faifekaú ʻa e ngaahi founga kotoa pē naʻe ala lavá, ʻo kau ai ʻa e lauʻikoviʻi loí mo e fakaongoongokoviʻí, ke ʻai ke taʻetui ai ki he Kāinga Pōlaní. Naʻe ʻai ʻo faingofua ange ʻa e ʻohó ʻi ha liliu ʻa e tuʻunga fakapolitikale ʻi Pōlaní. Ko e tuʻi Pōlani foʻoú, ʻa Sigismund III Vasa, ko ha fili ia ʻo e Kāinga Pōlaní. Ko hono kau fetongí, tautefito kia John II Casimir Vasa, naʻá ne poupouʻi tatau ʻa e ngaahi feinga ʻa e Siasi Katoliká ke fakafepakiʻiʻaki ʻa e Kāinga Pōlaní.
Naʻe aʻu ʻa e ngaahi meʻá ki hono tumutumú ʻi he fakahuʻunga naʻe fakalieliaʻi ʻosi fakakaukauʻi ʻa e kolosí ʻe ha fānau ako tokosiʻi mei Raków. Naʻe hoko ʻa e meʻá ni ko ha fakavaʻanga ia ki hono fakaʻauha ʻa e kolomuʻa ʻo e Kāinga Pōlaní. Naʻe tukuakiʻi ʻa e tokotaha naʻe ʻaʻana ʻa Raków ki ha fakamaauʻanga fakaefalealea ki hono ‘fakamafola ʻo e fulikivanú’ ʻaki hono poupouʻi ʻa e ʻUnivēsiti ʻo Raków mo ʻene mīsini pākí. Naʻe tukuakiʻi ʻa e Kāinga Pōlaní ki he ngāue fakatupu-maveuveu, kau ʻi he ngaahi ouau fakapulipuli, mo e moʻui ʻulungaanga taʻetaau. Naʻe tuʻutuʻuni ai ʻa e falealeá ʻoku totonu ke tāpuni ʻa e ʻUnivēsiti Raków pea ke fakaʻauha ʻa e mīsini paaki pea mo e falelotu ʻo e Kāinga Pōlaní. Naʻe tuʻutuʻuni ki he kau tuí ke nau mavahe mei he koló. Ko e kau palōfesa ʻo e ʻunivēsití naʻe kapusi kinautolu mei he fonuá ʻi he malumalu ʻo e tautea mate. Naʻe hiki ʻa e Kāinga Pōlani ʻe niʻihi ki he ngaahi taulangaū malu ange, hangē ko Silēsia mo Solovākiá.
ʻI he 1658 naʻe tuʻutuʻuni ai ʻa e falealeá ke fakatau atu ʻe he Kāinga Pōlaní ʻenau koloá pea hiki ki muli ʻi loto ʻi he taʻu ʻe tolu. Ki mui ai, naʻe fakanounou hifo ai ʻa e taimi ke fai aí ki he taʻu ʻe ua. Ko ha taha pē te ne talaki fakahāhā ʻenau tuí, hili iá ʻe fakahoko hano tāmateʻi.
Naʻe nofo ʻa e kau Sosinia ʻe niʻihi ʻi he ʻOtu Netalení, ʻa ia naʻe hokohoko atu ai ʻenau ngāue pulusí. Naʻe lele ha fakatahaʻanga ʻi Tulenisilivēnia ʻi he toki aʻu mai ki he kamataʻanga ʻo e senituli hono 18. ʻI heʻenau ngaahi fakatahá, ʻa ia naʻe fai ʻo aʻu ki he tuʻo tolu he uiké, naʻa nau hivaʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi sāmé, fanongo ki he ngaahi malangá, pea lau ʻi ha pepa fehuʻi mo e tali ʻa ia naʻe teuteuʻi ke fakamatalaʻi ai ʻenau ngaahi akonakí. Koeʻuhi ke fakatolonga ʻa e tuʻunga maʻa ʻo e fakatahaʻangá, naʻe fakatonutonu ʻa e kaungātuí, enginakiʻi pea kapau naʻe fiemaʻu, naʻe kapusi.
Ko e Kāinga Pōlaní ko e kau ako kinautolu ʻa e Folofola ʻa e ʻOtuá. Naʻa nau ʻiloʻi ʻa e ngaahi moʻoni maʻongoʻonga, pea naʻa nau vahevahe taʻetoetatali ia mo e niʻihi kehé. Kae kehe, naʻe faifai atu pē, ʻo nau movete atu ʻi ʻIulope pea ʻiloʻi ʻa ʻene faingataʻa ange ke tauhi maʻu ʻenau fāʻūtahá. Ne puli atu ʻi ha taimi ʻa e Kāinga Pōlaní.
[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]
a Ko ʻElaiasí (250-336 T.S.) ko ha taulaʻeiki ʻAlekisanitulia ia ʻa ia naʻá ne fakakikihi ko Sīsuú ʻoku māʻulalo ange ia ʻi he Tamaí. Naʻe talitekeʻi ʻe he Kosilio ʻo Nīseá ʻa ʻene fakakaukaú ʻi he 325 T.S.—Sio ki he Awake! ʻo Sune 22, 1989, peesi 27.
b Sio ki he Awake!, ʻo Nōvema 22, 1988, peesi 19, “Ko e Kau Sosiniá—Ko e Hā Naʻa Nau Talitekeʻi Ai ʻa e Tolu-Tahaʻi-ʻOtuá?”
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 23]
Ko ha fale ʻa ha faifekau faka-Sosinia
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 23]
ʻI ʻolungá: Ko Raków ʻi he ʻahó ni; ʻi he toʻomataʻú ko e monasiteliō naʻe fokotuʻu ʻi he 1650 ke taʻaki fuʻu ʻaki ha toenga pē ʻo e “Tui Faka-ʻElaiení”; ʻi laló: ʻI he tuʻuʻanga ko ení naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻe he haʻa faifekau Katoliká ha kolosi ke fakatupunga ʻaki ha vākovi mo e Kāinga Pōlaní
[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 21]
Title card of Biblia nieświeska by Szymon Budny, 1572