Ko e “Septuagint”—ʻAonga ʻi he Kuohilí mo e Lolotongá
KO HA tangata faitākiekina lahi mei ʻItiopea naʻá ne fononga ki ʻapi mei Selusalema. Lolotonga ʻene fononga ʻi ha hala toafa ʻi heʻene salioté, naʻá ne lautohi leʻo-lahi ai mei ha takainga tohi fakalotu. Ko e fakamatala ʻo e ngaahi foʻi lea naʻá ne laú naʻe maongo kiate ia ʻo liliu ai ʻene moʻuí mei he taimi ko iá ʻo faai mai ai. (Ngāue 8:26-38) Naʻe lautohi ʻa e tangatá ʻi he Aisea 53:7, 8 mei he fuofua ʻuluaki liliu ʻo e Tohitapú—ko e Septuagint Kalisí. Ko e tohi ko ení kuó ne fakahoko ha ngafa mahuʻinga ʻi hono fakamafola ʻa e pōpoaki ʻo e Tohitapú ʻi he kotoa ʻo e laui senitulí ʻo ui ai ia ko ha liliu Tohitapu naʻá ne liliuʻi ʻa e māmaní.
Ko fē ʻa e taimi pea ko e hā ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga naʻe teuteuʻi ai ʻa e Septuagint? Ko e hā naʻe ʻi ai ai ha fiemaʻu ki ha liliu peheé? Kuo fakamoʻoniʻi ʻa ʻene ʻaonga fēfē ʻi he kotoa ʻo e ngaahi senitulí? Ko e hā ʻa e meʻa kapau ʻoku ʻi ai, ʻe lava ke akoʻi mai kia kitautolu he ʻahó ni ʻe he Septuagint?
Ngaohi Maʻá e Kau Siu Lea Faka-Kalisí
ʻI he 332 K.M. ʻi he laka atu ʻa ʻAlekisānita ko e Lahí ki ʻIsipite hili ʻene fakaʻauha ʻa e kolo Finisia ko Tāiá, naʻe talitali fiefia ai ia ko ha tokotaha faifakahaofi. Naʻá ne fokotuʻu ai ʻa e kolo ko ʻAlekisanituliá, ko ha senitā ʻo e akó ʻi he māmani motuʻá. ʻI he holi ke fakamafola ʻa e anga fakafonua faka-Kalisí ki he kakai ʻoku nofo ʻi he ngaahi fonua naʻe ikunaʻí, naʻe ʻoatu ai ʻe ʻAlekisānita ʻa e lea faka-Kalisi (Koine) anga-mahení ki he kotoa ʻo hono fuʻu puleʻangá.
ʻI he senituli hono tolu K.M., naʻe hoko ai ʻa ʻAlekisanitulia ko e nofoʻanga ia ki ha fuʻu kau Siu tokolahi. Ko e kau Siu tokolahi ʻa ia naʻa nau nofo ʻi he ngaahi kolonia movetevete ʻi tuʻa Pālesitaine hili ʻa e takiheeʻi ki Pāpiloné naʻa nau hiki ki ʻAlekisanitulia. Naʻe lahi fēfē hono ʻiloʻi ʻe he kau Siu ko ení ʻa e lea faka-Hepeluú? ʻOku pehē ʻe he Cyclopedia ʻa McClintock mo Strong: “ʻOku ʻiloa ʻi he hili ʻa e foki ʻa e kau Siú mei he nofo pōpula ʻi Pāpiloné, ʻi he mole ʻa e tuʻunga lahi ʻo ʻenau ʻilo anga-maheni fekauʻaki mo e lea faka-Hepelū motuʻá, ko e ngaahi lautohi mei he ngaahi tohi ʻa Mōsesé ʻi he ngaahi sinakoke ʻo Pālesitainé naʻe fakamatalaʻi kia kinautolu ʻi he lea faka-Kalitiá . . . Ko e kau Siu ʻo ʻAlekisanituliá ʻoku ngalingali naʻe toe siʻi ange ʻenau ʻilo ʻa e lea faka-Hepeluú; ko ʻenau lea mahení ko e lea Kalisi faka-ʻAlekisanituliá.” ʻOku ngalingali, naʻe tonu ʻa e tuʻungá ʻi ʻAlekisanitulia ki hano liliu ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohitapu Faka-Hepeluú ki he faka-Kalisí.
Ko ʻAlisitopulasí, ko ha Siu ia naʻe moʻui ʻi he senituli hono ua K.M., naʻá ne tohi ko ha liliu ʻo e lao faka-Hepeluú naʻe liliuʻi ia ki he faka-Kalisí pea naʻe kakato lolotonga ʻa e pule ʻa Tolimi Filatelifasí (285-246 K.M.). ʻOku kehekehe ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukaú ʻo fekauʻaki mo e meʻa naʻe ʻuhinga ki ai ʻa ʻAlisitopulasi ko e “laó.” ʻOku fakakaukau ʻa e niʻihi naʻá ne ʻuhinga pē ki he Penitātusí, lolotonga ia ʻoku pehē ʻe he niʻihi naʻá ne fakakaukau nai ki he Ngaahi Konga Tohitapu Faka-Hepeluú fakakātoa.
Tatau ai pē pe ko e hā, ʻoku pehē ʻe he talatukufakaholó ko e kau mataotao Siu ʻe toko 72 nai naʻe kau ʻi he ʻuluaki liliu ko ia kuo tohi ʻo e ngaahi Konga Tohitapú mei he faka-Hepeluú ki he faka-Kalisí. Ki mui ai, naʻe kamata ke ngāueʻaki ai ʻa e fika fakafuofua ko e 70. Ko ia ai, naʻe ui ʻa e liliú ko e Septuagint, ko hono ʻuhingá ko e “70,” pea ʻoku fakahaaʻi ia ko e LXX, ʻa e mataʻifika faka-Loma ki he 70. ʻI he aʻu ki he ngataʻanga ʻo e senituli hono ua K.M., naʻe lava ai ke lau ʻa e tohi kotoa pē ʻi he Ngaahi Konga Tohitapu Faka-Hepeluú ʻi he faka-Kalisí. Ko ia ai, ko e hingoa Septuagint naʻe hoko ʻo ʻuhinga ia ki he Ngaahi Konga Tohitapu Faka-Hepelū fakakātoa naʻe liliu ki he faka-Kalisí.
ʻAonga ʻi he ʻUluaki Senitulí
Naʻe ngāue lahi ʻaki ʻa e Septuagint ʻe he kau Siu lea faka-Kalisí ki muʻa pea ʻi he lolotonga ʻo e taimi ʻo Sīsū Kalaisi mo ʻene kau ʻapositoló. Ko e tokolahi ʻo e kau Siu mo e kau ului Siu naʻa nau fakatahataha ki Selusalema ʻi he ʻaho Penitekosi 33 T.S. naʻa nau omi mei he vahefonua ʻĒsia, ʻIsipite, Līpia, Loma mo Kēliti—ko e ngaahi feituʻu ʻa ia naʻe lea faka-Kalisi ai ʻa e kakaí. ʻOku ʻikai ha veiveiua, naʻa nau angaʻaki ʻa e lautohi mei he Septuagint. (Ngāue 2:9-11) Ko ia ai, naʻe fakamoʻoniʻi ʻa e faitākiekina lahi ʻa e liliu ko ení ʻi hono fakamafola ʻa e ongoongo leleí ʻi he ʻuluaki senitulí.
Ko e fakatātaá, ʻi he talanoa mo e kau tangata mei Sailine, ʻAlekisanitulia, Silisia, mo ʻĒsiá, naʻe pehē ʻe he ākonga ko Sitīvení: “Pea fekau ange ʻe Siosefa ke ʻomi ʻa Sekope ko ʻene ʻeiki, mo hono kainga kotoa [mei Kēnani], ko e toko fitungofulu mo e toko nima.” (Ngāue 6:8-10; 7:12-14) Ko e konga tohi faka-Hepelū ʻi he Senesi vahe 46 ʻoku pehē ai ko e tokolahi ʻo e kāinga ʻo Siosefá naʻe toko fitungofulu. Ka ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻe he Septuagint ʻa e fika fitungofulu mā nimá. ʻOku hā mahino, naʻe hiki lea ʻa Sitīveni mei he Septuagint.—Senesi 46:20, 26, 27.
ʻI he fononga holo ʻa e ʻapositolo ko Paulá ʻi he kotoa ʻo ʻĒsia Maina mo Kalisi lolotonga ʻa ʻene fononga fakamisinale hono ua mo hono tolú, naʻá ne malanga ai ki he kau Senitaile tokolahi naʻa nau manavahē ki he ʻOtuá pea ki he “kau Kalisi kuo lotu [ki he ʻOtuá].” (Ngāue 13:16, 26; 17:4) Naʻe hoko ʻa e kakaí ni ʻo manavahē ki he ʻOtuá pe lotu kiate ia koeʻuhi naʻa nau maʻu ha ʻiloʻi ʻo ia mei he Septuagint. ʻI he malanga ki he kakai lea faka-Kalisi ko ení, naʻe faʻa lave ai ʻa Paula pe toe fakalea ʻa e ngaahi konga ʻo e liliu ko iá.—Senesi 22:18, NW, fakamatala ʻi laló; Kaletia 3:8.
Ko e Ngaahi Konga Tohitapu Faka-Kalisi Kalisitiané ʻoku ʻi ai ha ngaahi lave hangatonu ʻe 320 nai mo ha hiki lea pe lave fakakātoa naʻe fakatahaʻi nai ʻe 890 mei he Ngaahi Konga Tohitapu Faka-Hepeluú. Ko e lahi taha ʻo ení ʻoku makatuʻunga ia ʻi he Septuagint. Ko hono olá, ko e ngaahi hiki lea naʻe toʻo mei he liliu ko iá ʻo ʻikai mei he ngaahi maniusikilipi faka-Hepeluú naʻe hoko ia ko e konga ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohitapu Faka-Kalisi Kalisitiane fakamānavaʻí. Ko ha foʻi moʻoni mahuʻinga moʻoni ē ko e meʻá ni! Naʻe tomuʻa tala ʻe Sīsū ko e ongoongo lelei ʻo e Puleʻangá ʻe malangaʻaki ia ʻi he kotoa ʻo e māmani ʻoku nofoʻí. (Mātiu 24:14) Ke fakahoko eni, ʻe fakaʻatā ʻe Sihova ʻa ʻene Folofola fakamānavaʻí ke liliu ki he ngaahi lea kehekehe ʻoku lau ʻe he kakai ʻi māmani lahí.
ʻAonga ʻi he ʻAhó Ni
ʻOku kei mahuʻinga ʻa e Septuagint he ʻahó ni pea ʻoku ngāueʻaki ia ke tokoni ki hono fakaeʻa ʻa e ngaahi fehālaaki ʻa e kau hiki tataú ʻa ia naʻe moulu taʻefakatokangaʻi ki he ngaahi maniusikilipi faka-Hepelū naʻe toki hiki tatau ʻi ha taimi ki muí. Ko e fakatātaá, ko e fakamatala ʻi he Senesi 4:8 (NW) ʻoku lau ai: “Hili iá naʻe pehē ʻe Keini kia ʻĒpeli ko hono tokouá: [‘Ta ō ki he ngoué.’] Ko ia naʻe hoko ʻo pehē lolotonga ʻena ʻi he ngoué naʻe hoko atu ai ʻa Keini ʻo ʻohofi ʻa ʻĒpeli ko hono tokouá, ʻo ne tāmateʻi ia.”
Ko e kupuʻi lea ʻoku haʻí “ta ō ki he ngoué” ʻoku ʻikai ke maʻu ia ʻi he ngaahi maniusikilipi faka-Hepeluú ko hono taimí ʻoku mei he senituli hono hongofulu T.S. Kae kehe, ʻoku kau ia ʻi he ngaahi maniusikilipi Septuagint motuʻa angé pea ʻi he ngaahi maʻuʻanga fakamatala siʻi kehe ki muʻa angé. ʻI he konga tohi faka-Hepeluú ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e foʻi lea ʻokú ne faʻa fakahaaʻi ʻa e lea ʻoku faí, ka ʻoku ʻikai ke hoko mai ai ha ngaahi foʻi lea. Ko e hā naʻe lava ke hokó? ʻOku ʻi he Senesi 4:8 ha pupunga lea hoko atu ai ʻoku ngata ʻi he kupuʻi lea “ki (he) ngoué.” ʻOku fokotuʻu ʻi he Cyclopedia ʻa McClintock mo Strong: “ʻOku ngalingali naʻe takihalaʻi ʻa e mata ʻo e tokotaha hiki tatau Hepeluú ʻe he foʻi lea [tatau] . . . ʻo fakangata fakatouʻosi ai ʻa e pupunga leá.” Ko ia ai, naʻe liʻaki nai ʻe he tokotaha hiki tataú ʻa e tuʻunga ki muʻa ʻo e kupuʻi sētesi ʻo ngata ʻi he kupuʻi lea “ki he ngoué.” ʻOku hā mahino, ko e Septuagint, pea pehē ki he ngaahi maniusikilipi motuʻa ange kehe ʻoku kei ʻi aí, ʻe lava ke ʻaonga ia ʻi hono ʻiloʻi ʻa e ngaahi hala ʻi he ngaahi tatau ki mui ange ʻo e konga tohi faka-Hepeluú.
ʻI he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá, ko e ngaahi tatau ʻo e Septuagint ʻoku toe ʻi ai ʻa e fehālaaki, pea ʻoku kumi ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi ki he konga tohi faka-Hepeluú ʻi hono fakatonutonu ʻa e faka-Kalisí. Ko ia ai, ʻi hono fakahoa ʻa e ngaahi maniusikilipi faka-Hepelū mo faka-Kalisí pea mo e ngaahi liliu lea kehé ʻoku iku ai ki hono ʻilo ʻa e ngaahi fehālaaki ʻi he liliú pea pehē ki he hala ʻa e kau hiki tataú pea fakapapauʻi mai ai kia kitautolu ha liliu totonu ʻo e Folofola ʻa e ʻOtuá.
Ko e ngaahi tatau kakato ʻo e Septuagint ʻoku ʻi ai he ʻaho ní ko hono taimí ʻoku mei he senituli hono fā T.S. Ko e ngaahi maniusikilipi mo e ngaahi tatau ki mui peheé ʻoku ʻikai ʻi ai ʻa e huafa fakaʻotuá, ʻa e Sihová, ʻoku fakafofongaʻi ʻi he faka-Hepeluú ʻe he Tetakalamatoní (YHWH). Kuo ngāueʻaki ʻe he ngaahi tatau ko ení ʻa e ngaahi foʻi lea faka-Kalisi ki he “ʻOtua” mo e “ʻEiki” ʻi ha feituʻu pē ʻoku ʻasi ai ʻa e Tetakalamatoní ʻi he konga tohi faka-Hepeluú. Kae kehe, ko ha meʻa naʻe ʻiloʻi ʻi Pālesitaine ʻi he taʻu ʻe 50 kuohilí naʻá ne fakamaama mai ʻa e meʻá ni. Ko ha timi fakatotolo ʻo e ngaahi ʻaná ofi ki he matātahi hihifo ʻo e Tahi Maté naʻa nau ʻiloʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi kongokonga mei he takainga tohi leta motuʻa ʻa e kau palōfita ʻe toko 12 (Hōsea kia Malakai) ʻoku hiki ʻi he faka-Kalisí. Ko e ngaahi tohí ni naʻe mei he vahaʻa ʻo e 50 K.M. mo e 50 T.S. ʻI he ngaahi kongokonga ko eni ki muʻa angé, naʻe ʻikai fetongi ʻa e Tetakalamatoní ʻe he ngaahi foʻi lea faka-Kalisi ki he “ʻOtuá” mo e “Eikí.” Ko ia ai, ko hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e huafa ʻo e ʻOtuá ʻi he liliu Septuagint ki muʻa ange ʻo e ngaahi Konga Tohitapú naʻe fakapapauʻi.
Naʻe mātā ʻi he taʻu 1971 ʻa e tukuange mai ke pulusi ʻa e ngaahi kongokonga ʻo ha takainga tohi pepailo motuʻa (Fouad 266 papyri). Ko e hā naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻi he ngaahi konga ko eni ʻo e Septuagint, ko hono taimí ʻoku mei he senituli hono ua pe ʻuluaki K.M.? Ko e huafa fakaʻotuá naʻe toe fakatolonga ia ʻi ai. Ko e ngaahi kongokonga ki muʻa ko eni ʻo e Septuagint ʻoku tokonaki mai ai ʻa e fakamoʻoni mālohi naʻe ʻiloʻi ʻe Sīsū mo ʻene kau ākonga ʻi he ʻuluaki senitulí pea naʻa nau ngāueʻaki ʻa e huafa ʻo e ʻOtuá.
ʻI he ʻahó ni, ko e Tohitapú ʻa e tohi kuo liliu lahi taha ʻi he hisitōliá. Laka hake ʻi he peseti ʻe 90 ʻo e fāmili fakaetangatá ʻoku lava ke nau lau ʻi ha tuʻunga ʻa e konga ʻo ia ʻi he lea ʻanautolú. ʻOku tau houngaʻia tautefito ki ha liliu lea fakaeonopooni totonu, ko e New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, ʻoku ala maʻu ia he taimí ni ʻi ha tuʻunga kakato pe ʻi ha konga ʻi he lea laka hake he 40. Ko e New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures—With References ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e lave ʻi he fakamatala ʻi lalo ʻe laui teau ki he Septuagint pea ki he ngaahi maniusikilipi motuʻa kehe. Ko e moʻoni, ʻoku hokohoko atu ʻa e manakoa mo e mahuʻinga ʻa e Septuagint ki he kau ako Tohitapu ʻi hotau ʻahó.
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 26]
Ko e ākonga ko Filipé naʻá ne fakamatalaʻi ha konga ʻa ia naʻe lau mei he “Septuagint”
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 29]
Naʻe faʻa hiki lea ʻa e ʻapositolo ko Paulá mei he “Septuagint”