Ko ha ‘Tokotaha Fononga Taʻemanavahē ʻi Hono Fakamafola ʻa e Kōsipelí’

ʻOKU līpooti ʻo pehē ʻi he aʻu ki hono taʻu 18, naʻe ʻiloʻi ai ʻe George Borrow ha lea ʻe 12. ʻI he taʻu ʻe ua ki mui aí naʻá ne malava ke liliu ai “ʻi he fiemālie mo e tuʻunga maau ʻaupito” ʻa e lea kehekehe ʻe 20.

ʻI he 1833 ko e tangata talēnitiʻia anga-kehe ko ení naʻe fakaafeʻi ia ke fakaʻekeʻeke ʻe he Sōsaieti Tohi Tapu Pilitānia mo Muli ʻi Lonitoní, ʻIngilani. ʻI he ʻikai malava ke fakapaʻanga ʻa ʻene fonongá ka ne fakapapauʻi ke ngāueʻaongaʻaki ʻa e faingamālie ko eni ʻoku ʻatā maí, naʻe luelue ai ʻa Borrow taʻu 30 ʻi he kilomita ʻe 180 mei hono ʻapí ʻi Norwich, ʻo ne fai ia ʻi he houa pē ʻe 28.

Naʻe ʻoange kiate ia ʻe he Sōsaieti Tohi Tapú ha ngāue faingataʻa—ko e māhina pē ʻe ono ke ne ako ai ʻa e lea faka-Menisuú, ʻa ia naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ʻo Siaina. Naʻá ne kole ai ki ha tohi kalama, ka ko e meʻa pē naʻe lava ke nau ʻoange kiate iá ko ha tatau ʻo e Kōsipeli ʻa Mātiú ʻi he faka-Menisuú mo ha tikisinale Menisū-Falanisē. Neongo ia, ʻi ha uike pē ʻe 19 naʻá ne tohi ai ki Lonitoni, “kuó u mataotao ʻi he lea faka-Menisuú,” hangē ko ʻene fakaleá, ʻi he “tokoni ʻa e ʻOtuá.” Naʻe toe anga-kehe ange ʻa e lavameʻa ko ení koeʻuhi ʻi he taimi tatau, naʻe līpooti ai naʻá ne fakatonutonu ʻa e Kōsipeli ʻa Luké ʻi he faka-Nahuatalí, ko e taha ia ʻo e ngaahi lea tuʻufonua ʻa Mekisikoú.

Ko e Tohi Tapú ʻi he Faka-Menisuú

ʻI he senituli hono 17, ʻi he ʻuluaki hā ʻi he faʻunga fakaetohí ʻa e lea faka-Menisuú, ʻi hono ngāueʻaki ha konga tohi naʻe maʻu mei he ʻalafapeti Uikua faka-Mongikōliá, naʻe hoko ai ia ko e lea naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻi he puleʻanga Siainá. Neongo naʻe hōloa ʻi ha taimi ʻa hono ngāueʻakí, naʻe vēkeveke ʻa e kau mēmipa ʻo e Sōsaieti Tohi Tapu Pilitānia mo Mulí ke paaki pea tufaki ʻa e Tohi Tapú ʻi he faka-Menisuú. ʻI he aʻu ki he 1822 naʻa nau fakapaʻanga ai ha pulusinga ʻo e tatau ʻe 550 ʻo e Kōsipeli ʻa Mātiú, naʻe liliu ʻe Stepan V. Lipoftsoff. Ko ha mēmipa ia ʻo e Potungāue ki Muli ʻa Lūsiá ʻa ia naʻe nofo ʻi Siaina ʻo feʻunga mo e taʻu ʻe 20. Naʻe paaki eni ʻi St. Petersburg, ka ʻi he hili iá ko ha tatau siʻi pē naʻe tufakí, ko e toengá naʻe ʻauha ia ʻi ha tāfea.

Naʻe vave ʻa e hoko atu ai ha liliu ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Kalisi Kalisitiané fakakātoa. ʻI he 1834 ko hono ʻiloʻi ʻo ha liliu maniusikilipi motuʻa ʻo e lahi taha ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Hepeluú naʻe fakalahi ai ʻa e mahuʻingaʻia ʻi he Tohi Tapú. Ko hai naʻe lava ke ne fakatahatahaʻi ʻa e fakaleleiʻi ʻo e Tohi Tapu Menisū naʻe ʻi aí pea fakakakato ʻa e toenga ʻo e liliú? Naʻe tuku atu ʻe he Sōsaieti Tohi Tapu Pilitānia mo Mulí ʻa George Borrow ke ne fakahoko maʻanautolu ʻa e ngāué ni.

Ki Lūsia

Hili ʻene tūʻuta ʻi St. Petersburg, naʻe fakamoleki ai ʻe Borrow ʻa e taimi lahi ʻi ha ako loloto ange ʻo e lea faka-Menisuú ke ne malava ai ʻo lau-pulufu mo fakaleleiʻi totonu ange ʻa e konga Tohi Tapú. Naʻa mo ia, ko e ngāué naʻe faingataʻa, pea naʻá ne ngāue ʻo aʻu ki he houa ʻe 13 he ʻaho ʻi he tokoni ke faʻu ʻa e taipe ki he New Testament, ʻa ia naʻe iku ʻo fakamatalaʻi ko “ha pulusinga fakaʻofoʻofa ʻo ha ngāue ʻi he hahaké.” Naʻe paaki ʻa e tatau ʻe taha afe ʻi he 1835. Ka ko e palani fakataumuʻa ʻa Borrow ke ʻave ki Siaina ʻo tufaki aí naʻe mioʻi ia. Ko e puleʻanga Lūsiá, ʻi he manavahē naʻa lava ke vakai ki he tufaki ko ení ko ha ngāue fakamisinale ʻo ngalingali te ne ʻai ke ʻi ha tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki ʻa honau vā fakakaumeʻa mo honau kaungāʻapí, naʻe fakafisi ia ke fakaʻatā ʻa Borrow ke ne fononga ki he kauʻāfonua Siainá kapau te ne ʻave ha “Tohi Tapu faka-Menisū ʻe taha.”

Naʻe tufaki ha ngaahi tatau siʻisiʻi ʻi he taʻu nai ʻe hongofulu ki mui aí, pea ko e ngaahi liliu ʻo e Kōsipeli ʻa Mātiu mo Maʻaké, fakataha mo e ongo kōlomu palāleli ʻi he faka-Menisuú mo e faka-Siainá, naʻe ʻasi ia ʻi he 1859. Kae kehe, ʻi he aʻu mai ki he taimi ko ení, ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kakai ʻa ia naʻe lava ke nau lautohi ʻi he faka-Menisuú naʻa nau saiʻia ange ke lau tohi ʻi he faka-Siainá, pea ko e ngaahi ʻamanaki ki ha Tohi Tapu kakato faka-Menisuú naʻe kamata ai ke mole. Ko hono moʻoní, ko e lea faka-Menisuú, ko ha lea naʻe hoko ʻo mole ʻosi, ʻo vave ʻa hono fetongi ia ʻe he lea faka-Siainá. Naʻe kakato ʻa e liliú ʻi he 1912 ʻi he taimi naʻe hoko ai ʻa Siaina ko ha Lepupiliká.

Ko e Muitolotolo ʻAipīlianí

ʻI hono fakaivimālohiʻi ʻe he ngaahi meʻa naʻá ne hokosiá, naʻe foki ʻa George Borrow ki Lonitoni. Naʻe toe vaheʻi ia ʻi he 1835 ki Potukali mo Sipeini, “ke ne fakapapauʻi ʻa e lahi ʻo e mateuteu ʻa e ʻatamai ʻo e kakaí ke tali ʻa e ngaahi moʻoni ʻo e lotu faka-Kalisitiané,” hangē ko ia naʻá ne fakalea ki muí. ʻI he taimi ko iá ko e ongo fonuá fakatouʻosi naʻe ʻikai ueʻi lahi ʻe he Sōsaieti Tohi Tapu Pilitānia mo Mulí koeʻuhi ko e mafolalahia ai ʻa e taʻemanonga fakapolitikale mo fakasōsialé. Naʻe fiefia ʻa Borrow ke hoko ʻo fetalanoaʻaki fekauʻaki mo e Tohi Tapú mo e kakai ʻi he ngaahi kolo ʻuta ʻo Potukalí, ka ʻi ha taimi nounou, ko e taʻemahuʻingaʻia mo e taʻetokanga fakalotu naʻá ne fetaulaki mo ia ʻi aí naʻe ueʻi ai ia ke ne kolosi ki Sipeini.

Naʻe ʻomai ʻi Sipeini ha pole kehe, tautefito ʻi he kakai Sipisī ʻa ia naʻe vave hono fakatupulekina ʻe Borrow ha vahaʻangatae vāofi mo kinautolu, koeʻuhi naʻe lava ke ne lea ʻi heʻenau leá. ʻI he taimi nounou mei heʻene tūʻuta aí, naʻá ne kamata liliu ai ʻa e “Fuakava Foʻoú” ki he lea Sipisī faka-Sipeiní, ʻa e Kitanó. ʻI he konga ʻo e ngāue ko ení, naʻá ne fakaafeʻi ai ʻa e ongo fefine Sipisī ke na tokoni kiate ia. Naʻá ne lau kia kinaua ʻa e liliu faka-Sipeiní pea kole ange leva ke na liliu ia kiate ia. ʻI he foungá ni naʻá ne malava ai ke ʻiloʻi ʻa hono ngāueʻaki totonu ʻo e ngaahi ʻitiome Sipisií. Ko ha ola ʻo e ngāue ko ení, naʻe pulusi ai ʻa e Kōsipeli ʻa Luké ʻi he taimi failau ʻo e 1838, ʻo ueʻi ai ʻa e pīsope ʻe taha ke ne kalanga: “Te ne fakaului ʻa Sipeini kotoa fakafou ʻi he lea sipisií.”

Naʻe fakamafaiʻi ʻa George Borrow ke ne kumi “ha tokotaha feʻunga ke ne liliu ʻa e Tohi Tapú ki he faka-Pesikií.” Naʻe ʻoange ʻa e ngāue ko iá kia Dr. Oteiza, ko ha toketā “naʻe pōtoʻi ʻi he lea fakafeituʻu ko iá, ʻa ia naʻá ku ʻilo mo au foki ki ai,” ko e tohi ia ʻa Borrow. ʻI he 1838, naʻe hoko ai ʻa e Kōsipeli ʻa Luké ko e ʻuluaki tohi Fakatohitapu ia ke ʻasi ʻi he Pesikī faka-Sipeiní.

ʻI hono ueʻi ʻe heʻene holi ke fakamaama ʻa e kakai lāuvalé, naʻe fai ai ʻe Borrow ha ngaahi fononga lōloa mo faʻa fakatuʻutāmaki ke tufaki ʻa e ngaahi tohi Tohi Tapú ki he haʻohaʻonga ʻo e kau masiva ʻi he ngaahi kolo ʻutá. Naʻá ne fakakaukau ke fakatauʻatāinaʻi kinautolu mei he tukunoaʻi fakalotú mo e tui taʻeʻuhingá. Ko e fakatātaá, ʻi hono fakaeʻa ʻa e taʻeʻaonga ʻo e ngaahi ʻitulisēsia naʻa nau totongí, naʻá ne fakaʻuhinga: “ʻE malava ke pehē ko e ʻOtuá, ʻa ia ʻoku leleí, te ne hōifua ki hono totongiʻi ʻo e angahalá?” Ka ko e Sōsaieti Tohi Tapú, ʻi he manavahē naʻa iku ʻa hono fakafepakiʻi ʻa e tuí ki hano tapui ʻenau ngaahi ngāué, naʻa nau fakahinohinoʻi ia ke ne tokangataha ʻataʻatā pē ki hono tufaki ʻo e Tohi Tapú.

Naʻe maʻu ʻe Borrow ha fakangofua tala ngutu ke ne paaki ʻa e El Nuevo Testamento, ko ha New Testament faka-Sipeini, ʻo ʻikai ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi fakamatala fakatokāteline ʻa e Katolika Lomá. Naʻá ne maʻu ia neongo ʻa e ʻuluaki fakafepaki ʻa e palēmiá, ʻa ia naʻá ne fakamatalaʻi ʻa e liliú ko ha “tohi taʻetotonu” mo fakatuʻutāmaki. Naʻe fakaava leva ʻe Borrow ha tauhiʻanga tohi ʻi Madrid ke fakatau atu ai ʻa e New Testament faka-Sipeini ko ení, ko ha sitepu ia naʻe ʻai ai ke ne vākovi fakatouʻosi mo e kau taki lotú pea mo e kau maʻu mafai fakamāmaní. Naʻe tuku pilīsone ia ʻo feʻunga mo e ʻaho ʻe 12. ʻI heʻene fakahā lotó, naʻe kole ai kia Borrow ke ne mavahe fakalongolongo. ʻI hono ʻiloʻi lelei naʻe taʻefakalao ʻa hono tuku pilīsone iá, naʻá ne lave ai ki he fakatātā fekauʻaki mo e ʻapositolo ko Paulá pea fili ke ne nofo pē ai kae ʻoua ke fakaʻatā totonu ia, ʻo ʻikai ha mele fekauʻaki mo hono hingoá.​—Ngāue 16:37.

ʻI he taimi naʻe mavahe ai mei Sipeini ʻa ʻenau talafekau faivelengá ʻi he 1840, naʻe lava ai ke līpooti ʻe he Sōsaieti Tohi Tapú: “Ko e tatau ʻe meimei 14,000 ʻo e Tohi Tapú naʻe ʻomai ʻo tufaki ia ʻi Sipeini ʻi he taʻu ʻe nima fakamuimuí.” ʻI hono fakahoko ha konga lahi ʻi he meʻá ni, naʻe fakanounou ʻe Borrow ʻa e ngaahi meʻa naʻá ne hokosia ʻi Sipeiní ko e “ngaahi taʻu fiefia taha ia ʻo ʻeku moʻuí.”

Ko e Bible in Spain, naʻe ʻuluaki pulusi ʻi he 1842​—pea ʻoku kei pulusi​—ko e fakamatala māʻalaʻala fakafoʻituitui tonu ia ʻa George Borrow fekauʻaki mo ʻene ngaahi fefonongaʻakí mo e ngaahi meʻa naʻá ne hokosiá. ʻI he tohí ni, ʻa ia naʻe hoko ʻo vave ʻa ʻene lavameʻá, naʻá ne ui ai ia ko e “tokotaha fononga ʻi hono fakamafola ʻa e Kōsipelí.” Naʻá ne tohi: “Naʻá ku fakataumuʻa ke ʻaʻahi ki he ngaahi feituʻu fakapulipuli mo mavahe ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e ngaahi māʻolunga mo e ʻotu moʻunga tokakoví, pea ke talanoa ki he kakaí, ʻi heʻeku foungá, fekauʻaki mo Kalaisi.”

ʻI hono tufaki mo liliu ʻa e Tohi Tapú fakataha mo e faivelenga lahi, naʻe fakatoka ai ʻe George Borrow ʻa e makatuʻunga ki he niʻihi kehé—ko ha monū mahuʻinga moʻoni.

[Mape ʻi he peesi 29]

(Ki he konga tohi kuo fokotuʻú, sio ki he tohi)

Ko e ngaahi feinga ʻa George Borrow ke liliu mo tufaki ʻa e Tohi Tapú naʻe ʻave ai ia mei (1) ʻIngilani ki (2) Lūsia, (3) Potukali mo (4) Sipeini

[Maʻuʻanga]

Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 28]

Ko e ngaahi lea kamata ʻo e Kōsipeli ʻa Sione ʻi he faka-Menisuú, naʻe paaki ia ʻi he 1835, ʻo lau ia mei ʻolunga ki lalo mei he toʻohemá ki he toʻomataʻú

[Maʻuʻanga]

From the book The Bible of Every Land, 1860

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 27]

From the book The Life of George Borrow by Clement K. Shorter, 1919