Saienisí mo e Tohi Tapú—ʻOkú Na Fepakipaki Moʻoni?
KO E ngaahi tenga ʻo e fepaki ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo Kalileo mo e Siasi Katoliká naʻe tūtuuʻi ia ʻi he ngaahi laui senituli ki muʻa ke fanauʻi ʻa Kōpenikasi mo Kalileó. Ko e vakai ko ia ki he ʻi loto-mālie ʻa e māmaní pe siosenituliki ʻi he ʻunivēsí naʻe ohi mai ia ʻe he kau Kalisi motuʻá pea ʻai ʻo ʻiloa ʻe he filōsefa ko ʻAlisitōtoló (384-322 K.M.) pea mo e ʻasitalōnoma-ʻasitalolosia ko Tolimí (senituli hono ua T.S.).a
Ko e tui ʻa ʻAlisitōtolo fekauʻaki mo e ʻunivēsí naʻe tākiekina ia ʻe he fakakaukau ʻa e matematika mataotao mo e filōsefa Kalisi ko Paifekolasi (senituli hono ono K.M.). ʻI hono ohi ʻa e fakakaukau ʻa Paifekolasi ʻo pehē ko e siakalé mo e fuopotopotó ko e ongo fuo haohaoá, naʻe tui ʻa ʻAlisitōtolo ko e ngaahi langí ko e hokohoko ia ʻo e ngaahi fuopotopoto ʻi loto ʻi he ngaahi fuopotopoto, ʻo hangē ko e ngaahi ʻotu ʻo ha foʻi onioní. Ko e ʻotu taki taha naʻe ngaohi ia mei he kilisitalá, ʻo ʻi loto-mālie ai ʻa e foʻi māmaní. Naʻe ngaʻunu ʻa e ngaahi fetuʻú ʻi he ngaahi siakale, ʻi hono maʻu ʻenau ngaʻunú mei he fuopotopoto taupotu ki tuʻá, ko e nofoʻanga ia ʻo e mālohi fakaʻotuá. Naʻe toe tui ʻa ʻAlisitōtolo ko e laʻaá mo e ngaahi meʻa fakalangi kehé naʻe haohaoa, ʻo ʻatā mei ha ngaahi fakaʻilonga pe ha mele pē pea ʻikai fakamoʻulaloa ki ha liliu.
Ko e tui lahi ʻa ʻAlisitōtoló ko ha fanautama ia ʻa e filōsofiá, ʻikai ko e saienisí. Ko ha foʻi māmani ngaʻunu, ko ʻene tuí ia, ʻe ʻikai ke ʻuhinga lelei ia. Naʻá ne toe siʻaki ʻa e foʻi fakakaukau ki ha ʻatāloa, pe ʻataá, ʻi he tui ko ha foʻi māmani ngaʻunu ʻe uesia ia ʻe ha fepaki pea ʻe tuʻu ʻene ngaué ʻi he ʻikai ngāueʻaki ki ai ha mālohi hokohokó. Koeʻuhi naʻe hā ngali totonu ʻa e tui ʻa ʻAlisitōtoló ʻo ʻi loto fakatatau ki he faʻunga ʻo e ʻilo he taimi ko iá, naʻe tolonga ia ʻi hono faʻunga tefitó ʻi he meimei taʻu ʻe 2,000. Naʻa mo e konga ki mui ʻo e senituli hono 16, naʻe fakahaaʻi ai ʻe he filōsefa Falanisē ko Soni Potini ʻa e fakakaukau manakoa ko iá, ʻo pehē: “ʻOku ʻikai ha taha ʻi heʻene mahinó, pe ʻikai ha taha kuó ne maʻu ʻa e tuʻunga siʻisiʻi taha ʻo e ʻilo ki he fīsikí, ʻe faifai ange pea fakakaukau ko e foʻi māmaní, ʻi heʻene mamafa mo lahí . . . , ʻe ngaʻunu ʻo ʻikai tuʻumaʻu . . . takatakai ʻi hono halangá tonu mo takatakai ʻi he halanga ʻo e laʻaá; he ʻi ha kiʻi ngaʻunu siʻisiʻi taha ʻa e foʻi māmaní, te tau sio ai ki he holofa ʻa e ngaahi kolo lalahí mo e ngaahi kolotaú, fanga kiʻi koló mo e ngaahi moʻungá.”
Ohi ʻe he Siasí ʻa e Fakakaukau ʻa ʻAlisitōtoló
Ko ha toe sitepu naʻe taki atu ki he fepaki ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo Kalileo mo e siasí naʻe hoko ia ʻi he senituli hono 13 pea naʻe fekauʻaki ia mo e tokotaha maʻu mafai Katolika ko Tōmasi ʻAkuina (1225-74). Naʻe maʻu ʻe ʻAkuina ha ʻapasia loloto kia ʻAlisitōtolo, ʻa ia naʻá ne ui Ko e Filōsefa. Naʻe fāinga ʻa ʻAkuina ʻo feʻunga mo e taʻu ʻe nima ke fakatahaʻi ʻa e filōsofia ʻa ʻAlisitōtoló mo e akonaki ʻa e siasí. ʻI he aʻu mai ki he taimi ʻo Kalileó, ʻoku pehē ʻe Wade Rowland ʻi heʻene tohi ko e Galileo’s Mistake, “ko e ʻAlisitōtolo tuifio ʻi he teolosia ʻa ʻAkuiná kuo hoko ia ko e tokāteline tefito ʻa e Siasi ʻo Lomá.” Manatuʻi foki, ʻi he ngaahi ʻaho ko iá naʻe ʻikai ʻi ai ha feohiʻanga fakasaienisi mavahe ia. Ko e akó naʻe puleʻi lahi pē ia ʻe he siasí. Ko e tuʻunga mafai ki he lotú mo e saienisí naʻe faʻa taha pē ia mo tatau.
Naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻa e tuʻunga ki he fepaki ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e siasí pea mo Kalileó. Naʻa mo e ki muʻa heʻene kau ki he ʻasitalōnomá, naʻe ʻosi tohi ai ʻa Kalileo ha fakamatala ki he ngaʻunú. Naʻe fehuʻia ai ʻa e ngaahi fakamahalo lahi naʻe fai ʻe ʻAlisitōtolo ʻa ia naʻe tokaʻi lahí. Kae kehe, ko e poupou tuʻumaʻu ʻa Kalileo ki he tui heliōsenitulikí mo ʻene fakahaaʻi ko ia ʻoku fehoanakimālie mo e Tohi Tapú naʻe iku ai ki hono hopoʻi ʻe he Fakaʻekeʻeke Anga-Fakamamahí ʻi he 1633.
ʻI heʻene taukapó, naʻe fakahaaʻi pau ai ʻe Kalileo ʻa ʻene tui mālohi ki he Tohi Tapú ko e Folofola fakamānavaʻi ʻa e ʻOtuá. Naʻá ne toe fakaʻuhinga naʻe tohi ʻa e Tohi Tapú maʻá e kakai lāuvalé pea ko e ngaahi lave Fakatohitapu ki he meʻa ʻoku hā ngali ko e ngaʻunu ʻa e laʻaá naʻe ʻikai ʻuhinga iá ke fakaʻuhingaʻi hangatonu. Naʻe taʻeʻaonga ʻa ʻene ngaahi fakaʻuhingá. Koeʻuhi naʻe siʻaki ʻe Kalileo ha fakaʻuhinga ʻo e Tohi Tapú makatuʻunga ʻi he filōsofia faka-Kalisí naʻe fakahalaiaʻi ai ia! Naʻe toki fakahaaʻi fakaʻofisiale ʻe he Siasi Katoliká ʻi he 1992 ʻa e hala ʻi heʻene fakamāuʻi ʻa Kalileó.
Ngaahi Lēsoni ke Ako
Ko e hā ʻe lava ke tau ako mei he ngaahi meʻa ko eni naʻe hokó? Ko e meʻa ʻe taha, naʻe ʻikai ha veiveiua ia ʻa Kalileo fekauʻaki mo e Tohi Tapú. ʻI hono kehé, naʻá ne fehuʻia ʻa e ngaahi akonaki ʻa e siasí. Naʻe pehē ʻe he faʻu-tohi fakalotu ʻe taha: “ʻOku hā ko e lēsoni ke ako meia Kalileó, ʻoku ʻikai ko e pehē naʻe fuʻu pikimaʻu ʻa e Siasí ki he ngaahi moʻoni Fakatohitapú; ka ʻi hono kehé naʻe ʻikai ke pikimaʻu feʻunga ia.” ʻI hono fakaʻatā ʻa e filōsofia faka-Kalisí ke ne tākiekina ʻa ʻene teolosiá, naʻe tukulolo ai ʻa e siasí ia ki he talatukufakaholó kae ʻikai muimui ʻi he ngaahi akonaki ʻa e Tohi Tapú.
Ko e meʻá ni kotoa ʻoku fakamanatuʻi mai ai ʻa e fakatokanga Fakatohitapu: “Mou vakai naʻa faifai pea ai ha taha, te ne fai ʻaki ʻene poto fiefilosefa, ʻa ia ko e koto muna mo e kākā, ʻo ne holataki kimoutolu ʻi he ʻalunga ʻo e ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni fakaeonoʻaho ʻa e kakai, ʻio, ʻi he ʻalunga ʻo e ngaahi elemeniti ʻo e lotu ʻa ia ʻoku fakamaama, ʻo ʻikai ʻi he ʻalunga faka-Kalaisi.”—Kolose 2:8.
Naʻa mo e ʻahó ni, ʻoku hokohoko atu ʻa e tokolahi ʻi he Puleʻanga-Haʻa-Kalisitiané ʻi hono tali ʻa e ngaahi fakamahamahalo mo e ngaahi filōsofia ʻoku fepaki mo e Tohi Tapú. Ko e fakatātā ʻe taha ko e fakamahamahalo ʻa Tāuini ki he ʻevalūsioó, ʻa ia kuo nau tali ʻo fetongiʻaki ʻa e fakamatala ʻi he Sēnesí ki he fakatupú. ʻI hono fai ʻa e fakafetongi ko ení, ko hono moʻoní, kuo ʻai ai ʻe he ngaahi siasí ʻa Tāuini ko e ʻAlisitōtolo ia ʻi onopōní pea ko e ʻevalūsiō ko ha konga ia ʻo e tuí.b
Fehoanakimālie ʻa e Saienisi Moʻoní mo e Tohi Tapú
Ko e meʻa naʻe lave ki ai ki muʻá ʻoku ʻikai totonu ke ne fakalotosiʻi ha mahuʻingaʻia ʻi he saienisí. Ko e moʻoni, ʻoku fakaafeʻi kitautolu ʻe he Tohi Tapú tonu ke tau ako mei he ngāue ʻa e ʻOtuá pea ke ʻiloʻi ʻa e ngaahi ʻulungāanga fakaofo ʻo e ʻOtuá ʻi he meʻa ʻoku tau sio ki aí. (Aisea 40:26; Loma 1:20) Ko e moʻoni, ʻoku ʻikai taukaveʻi ʻe he Tohi Tapú ʻokú ne akoʻi ʻa e saienisí. ʻI hono kehé, ʻokú ne fakahaaʻi ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga ʻa e ʻOtuá, ʻa e ngaahi tafaʻaki ʻo hono ʻulungāangá ʻoku ʻikai lava ʻe he fakatupú ʻataʻatā pē ke akoʻí pea mo ʻene taumuʻa ki he faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá. (Sāme 19:7-11; 2 Timote 3:16) Neongo ia, ʻi he taimi ʻoku lave ai ʻa e Tohi Tapú ki he meʻa fakanatula totonú, ʻoku tonu hokohoko ia. Naʻe pehē ʻe Kalileo tonu: “Ko e Tohi Tapu Māʻoniʻoní pea mo natula fakatouʻosi, ʻokú na haʻu mei he Folofola Fakaʻotuá . . . Ko ha ongo foʻi moʻoni ʻe ua ʻe ʻikai ʻaupito lava ke na fepakipaki.” Vakai angé ki he ngaahi fakatātā hokó.
ʻOku toe mahuʻinga ange ʻi he ngaʻunu ʻa e ngaahi fetuʻú mo e ngaahi palanité ʻa e pehē ko ia ko e meʻa kotoa pē ʻi he ʻunivēsí ʻoku puleʻi ʻe he ngaahi laó, hangē ko e lao ʻo e kalāvité. Ko e muʻaki lave ʻikai Fakatohitapu ʻoku ʻiloa fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi lao fakamatelié naʻe fai ia ʻe Paifekolasi, ʻa ia naʻá ne tui ʻe lava ke fakamatalaʻi ʻa e ʻunivēsí ʻi ha ngaahi fika. ʻI he taʻu ʻe ua afe ki mui aí, naʻe iku ʻo fakamoʻoniʻi ai ʻe Kalileo, Kepilā mo Niutoni ko e kakano matelié ʻoku puleʻi ia ʻe he ngaahi lao mahino.
Ko e muʻaki lave Fakatohitapu ki he lao fakanatulá ʻoku ʻi he tohi ʻa Siopé. ʻI he 1600 K.M. nai, naʻe ʻeke ai ʻe he ʻOtuá kia Siope: “Oku ke iloʻi ae gaahi tuutuuni [pe ngaahi lao] oe lagi?” (Fakaʻītali ʻamautolu; Siope 38:33, PM) ʻI hono lēkooti ʻi he senituli hono fitu K.M., ʻoku lave ai ʻa e tohi Selemaiá kia Sihova ko e Tokotaha-Fakatupu ʻo e “tuutuuni ae mahina moe gaahi fetuu” mo e “ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni ki he langi mo e fonua.” (Fakaʻītali ʻamautolu; Selemaia 31:35, PM; Sel 33:25) ʻI he vakai ki he ongo fakamatala ko ení, ʻoku pehē ʻe he tokotaha fakamatala Tohi Tapu ko G. Rawlinson: “Ko e tuʻunga mālohi fakalūkufua ʻo e lao ʻi he māmani matelié ʻoku mātuʻaki fakapapauʻi mālohi ia ʻe he kau faʻu-tohi toputapú ʻo hangē pē ko e saienisi fakaeonopōní.”
Kapau te tau ngāueʻaki ʻa Paifekolasi ko ha poini ia ʻo e maʻuʻanga fakamatalá, ko e fakamatala ʻi he Siopé naʻe taʻu nai ia ʻe taha afe ki muʻa ʻi hono taimí. Manatuʻi ko e taumuʻa ʻa e Tohi Tapú ʻoku ʻikai koeʻuhí ke fakahaaʻi pē ʻa e ngaahi foʻi moʻoni fakamatelié ka ko e ʻuhinga tefitó ke ʻai ke maongo kia kitautolu ko Sihova ʻa e Tokotaha-Fakatupu ʻo e meʻa kotoa pē—ko e tokotaha ia ʻe lava ke ne fakatupu ʻa e ngaahi lao fakamatelié.—Siope 38:4, 12; 42:1, 2.
Ko e toe fakatātā ʻe taha ʻe lava ke tau fakakaukau ki aí ko e pehē ko ia ko e ngaahi vai ʻo e foʻi māmaní ʻoku fou ʻi ha ngaʻunu fakaevilo ʻoku ui ko e vilo ʻa e vaí. ʻI hono fakahaaʻi mahinó, ʻoku liliu mao ʻa e vaí mei he tahí, faʻu ʻa e ngaahi ʻao, tō hifo ko e ʻuha ki he fonuá pea toe iku pē ʻo foki ki he tahí. Ko e ngaahi maʻuʻanga fakamatala ʻikai Fakatohitapu motuʻa taha ki he vilo ko ení ʻoku kei tolonga maí ʻoku mei he senituli hono fā K.M. Kae kehe, ko e ngaahi fakamatala Fakatohitapú ʻoku ʻi muʻa ia ai ʻi he ngaahi taʻu ʻe laui teau. Ko e fakatātaá, ʻi he senituli hono 11 K.M., naʻe tohi ai ʻe Tuʻi Solomone ʻo ʻIsilelí: “Oku to atu ki tahi ae gaahi vaitafe kotoabe; ka oku ikai ke bito ai ae tahi; bea koe botu oku tubu mei ai ae vaitafe oku toe foki atu ia ki ai.”—Koheleti 1:7, PM.
ʻI he tuʻunga tatau, ʻi he 800 K.M. nai, naʻe tohi ai ʻe he palōfita ko ʻĒmosí, ko ha tokotaha tauhi-sipi mo ngoue anga-fakatōkilalo ʻo pehē ko Sihová “ʻoku ne ui mai ʻa e vai ʻo e tahi, ʻo ne lilingi ki he funga fonua.” (Emosi 5:8) ʻI he ʻikai ngāueʻaki ha lea fihi, mo fakasaienisí, naʻe fakamatalaʻi totonu fakatouʻosi ʻe Solomone mo ʻĒmosi ʻa e vilo ʻa e vaí, ʻo taki taha fai mei ha tafaʻaki ʻoku kiʻi kehe.
ʻOku toe lau ʻa e Tohi Tapú fekauʻaki mo e ʻOtuá ʻokú ne “tautau ʻa mamani ki he ʻikai,” pe ʻokú ne “tautau a mamani ki he atā noabe,” fakatatau ki he Paaki Motuʻa. (Siope 26:7) ʻI he vakai atu ki he ʻilo naʻe ala maʻu ʻi he 1600 K.M., ʻoku fakafuofua ʻi he taimi naʻe leaʻaki ai ʻa e ngaahi lea ko iá, naʻe fiemaʻu ai ha tangata ʻiloa ke ne fakahaaʻi ʻe lava ha meʻa fefeka ke tautau maʻu ai pē ʻi he ʻataá ʻo ʻikai hano poupou fakamatelie ʻe taha. Hangē ko ia naʻe lave ki ai ki muʻá, naʻe siʻaki ʻe ʻAlisitōtolo tonu ʻa e tui ki ha ʻatā noá pea naʻá ne moʻui laka hake ʻi he taʻu ʻe 1,200 ki mui ange!
ʻIkai ʻoku maongo kiate koe ʻi ha tuʻunga fakaofo ʻa hono fai ʻe he Tohi Tapú ʻa e ngaahi fakamatala tonu pehē—naʻa mo e ʻi he fehangahangai mo e ngaahi tui hala neongo naʻe hā ngali ʻuhinga lelei ʻo e ʻaho ko iá? Ki he kakai potó, ko e toe fakamoʻoni eni ʻe taha ʻo e fakamānavaʻi fakaʻotua ʻa e Tohi Tapú. Ko ia ai, ʻoku tau fakapotopoto ke ʻoua ʻe uesiangofua ʻe ha akonaki pe ha fakamahamahalo pē ʻoku fepaki mo e Folofola ʻa e ʻOtuá. Hangē ko ia kuo toutou fakahaaʻi ʻe he hisitōliá, ko e ngaahi filōsofia fakaetangatá, naʻa mo e ngaahi filōsofia ʻa e faʻahinga poto ʻaupitó, ʻoku feliliuaki ia, lolotonga iá “ko e folofola ʻa e ʻEiki ʻoku tolonga ʻo taʻengata.”—1 Pita 1:25.
[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]
a ʻI he senituli hono tolu K.M., naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻe ʻAlisitako ʻo Samó ʻa e fakamahamahalo ko e laʻaá ʻoku ʻi he loto-mālie ia ʻo e ʻunivēsí, ka naʻe siʻaki ʻene ngaahi fakakaukaú ʻi he leleiʻia he fakakaukau ʻa ʻAlisitōtoló.
b Ki ha lāulea kakato ʻi he tuʻunga-lea ko ení, sio ki he vahe 15, “Ko e Hā ʻOku Tali Ai ʻe he Tokolahi ʻa e ʻEvalūsioó?” ʻi he tohi Life—How Did It Get Here? By Evolution or by Creation? ʻoku pulusi ʻe he Kau Fakamoʻoni ʻa Sihová.
[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 6]
Ko e Fakakaukau ʻa e Kau Palotisaní
Naʻe toe fakaangaʻi ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Fakalelei-Lotu Palotisaní ʻa e tui ki he ʻi loto-mālie ʻa e laʻaá. Naʻe kau ai ʻa Mātini Lūtelo (1483-1546), Filipe Melangitoni (1497-1560), mo Sione Kalavini (1509-64). Naʻe pehē ʻe Lūtelo fekauʻaki mo Kōpenikasi: “ʻOku fakaʻamu ʻa e vale ko ení ke liliu ʻa e saienisi kotoa ʻo e ngaahi fetuʻú.”
Naʻe fakatefito ʻe he kau Fakalelei-Lotú ʻenau fakakikihí ʻi hano fakaʻuhinga fakahangatonu ʻo e ngaahi konga Tohi Tapu ʻe niʻihi, hangē ko e fakamatala ʻi he Siosiua vahe 10 (PM), ʻa ia ʻoku lave ai ʻo pehē ko e laʻaá mo e māhiná naʻá na “tuu.”c Ko e hā naʻe piki ai ʻa e kau Fakalelei-Lotú ki he tuʻunga ko ení? Ko e tohi Galileo’s Mistake ʻoku fakamatala ai ʻo pehē lolotonga ʻa e motuhi ʻe he Fakalelei-Lotu Palotisaní ʻa e ʻioke fakatuʻitapú, naʻe ʻikai lava ke ne “ʻatā mei he tuʻunga mafai tefito” ʻo ʻAlisitōtolo mo Tōmasi ʻAkuiná, ʻa ia ko ʻena ngaahi fakakaukaú naʻe “tali tatau pē ʻe he Katoliká mo e Palotisaní.”
[Fakatmatala ʻi lalo]
c ʻI he lau fakasaienisí, ʻoku tau ngāueʻaki ʻa e ongo kupuʻi lea taʻetotonu ʻi heʻetau lave ki he “hopo ʻa e laʻaá” mo e “tō ʻa e laʻaá.” Ka ʻi he lea fakaʻahó, ʻoku fakatou ala tali mo totonu ai ʻa e ongo kupuʻi leá ni, ʻi he taimi ʻoku tau manatuʻi ai ʻetau vakai mei he foʻi māmaní. ʻI he founga tatau, naʻe ʻikai lāulea ʻa Siosiua ki he saienisi ʻo e fetuʻú; ko ʻene fakamatalaʻi pē ʻa e ngaahi meʻa naʻe hokó ʻo fakatatau ki he anga ʻo ʻene sio ki aí.
[Fakatātā]
Lūtelo
Kalavini
[Maʻuʻanga]
Mei he tohi Servetus and Calvin, 1877
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 4]
ʻAlisitōtolo
[Maʻuʻanga]
Mei he tohi A General History for Colleges and High Schools, 1900
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 5]
Tōmasi ʻAkuina
[Maʻuʻanga]
Mei he tohi Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 1855
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 6]
ʻAisake Niutoni
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 7]
Laka hake he taʻu ʻe 3,000 kuohilí, naʻe fakamatalaʻi ai ʻe he Tohi Tapú ʻa e vilo ʻa e vaí