Lefèvre d’Étaples—Naʻá Ne Loto ke ʻIloʻi ʻe he Kakai Lāuvalé ʻa e Folofola e ʻOtuá
ʻI HA pongipongi Sāpate ʻi he kamataʻanga ʻo e taʻu 1520 tupú, ko e faʻahinga naʻa nau nofo ʻi Meaux, ko ha kiʻi kolo ofi ki Pālesi, naʻa nau ofo ʻi he meʻa naʻa nau fanongo ki ai ʻi he fale lotú. Naʻa nau fanongo ki hono lau ʻo e ngaahi Kōsipelí ʻi heʻenau leá tonu—ʻi he faka-Falaniseé kae ʻikai ko e faka-Latiná!
Ko e tokotaha liliu Tohi Tapu naʻá ne fai ení ko Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples (ʻi he faka-Latiná ko Jacobus Faber Stapulensis), naʻá ne tohi ki mui ai ki hano kaumeʻa ofi: “ʻOkú ke sioloto atu ki he anga hono tokoniʻi ʻe he ʻOtuá ʻa e tokolahi taha ʻo e kakaí koeʻuhi ke nau mahinoʻi ʻene Folofolá.”
ʻI he taimi ko iá, ko e Siasi Katoliká mo e kau teolosia ʻi Pālesí naʻa nau fakafepakiʻi ʻa hono ngāueʻaki ʻo e liliu Tohi Tapú ʻi he lea anga-mahení. Ka ko e hā naʻá ne ueʻi ʻa Lefèvre ke liliu ʻa e Tohi Tapú ki he lea faka-Falaniseé? Pea ʻi he founga fē naʻá ne lava ai ke tokoniʻi ʻa e kakaí ke mahinoʻi e Folofola ʻa e ʻOtuá?
KUMI KI HE ʻUHINGA MOʻONI ʻO E NGAAHI KONGA TOHI TAPÚ
Ki muʻa ke hoko ʻa Lefèvre ko ha tokotaha liliu Tohi Tapú, naʻá ne līʻoa ke ne toe fakafoki ʻa e muʻaki fakakaukau ʻi he ngaahi tohi fakafilōsofia mo e teolosia ʻiloá. Naʻá ne fakatokangaʻi ko e ngaahi muʻaki hiki-tohi ʻi he kuonga muʻá naʻe fakameleʻi ia ʻi hono takihalaʻi ʻo e ngaahi foʻi fakakaukaú pea hala foki. ʻI heʻene fekumi ki he ʻuhinga moʻoni ʻo e ngaahi hiki-tohi ʻo e kuonga muʻá, naʻá ne kamata ako fakamātoato ai ʻa e Tohi Tapu tefito ʻa e Siasi Katoliká, ʻa ia ko e Vulgate ʻi he faka-Latiná.
Ko ʻene ako tōtōivi ʻa e ngaahi konga Tohi Tapú naʻá ne fakamulituku ai ko hono “ako pē ʻo e ngaahi moʻoni fakaʻotuá ʻokú ne talaʻofa mai . . . ʻa e moʻui fakafiefia tahá.” Ko ia ai, naʻe tafoki ʻa Lefèvre mei he ako filōsofiá pea līʻoa ʻa e kotoa hono iví ki hono liliu ʻo e Tohi Tapú.
ʻI he 1509, naʻá ne pulusi ai ha ngaahi tatau kehekehe faka-Latina ʻe nima ʻo e Sāmé,a ʻo kau ai ʻene fakatonutonu ʻa e tatau ʻo e Vulgate. ʻI he ʻikai ke hangē ko e kau teolosia ʻi hono taimí, naʻá ne feinga mālohi ke maʻu ʻa e “ʻuhinga moʻoni” ʻo e ngaahi konga Tohi Tapú. Ko ʻene founga fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻa e Tohi Tapú naʻe ʻi ai ʻene tākiekina mālohi ʻi he kau mataotao Tohi Tapu kehé mo e kau fakalelei-lotu.—Sio ki he puha “Founga Hono Tākiekina ʻa Mātini Lūtelo ʻe Lefèvre.”
Ko ha tēpile ʻoku ʻi ai ha ngaahi hingoa fakalakanga ʻoku fakahuʻunga ki he ʻOtuá ʻa ia ʻoku hā ʻi he Ngaahi Sāmé, ʻo hangē ko ia ʻoku ʻi he Fivefold Psalter, Pulusinga ʻo e 1513
Ko Lefèvre naʻá ne tupu hake ko ha Katolika, naʻá ne tuipau ko e fakafoʻou ʻo e siasí ʻe malava ia ʻo kapau naʻe akoʻi fakalelei ʻa e Tohi Tapú ki he kakai lāuvalé. Ka ʻi he founga fē naʻe malava ai ʻa e kakai lāuvalé ke maʻu ʻaonga mei he ngaahi konga Tohi Tapú ʻi he taimi naʻe lahi ai hono hiki ʻi he lea faka-Latiná?
KO HA LILIU TOHI TAPU ʻOKU MALAVA KE MAʻU ʻE HA TAHA PĒ
Ko e talateu ki he Ngaahi Kōsipelí naʻe fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e holi ʻa Lefèvre ke ʻai ʻa e Tohi Tapú ke ala maʻu ʻe he tokotaha kotoa ʻi heʻenau leá tonu
Naʻe ʻofa lahi ʻa Lefèvre ʻi he Folofola ʻa e ʻOtuá ko ia, naʻá ne fakapapauʻi ke ʻai ia ke malava ke maʻu ʻe he tokolahi taha ʻo e kakaí. Ke aʻusia ʻa e taumuʻa ko iá, ʻi Sune 1523, naʻá ne pulusi ʻa e liliu faka-Falanisē ʻo e ngaahi Kōsipelí ki ha voliume iiki ʻe ua. Ko e totongi ki he voliume iiki ko ení ko e vaeua ia ʻo e totongi ʻo e tatau anga-mahení ʻa ia naʻe faingofua ai ki he kakai ʻoku masiva angé ke maʻu haʻanau tatau ʻo e Tohi Tapú.
Naʻe fakamāfana mo tali lelei ia ʻe he kakai lāuvalé. Koeʻuhi ko e vēkeveke ʻa e kakaí ke lau ʻa e ngaahi lea ʻa Sīsuú ʻi heʻenau leá tonu, ko e ʻuluaki tatau ʻe 1,200 naʻe pulusí naʻe ʻosi pē ia ʻi ha ngaahi māhina siʻi.
TUʻU LOTO-TOʻA MAʻÁ E TOHI TAPÚ
ʻI he talateu ʻo e ngaahi Kōsipelí, naʻe fakamatala ai ʻa Lefèvre naʻá ne liliu ia ki he lea faka-Falaniseé koeʻuhi “ko e ngaahi mēmipa” ʻo e siasí “ʻoku lava ke nau maʻu ʻa e moʻoni fakaʻevangeliō totonú ʻo hangē ko ia naʻe maʻu ʻi he faka-Latiná.” Ka ko e hā naʻá ne ʻai ʻa Lefèvre ke vēkeveke ʻi hono tokoniʻi ʻa e kakai lāuvalé ke ʻiloʻi ʻa e meʻa totonu naʻe akoʻi ʻe he Tohi Tapú?
Naʻe lāuʻilo ʻa Lefèvre ki he ngaahi akonaki fakaetangatá mo e filōsofia naʻá ne fakameleʻi ʻa e Siasi Katoliká. (Maʻake 7:7; Kolose 2:8) Pea naʻá ne tuipau kuo taimi ke ‘talaki totonu ʻa e Kōsipelí ki he kotoa ʻo e māmaní koeʻuhi ke ʻoua ʻe kei takihalaʻi ʻa e kakaí ʻe he ngaahi tokāteline loi ʻa e tangatá.’
Naʻe toe feinga mālohi ʻa Lefèvre ke fakaeʻa ʻa e ngaahi fakakikihi hala e faʻahinga naʻa nau fakafepakiʻi hono liliu ʻa e Tohi Tapú ki he lea faka-Falaniseé. Naʻá ne fakaangaʻi ʻenau mālualoí ʻi he pehē: “ʻOku anga-fēfē ʻenau akoʻi [ʻa e kakaí] ke nau talangofua ki he ngaahi fekau naʻe tuʻutuʻuni ʻe Kalaisí, kapau ʻoku ʻikai ke nau loto ke sio mo lau ʻe he kakaí ʻa e Kōsipeli ʻa e ʻOtuá ʻi heʻenau leá tonu?”—Loma 10:14.
Naʻe ʻikai fakaʻohovale, ko e teolosia ʻi he ʻUnivēsiti ʻo Pālesí—ko e Sorbonne—naʻa nau feinga leva ke fakasīlongoʻi ʻa Lefèvre. ʻI ʻAokosi 1523, naʻe ʻikai ke nau tali ʻene liliu Tohi Tapú mo e ngaahi fakamatala kehe ʻi aí pea taukaveʻi “ʻoku fakatupu maumau ki he Siasí.” Ka naʻe taʻeʻoua ʻa e kau atu ʻa e Tuʻi Falanisē, ko Francis I, naʻe mei fakahalaiaʻi ʻa Lefèvre ko ha tokotaha lotu hē.
FAKAKAKATO “FAKALONGOLONGO” PĒ ʻE HE TOKOTAHA LILIU LEÁ ʻENE NGĀUÉ
Naʻe ʻikai fakaʻatā ʻe Lefèvre ʻa e ngaahi fakakikihi anga-kakaha fekauʻaki mo ʻene ngāué ke fakahohaʻasi ʻene liliu ʻa e Tohi Tapú. ʻI he 1524, hili hono fakakakato ʻene liliu ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Kalisí (ʻa ia ʻoku ui ko e Fuakava Foʻoú), naʻá ne tukuange atu mo e liliu faka-Falanisē ʻo e Sāmé koeʻuhi ke lava ʻa e kau tuí ke nau lotu “fakataha mo e līʻoa mo e ongoʻi loloto lahi ange.”
Ko e kau teolosia ʻi he Sorbonne naʻe ʻikai ke nau toe fai ha ngāue kehe ka ko ʻenau fakatotoloʻi fakaʻauliliki ʻa e ngaahi ngāue ʻa Lefèvre. Naʻa nau fekauʻi atu leva ke tutu fakahāhā ʻene liliu ki he Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Kalisí, pea nau toe talatalaakiʻi ko e ngaahi liliu kehé “ʻoku nau poupouʻi ʻa e fakafepaki ʻa Lūtelo ki he Siasí.” ʻI he taimi naʻe fekauʻi atu ai ʻe he kau teolosiá ke fakatonuhiaʻi ʻene fakakaukaú, naʻe fakakaukau ʻa Lefèvre ke hanganaki “fakalongolongo” pē pea hola ki Strasbourg. ʻI aí naʻá ne hokohoko atu fakapotopoto ʻene liliu ʻa e Tohi Tapú. Neongo naʻe fakakaukau ʻa e niʻihi ia naʻá ne foʻi, ka naʻá ne tui ko e founga lelei taha ia ke fakafeangai ai ki he faʻahinga ʻoku ʻikai ke nau mahuʻingaʻia ʻi he ngaahi ‘mataʻitofe’ mahuʻinga ʻo e moʻoni Fakatohitapú.—Mātiu 7:6.
Hili ha meimei taʻu ʻe taha mei heʻene holá, naʻe fakanofo ai ʻe Tuʻi Francis I ʻa Lefèvre ko ha tiuta ki hono foha taʻu fā ko Charles. Ko e ngāue ko ení naʻe malava ai ke maʻu ʻe Lefèvre ha taimi lahi ke fakakakato hono liliu ʻo e Tohi Tapú. ʻI he 1530, naʻe pulusi ai ʻene liliu kakato ʻo e Tohi Tapú ʻi Antwerp kae ʻikai ʻi Falanisē pea naʻe fakangofua ia ʻe ʻEmipola Charles V.b
ʻAMANAKI LELEI, KAE TŌNOA
Lolotonga ʻa e moʻui ʻa Lefèvre naʻá ne ʻamanaki ʻe liʻaki ʻe he siasí ʻa e ngaahi talatukufakaholo fakaetangatá pea foki ʻo maʻu ʻa e ʻilo totonu ki he Tohi Tapú. Naʻá ne tui mālohi “ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e totonu mo e fiemaʻu fakafoʻituitui ki he Kalisitiane kotoa pē ke lau mo ako ʻa e Tohi Tapú.” Ko e ʻuhinga ia naʻá ne ngāue mālohi ai ke malava ke maʻu ʻa e Tohi Tapú ʻe he tokotaha kotoa. Neongo ko e loto ia ʻo Lefèvre ke fakaleleiʻi ʻa e siasí, naʻe ʻikai lava ʻene feingá—ka naʻá ne lava ke tokoniʻi ʻa e kakai lāuvalé ke ʻiloʻi ʻa e Folofola ʻa e ʻOtuá.
a Ko e Fivefold Psalter ʻokú ne ʻomai ʻa e tatau ʻe nima ʻo e Sāmé ʻi ha kōlomu kehekehe ʻo kau ai ʻa e ngaahi kaveinga ʻoku ʻai ki he ʻOtuá kau ai ʻa e Tetakalamatoní, mataʻi tohi faka-Hepelū ʻe fā naʻá ne fakafofongaʻi ʻa e huafa ʻo e ʻOtuá.
b Hili e taʻu ʻe nima mei ai, ʻi he 1535, ko ha tokotaha liliu-lea Falanisē ko Olivétan naʻá ne ngāueʻaki ʻa e muʻaki lea naʻe hiki ai ʻa e Tohi Tapú ʻo ne tukuange atu ai ha tatau Tohi Tapu. Naʻá ne fakafalala lahi ki he ngaahi ngāue ʻa Lefèvre ʻi he taimi naʻá ne liliu ai ʻa e Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Kalisí.