Wɔyɛe sɛ Ɛntra Hɔ Daa

WƆYƐƐ ɔdesani nipadua no anwonwakwan so. Sɛnea efi ase na enyin no yɛ nwonwa ankasa. Tete kyerɛwfo bi kae sɛ: “Woyɛɛ me ma ɛyɛ hu ne nwonwa.” (Dwom 139:14) Esiane nim a nyansahufo binom nim sɛnea ɔdesani nipadua yɛ nwonwa fa nti, wontumi nte ase sɛ mpanyinyɛ ne owu ba. Ɛte saa wɔ wo fam anaa?

Harvard Sukuupɔn mu abɔde a nkwa wom ho onimdefo Steven Austad kyerɛwee sɛ: “Mpanyinyɛ ho asɛm taa haw yɛn adwene araa ma ɛyɛ me nwonwa sɛ nnipa bebree mmu no sɛ abɔde a nkwa wom ho ahintasɛm titiriw.” Austad kae sɛ nokwasɛm a ɛne sɛ mpanyinyɛ ka obiara no “ma ɛyɛ te sɛ nea [mpanyinyɛ] nyɛ ade a ɛyɛ nwonwa pii.” Nanso, sɛ wususuw ho paa a, ntease wom sɛ mpanyinyɛ ne owu ba?

Afe a etwaam no, Ɔbenfo Leonard Hayflick gye toom sɛ onipa nkwa ne ne nyin yɛ nwonwa, na ɔkyerɛwee wɔ ne nhoma How and Why We Age mu sɛ: “Bere a ɔdomankoma yɛɛ anwonwade a ɛde yɛn fi bere a wonyinsɛn yɛn kosi bere a wɔwo yɛn ne afei bere a yɛn awo nkwaadɔm nyin wie kosi bere a yɛbɛyɛ mpanyin no, wampɛ sɛ ɔbɛyɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛbɛma saa anwonwade ahorow no atra hɔ daa. Saa nhumu yi ayɛ mpanyinyɛ ho nhwehwɛmufo [wɔn a wɔhwehwɛ nipadua mu nsakrae a ɛde onyin ba nkwammoaa mu] ahodwiriw mfe pii.”

Mpanyinyɛ ne owu yɛ wo nso ahodwiriw? Edi atirimpɔw bɛn ho dwuma? Hayflick kae sɛ: “Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ efi nyinsɛn so kosi bere a obi bɛyɛ ɔpanyin no, abɔde a nkwa wom dwumadi nyinaa wɔ atirimpɔw, nanso mpanyinyɛ nni atirimpɔw. Wonhu nea enti a ɛsɛ sɛ mpanyinyɛ ba. Ɛwom sɛ yɛasua nipadua mu nsakrae a ɛde onyin ba ho ade pii de . . . , nanso yɛda so ara hyia nea efi mu ba a yentumi nkwati a ɛne mpanyinyɛ a atirimpɔw nnim a ɛkowie owu mu no.”

So ebetumi aba sɛ wɔanyɛ yɛn sɛ yennyinyin na yenwuwu na mmom sɛ yɛntra asase so daa?

Ɔpɛ a Yɛwɔ Sɛ Yɛbɛtra Ase

Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ wunim sɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ obiara ani nnye ho sɛ obenyin na wawu. Nokwarem no, nnipa pii suro sɛ wobesusuw ho. Oduruyɛfo Sherwin B. Nuland kyerɛwee wɔ ne nhoma How We Die mu sɛ: “Ɛte sɛ nea yɛn mu biara nni hɔ a owu a ɛto yɛn ankasa ho adwene, a tebea a obi kɔ mu a onhu hwee bio na ɔnte nka—nea hwee nnim—ka ho no tumi kokwaw no.” Wunim obi a ɔpɛ sɛ onyin na ɔyare wu?

Nanso, sɛ mpanyinyɛ ne owu ka adebɔ ho, na sɛ ɛyɛ nhyehyɛe pa bi fa ankasa a, anka yɛn ani rennye ho? Nanso yɛn ani nnye ho. Dɛn ntia? Mmuae no gyina ɔkwan a wɔfaa so yɛɛ yɛn no so. Bible ka sɛ: “[Onyankopɔn de] asetra a enni awiei mpo ahyɛ [yɛn] adwenem.” (Ɔsɛnkafo 3:11, Byington) Esiane ɔpɛ a nnipa wɔ sɛ wɔbɛtra ase daa yi nti, wɔde bere tenten ahwehwɛ nea wɔfrɛ no nkwa tenten nsuti. Wɔpɛ sɛ wɔkɔ so yɛ mmerante ne mmabaa daa. Eyi ma asemmisa no sɔre sɛ, Yɛwɔ tumi a ebetumi ama yɛatra nkwa mu akyɛ?

Wɔyɛe sɛ Ensiesie Ne Ho

Bere a abɔde a nkwa wom ho nimdefo Austad rekyerɛw adwene a nnipa bebree kura wɔ Natural History nsɛmma nhoma mu no, ɔkae sɛ: “Adwene a yɛtaa nya wɔ yɛne mmoa foforo ho no te sɛ nea yɛwɔ wɔ mfiri ho no: ɛyɛ dɛn ara a ɛbɛyɛ dedaw.” Nanso eyi nyɛ nokware. Austad kae sɛ: “Abɔde a nkwa wom yɛ soronko koraa wɔ mfiri ho. Ɛno ankasa siesie ne ho: akuru tumi wu, nnompe tumi toa, ɔyare tumi kɔ.”

Enti, asemmisa a ɛkanyan adwene ne sɛ, Dɛn nti na yɛbɔ nkwakoraa ne mmerewa? Sɛnea Austad bisae no: “Ɛnde dɛn nti na ɛsɛ sɛ [abɔde a nkwa wom] nyin na wɔgow te sɛ mfiri?” Esiane sɛ nipadua mu nkwammoaa foforo besi dedaw no ananmu nti, wontumi nkɔ so nyɛ saa daa?

Wɔ Discover nsɛmma nhoma no mu no, adannandi ne abɔde a nkwa wom ho ɔbenfo Jared Diamond kaa anwonwakwan a abɔde a nkwa wom tumi fa so siesie ne ho no ho asɛm. Ɔkyerɛwee sɛ: “Sɛnea yɛn nipadua siesie ne ho no ho nhwɛso a ɛsen biara a aniwa hu ne ɔkwan a ekuru fa so wu, a yɛnam so siesie yɛn were a biribi sɛe no no. Mmoa pii tumi yɛ nneɛma bebree a ɛyɛ nwonwa koraa sen nea yetumi yɛ: aketew dua a ɛso tew tumi fifi foforo, starfish ne akɔtɔ tumi fifi anan ne nsa foforo, apataa a wɔfrɛ no sea cucumber no nso tumi fifi nsono foforo.”

Ɛdefa esẽ a foforo besi dedaw ananmu ho no, Diamond kae sɛ: “Nnipa sẽ tutu fifi pɛnkoro, asono de tutu fifi mpɛn anum, na aboodede de kɔ so tutu fifi a ennyae wɔn nkwa nna nyinaa.” Afei ɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ: “Nipadua mu mmoawammoawa a aniwa ntumi nhu nso tumi siesie wɔn ho bere nyinaa. Nna kakra akyi biara no, yɛn nsono mu nkwammoaa no yɛ foforo, na yɛn mogya nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ no yɛ foforo pɛnkoro asram anan biara.

“Wɔ nkwammoaa nketenkete paa mu no, yɛn ahoɔdennuru nketenkete no kɔ so siesie ne ho, na ɛsono sɛnea emu biara sakra ntɛmntɛm fa; ɛmma nkwammoaa nketenkete a asɛesɛe no mmoaboa ano pii. Enti sɛ wode sɛnea wo dɔfo bi te nnɛ no toto sɛnea na ɔte ɔsram a atwam ni no ho a, ebia ɔte saa ara, nanso nkwammoaa nketenkete a ɛka bom yɛ saa wo dɔfo no fã kɛse asesa.”

Nipadua mu nkwammoaa foforo besi nea ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no dodow no ara ananmu wɔ bere ne bere mu. Nanso ebia nkwammoaa foforo remmesi ebinom ananmu da sɛnea ɛte wɔ amemene mu ntini de ho no. Nanso Hayflick kyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ: “Sɛ nkwaboaa no fã biara sesa a, na ɛnna so ara nyɛ nkwaboaa dedaw no ara. Ebia ɛbɛyɛ te sɛ nea amemene mu ntini a wɔde woo wo no ara na ɛda so wɔ hɔ nnɛ, nanso nokwarem no, ebia na nkwammoaa nketenkete foforo abesi . . . nea na ɛwɔ hɔ bere a wɔwoo wo no ananmu. Enti ebia nkwammoaa a foforo mmesi ananmu no nyɛ nea wɔde woo wo no ara!” Eyi te saa efisɛ nkwammoaa no mu nneɛma no foforo besi dedaw no ananmu. Enti, sɛ yɛhwɛ no saa kwan no so a, anka ɛsɛ sɛ nipadua mu nneɛma a foforo besi ananmu no ma yetumi tra nkwa mu daa!

Kae sɛ Oduruyɛfo Hayflick kaa “anwonwade a ɛde yɛn fi bere a wonyinsɛn yɛn kosi bere a wɔwo yɛn” no ho asɛm. Emu bi ne dɛn? Bere a yɛhwehwɛ mu kakra no, susuw sɛnea nea ɔfrɛɛ no “ade ketewaa bi a ɛbɛma saa anwonwade ahorow no atra hɔ daa” no betumi aba no ho.

Nkwaboaa

Nkwammoaa bɛyɛ ɔpepepepem 100 na ɛwɔ obi a wanyin nipadua mu, na emu biara yɛ nwonwa ma wontumi nte ase. Sɛ yɛbɛyɛ sɛnea nkwaboaa yɛ nwonwa no ho mfatoho a, Newsweek nsɛmma nhoma no de totoo kurow a wɔato ho ɔfasu ho. Nsɛmma nhoma no kae sɛ: “Anyinam ahoɔden mfiri na ɛma nkwammoaa no ahoɔden. Adwinnan na ɛyɛ ahoɔdennuru, nnuru a ɛho hia na dwumadi ahorow akɔ so. Akwantu ho nhyehyɛe nwonwaso bi kyerɛ nnuru pɔtee bi kwan kɔ mmeaemmeae wɔ nkwaboaa no mu anaa akyi. Awɛmfo a wogyinagyina wɔn ahwɛe, hwehwɛ nneɛma a ɛrefi mu ne nea ɛreba mu no mu, na wɔhwɛ nea ɛrekɔ so wɔ abɔnten sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobehu asiane ho mpopoe biara. Nipadua mu asraafo a wɔn ani da hɔ yiye ayɛ krado sɛ wɔne atamfo de besi ani. Awosu mu atumfoɔ a wɔwɔ mfinimfini hwɛ ma nneɛma kɔ so wɔano wɔano.”

Susuw sɛnea wo—nkwammoaa bɛyɛ ɔpepepepem 100 a ɛka bom yɛ wo no—bae ho. Wufii ase sɛ nkwaboaa biako a wonyae bere a wo papa ahobae ne wo maame kesua biako hyiaam no. Bere a ɛka boom no, ɛhyehyɛɛ sɛnea nneɛma bɛkɔ so no wɔ saa nkwaboaa foforo yi DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid a wɔatwa no tiawa) mu maa awiei koraa no, ɛbɛyɛɛ wo—onipa foforo a ɔda nsow koraa. Wɔka sɛ sɛ “wɔkyerɛw” DNA mu akwankyerɛ ahorow a “ɛbɛyɛ nhoma ahorow a ekura nkratafa 600 apem biako ma.”

Bere kɔɔ so no, nkwaboaa biako no mu fii ase kyekyɛe ma ɛbɛyɛɛ abien, anan, awotwe, ne nea ɛtete saa. Awiei koraa no, bɛyɛ nnafua 270 akyi—a saa bere no na wɔanya nkwammoaa ahorow ɔpepepem pii wɔ wo maame mu ma adan akokoaa—no, wɔwoo WO. Ɛte sɛ nea na ɔdan kɛse bi a nhoma a ekura akwankyerɛ ahorow a wɔakyerɛkyerɛ mu yiye a ɛfa sɛnea wɔnyɛ wo ho ayɛ nkwaboaa a edi kan no mu ma. Nanso ade a ɛyɛ nwonwa saa ara nso ne nokwasɛm a ɛne sɛ wɔde saa ahyɛde bebree yi bi maa nkwaboaa foforo biara a ɛbae no. Yiw, nea ɛyɛ nwonwa no, nsɛm a na ɛwɔ kesua a edi kan a ɛbɛyɛɛ onipa no mu nyinaa bi wɔ wo nipadua mu nkwaboaa biara mu!

Susuw eyi nso ho. Esiane sɛ nkwaboaa biara kura nsɛm a ɛde bɛyɛ nkwammoaa ahorow nyinaa bi nti, sɛ nhwɛso no, bere a bere no dui sɛ ɛbɛyɛ koma mu nkwammoaa no, ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔkaa akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛnyɛ nkwammoaa a aka nyinaa no hyɛe? Bere a nkwaboaa bi reyɛ adwuma te sɛ adwumawura bi a wɔabɔ no paa a ɔwɔ nneɛma akorae a akwankyerɛ nhoma ahorow wom a ɔde bɛyɛ akokoaa no, ɛpaw n’akorae mu akwankyerɛ nhoma a ɛde yɛ koma mu nkwammoaa no. Nkwaboaa foforo paw akwankyerɛ nhoma foforo a ekura akwankyerɛ a ɛde yɛ ehon mu nkwammoaa, na foforo nso paw akwankyerɛ nhoma a ɛde yɛ berɛbo mu nkwammoaa, ne nea ɛkeka ho. Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ sɛnea nkwaboaa tumi paw akwankyerɛ a ɛho hia na ɛde yɛ nkwaboaa pɔtee bi, na bere koro no ara ɛka akwankyerɛ foforo nyinaa hyɛ, a wontumi nkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu yi yɛ “anwonwade a ɛde yɛn fi bere a wonyinsɛn yɛn kosi bere a wɔwo yɛn” a ɛdɔɔso no foforo.

Nanso, nneɛma foforo pii ka ho. Sɛ nhwɛso no, ehia sɛ biribi kanyan koma mu nkwammoaa no ma ɛka dwom na emu bue ntoatoaso. Enti, wɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe nwonwaso bi wɔ koma no mu a ɛma anyinam ahoɔden a ɛkanyan koma no ma ɛbɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so ma nipadua no tumi kɔ so yɛ n’adwuma. Ɛyɛ adwinni a ɛyɛ nwonwa ankasa! Ɛnyɛ nwonwa sɛ nnuruyɛfo aka koma no ho asɛm sɛ: “Ne dwumadi di mu sen afiri biara a onipa ayɛ pɛn.”

Amemene

Ade a ɛyɛ nwonwa sen saa mpo ne sɛnea amemene no nyin—onipa mu anwonwade a ɛsen biara no. Nyinsɛn akyi adapɛn abiɛsa no, amemene mu nkwammoaa no fi ase ba. Bere bi akyi no, wobenya ntini mu nkwammoaa a wɔfrɛ no neuron no bɛyɛ ɔpepepem 100—sɛnea nsoromma a ɛwɔ Milky Way okyinnsoromma mu no dodow te—wɔ onipa amemene mu.

Time nsɛmma nhoma bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ: “Eyi mu biara nya nsɛm fi amemene mu nkwammoaa ntini foforo bɛyɛ 10,000 hɔ, na ɛde nkrasɛm kɔma apem foforo.” Bere a amemene mu nkwammoaa ntini ho nimdefo Gerald Edelman huu sɛnea etumi keka bom di dwuma no, ɔkae sɛ: “Amemene no fã ketewa bi a ɛte sɛ burogya ti wɔ ntoatoam bɛyɛ ɔpepepem biako a ebetumi akeka abom adi dwuma wɔ akwan a nea yebetumi aka wɔ ho ara ne sɛ ɛdɔɔso mmoroso so—ɛyɛ edu a wɔkyerɛw ahun ɔpepem pii wɔ akyi.”

Tumi bɛn na eyi de ma amemene no? Nsoromma ho nimdefo Carl Sagan kae sɛ onipa amemene betumi akora nsɛm a “ɛbɛyɛ nhoma bɛyɛ ɔpepem aduonu ma, dodow a ɛwɔ wiase nhomakorabea akɛse paa no mu.” Nhoma kyerɛwfo George Leonard kyerɛkyerɛɛ mu kɔɔ akyiri, kae sɛ: “Nokwarem no, seesei yebetumi aka asɛm bi a ɛbɛyɛ nkurɔfo adwene mu foforo: Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ nneɛma a amemene no betumi ayɛ no nni ano.”

Enti, ɛnsɛ sɛ nsɛm a edidi so yi yɛ yɛn nwonwa: Abɔde nketewa a nkwa wom ho nimdefo James Watson a ɔka ho bi na wohuu DNA adeban no kae sɛ: “Amemene no ne ade a emu dɔ sen biara a yennya nhuu ne sɛso wɔ yɛn amansan yi mu.” Ehon ho nimdefo Richard Restak a n’ani nnye kɔmputa a wɔde toto amemene ho ho no kae sɛ: “Nea ama amemene no da nsow ne nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ biribiara nni amansan yi mu baabiara a yenim a ɛsɛ no kakra bi mpo.”

Ehon ho nyansahufo ka sɛ wɔ yɛn mprempren nkwa nna mu no, yɛde yɛn amemene no ahoɔden no fã kakraa bi pɛ na edi dwuma, bɛyɛ 1/10,000 anaa ɔha biara mu nkyekyem 1 mu 1/100 sɛnea akontaabu biako kyerɛ no. Susuw ho hwɛ. Ntease wom sɛ wɔbɛma yɛn amemene a etumi yɛ anwonwade saa, bere a yentumi mfa nni dwuma nkosi ase da? So ntease nnim sɛ wɔhyɛɛ da yɛɛ nnipa, a wɔwɔ tumi a wobetumi de asua ade daa, sɛ wɔntra ase daa?

Sɛ ɛte saa a, dɛn nti na yɛbɔ nkwakoraa ne mmerewa? Dɛn na ɛtotoe? Dɛn nti na bɛyɛ mfe 70 anaa 80 akyi no, yewu, ɛmfa ho mpo sɛ ɛda adi sɛ wɔyɛɛ yɛn nipadua sɛ ɛntra hɔ daa no?

[Asɛm a Wɔahyehyɛ wɔ kratafa 19]

(Wopɛ nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ awie no a, hwɛ nhoma no mu)

Nkwaboaa—Adwinni a Ɛyɛ Nwonwa

Nkwaboaa Nkataho

Nkataho a ɛhwɛ nneɛma a ɛba ne nea efi nkwaboaa no mu

Nucleus

Ɛno ne dwumadibea ti a ɛhwɛ nkwaboaa no kɔree ne ne bae, a ɛhyɛ nkataho abien mu

Ribosome Ahorow

Nneɛma a amino acid boaboa ano wɔ so de yɛ ahoɔdennuru

Awosu Korafo

Emu na nkwaboaa no DNA, n’awosu nhyehyɛe no wɔ

Nucleolus

Faako a wɔboaboa ribosome ahorow no ano

Nkwaboaa mu Ntini

Ntini ahorow a ɛkora ahoɔdennuru a ribosome a ɛfemfam ho no ayɛ so anaa ɛde kɔ mmeaemmeae (ribosome ahorow bi nenam nkwammoaa no mu a ɛmfam baabiara)

Mitochondria

Faako a wɔyɛ ATP, nneɛma nketenkete a ɛma nkwaboaa no ahoɔden

Ahoɔdennuru Kotoku

Nkotoku ntrantraa a ɛkora ahoɔdennuru a nkwaboaa no yɛ so de bi kɔ mmeaemmeae

Centriole Ahorow

Ɛwowɔ nucleus no nkyɛnkyɛn, na ɛboa ma wɔyɛ nkwammoaa