Nnwuma a Ɛyɛ Tawa no Ho Dɛre Wɔn
SƐNEA amanneɛbɔ bi a ɛbaa The New York Times mu July 26, 1995 kyerɛ no, “Atemmu Asoɛe no apaw asenni bagua bi wɔ New York sɛ ɛnhwehwɛ mu nhwɛ sɛ ebia nnwuma a ɛyɛ tawa no anka nneɛma a ɛwɔ sigaret mu ne ɔhaw a ɛde ba no mu nokware ankyerɛ Aban mpanyimfo a wɔhwɛ ho nsɛm so no anaa. Ebia asoɛe no bɛpaw bagua a ɛto so abien wɔ asɛm no ho ma wɔahwehwɛ mu ahwɛ sɛ adwuma mpanyimfo no dii atoro kyerɛɛ Mmarahyɛ Bagua no faa tawa ho nneɛma ho anaa.”
Dɛn nti na wɔreyɛ eyi? Amanneɛbɔ no kyerɛkyerɛɛ mu. Wɔ April 1994 no, nnwuma ason a edi akoten wɔ tawa nnwuma mu wɔ United States no mpanyimfo paa dii nsew kae wɔ Mmarahyɛ Bagua boayikuw bi anim sɛ “wonsusuw sɛ sɛ obi de nicotine di dwuma a ɛka ne hɔ, sɛ sigaret de yare ba anaa wɔn nnwuma no dannan nicotine dodow a ɛwɔ nneɛma a wɔde tawa yɛ no mu.”
Ɛno akyi no, asɛm no mu nokware daa adi—ɛbɛdaa adi sɛ kyerɛ a wɔkyerɛe sɛ wɔn ho nni asɛm no nyɛ nokware—bere a wohuu nkrataa a wobetumi de abɔ wɔn sobo mpem abien wɔ June 1995 mu no. Saa nkrataa yi kyerɛ sɛ na tawa ho nhwehwɛmufo de mfe 15 ahwehwɛ “tumi” a nicotine nya wɔ wɔn a wɔnom sigaret nipadua, wɔn adwene, ne wɔn nneyɛe so no mu. Ɔbenfo Victor DeNoble a na anka ɔyɛ nyansahufo a ɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu ma nnwumakuw no biako ka ade titiriw a nhwehwɛmu no daa no adi ho asɛm sɛ: “Adwumakuw no fii ase hui sɛ wobetumi atew wusiw bɔre no so na wɔde nicotine no bi aka ho, na wɔakɔ so anya sigaret a nea ɔnom no ani begye ho. Wɔyɛɛ wɔn nhwehwɛmu no nyinaa wiei no, wobehui sɛ ɛnyɛ sɛ na nicotine ma nkurɔfo bow anaa ɛkanyan wɔn nko, na mmom na enya wɔn biribiara so tumi nso, ɛka wɔn adwene, na na nkurɔfo renom sigaret ma anya wɔn adwene so tumi.”
Sɛnea The New York Times kyerɛ no, nhwehwɛmu a nnwumakuw yɛe no daa no adi sɛ “ɛmfa ho sigaret ko a nkurɔfo nomee no, ɛte sɛ nea na wotumi nya nicotine dodow a wɔpɛ no denam twe a wɔtwe kɔ wɔn mu kɛse, wusiw no a wɔma egyina wɔn anom kyɛ, anaa sigaret no pii a wɔnom so.” Nnwumakuw mu nhwehwɛmufo bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛyɛ sigaret a wusiw mu bɔre no nnɔɔso na nicotine no dɔɔso sɛnea ɛsɛ a ɛbɛma nea ɔnom no ani agye ho.
Nkrataa no kɔɔ so kyerɛe sɛ nnwuma a ɛyɛ tawa no kyerɛɛ wɔn a wɔtɔ wɔn aguade no ho anigye kɛse. Kɔlegefo na wɔyɛɛ wɔn mu nhwehwɛmu bɛboro mfe 15. Wobisabisaa Iowa kurow bi mufo, a wɔn a wɔadi mfe 14 a wɔnom sigaret ka ho, nsɛm faa wɔn suban no ho.
Wobu nhwehwɛmu nkrataa yi a wɔahu no sɛ asɛmpa ma mmaranimfo a wɔaka wɔn tiri apam ho resamana nnwuma ason a ɛyɛ tawa no. Wɔbɔ nnwumakuw a ɛyɛ tawa no sobo sɛ wɔanna nicotine mu nneɛma a ɛma ne nom ka obi hɔ no ho nimdeɛ adi, na wɔdannan nicotine dodow no mu na ama ne nom aka nkurɔfo hɔ. Mmaranimfo bi kae sɛ wiase no mu temmufo biara nni hɔ a obegye adi sɛ na saa nnwumakuw yi reyɛ nhwehwɛmu yi de agyigye wɔn ani kɛkɛ.
Bere a ahodɛre no yɛ kɛse wɔ aman a anya nkɔso mu no, tawa ho mframa no bɔ kɛse kɔ aman a ennyaa nkɔso pii no mu. Mfe aduanan a atwam ni no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ na ɔbea biara nnom sigaret wɔ Kesee Fam anaa aman a ennyaa nkɔso pii no mu, na mmarima bɛyɛ ɔha biara mu 20 pɛ na na wɔyɛ saa. Nanso ɛnnɛ, aman a ennyaa nkɔso pii mu mmea no nyinaa mu ɔha biara mu 8 ne mmarima no nyinaa mu ɔha biara mu 50 na wɔnom tawa—na dodow no renya nkɔanim. Nhwehwɛmufo ka sɛ: “Sigaret ho mframa bɔ kɔ Kesee Fam.”
Nyan! Kyerɛwfo De Tebea no Ho Amanneɛbɔ Ma
Yɛn kyerɛwfo a ɔwɔ Brazil no ka tebea a ɛwɔ Kesee Fam baabiara no ho asɛm. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔayɛ wɔ aman a anya mfiridwuma mu nkɔanim mu no ma tebea no yɛ hu kɛse ma nea ɔnom tawa. Ɛwɔ dwuma a edi. Wiase Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde (WAA) bɔ amanneɛ sɛ: “Seesei aman a wohu hia a ɛho hia sɛ wɔma ɔmamma no nya nneɛma ho nimdeɛ no rehu sɛ tawa a wɔde di dwuma no afi ase rekɔ fam.” Panos, amanneɛbɔ ahyehyɛde bi a ɛwɔ London, de ka ho sɛ: “Wɔ Kusuu Fam no, nkurɔfo mma sigaretnom ho kwan bio wɔ afie, mmeae a nnipa wɔ, ne nnwuma pii mu,” na seesei nnipa dodow no ara ahu sɛ “sigaretnom betumi adi wɔn awu.” “Tawa aguadi no de n’ani akyerɛ Kesee Fam.”
Nea ɛne no bɔ abira no, wɔ Kesee Fam no, sɛnea ɛnyɛ den sɛ obi bebue sigaret adaka so no, saa ara na ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobefi ho aguadi ase. Aman a ennyaa nkɔso pii no mu tebea no ye ma tawa aguadi no. Aman a ennyaa nkɔso pii 4 biara mu 3 ma kwan ma wɔbɔ ho dawuru, na bere koro no ara, ɔmamma no nnim asiane a ɛwɔ sigaretnom mu no papa. Panos ka sɛ: “Nkurɔfo nnim asiane a ɛwom no efisɛ wɔnka ho asɛm nkyerɛ wɔn.”
Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛdaadaa mmabaa—nnipakuw a adwuma no ani si wɔn so no biako—ma wɔafi sigaretnom ase no, wɔbɔ no dawuru de “da sigaretnom adi sɛ ade a ɛyɛ fɛ ne anika a mmea a wɔde wɔn ho nya mu kyɛfa.” Tawa ho dawurubɔ a asɛm wɔ ho no sɛ nea wɔde dii dwuma wɔ aman a anya mfiridwuma mu nkɔanim mu wɔ afeha fã a atwam ni no. Saa bere no, dawurubɔ no dii nkonim. Nhoma bi ka sɛ bere tiaa bi akyi no, na mmea 3 biara mu 1 “de anigye nom sigaret te sɛ mmarima.”
Ɛnnɛ, anibere aguadi a wɔamia mu a wɔde wɔn ani si aman a ennyaa nkɔso pii mu mmea a wɔn ani nna wɔn ho so so no ma ɛda adi sɛ dawurubɔ mu “nkonim” a wodii no 1920 ne 1930 mfe no mu no bɛsan aba. Enti awerɛhosɛm ne sɛ, seesei mmabaa ɔpepem pii a wɔwɔ wiase aman a edi hia mu no wɔ asiane a ɛbɛma wɔabɛyɛ nea obi a ɔhyɛɛ no nsow kaa ho asɛm sɛ “mmeawa a wɔn ho yɛ fɛ a wɔasi so foforo wɔ nicotine mu.”
Botae Titiriw
Bere a mmea yɛ nnipakuw a nnwuma a ɛyɛ tawa no ani si wɔn so kɛse biako no, mmofra ne wɔn botae titiriw. Aseresɛm ho mfonini a wɔde bɔ no dawuru, ne sigaret ho sɛnkyerɛnne a wɔyɛ gu agode ahorow so no redi boa wɔn, na agumadi ho nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛ ne ho ka a wɔbɔ nso saa ara.
Panoscope nsɛmma nhoma no bɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔ China no, mmofra “de wɔn ho rehyɛ sigaretnom mu kɛse.” Wɔn a wɔadi mfe 12 kosi 15 no bɛyɛ ɔha biara mu 35 ne wɔn a wɔadi mfe 9 kosi 12 no ɔha biara mu 10 nom sigaret. Nsɛmma nhoma a wotintim no da biara da, Folha de S. Paulo, bɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔ Brazil no, wobu akontaa sɛ mmofra ɔpepem du na wɔnom sigaret. Wonnim asiane a ɛwom no anaa? Rafael, Brazilni abarimaa bi a wadi mfe 15, a ɔnom sigaret adaka biako ne fã da biara da, ka sɛ: “Minim sɛ asiane wɔ sigaretnom mu, nanso eye paa.” Dɛn na afi anibiannaso nsusuwii yi mu aba? Panos bɔ amanneɛ sɛ: “Da biara, anyɛ yiye koraa no, mmofra foforo 4,000 fi sigaretnom ase.”
Tawa adwuma no de nea wusiw mu bɔre ne emu nicotine no dɔɔso sen nea wɔtɔn no Kusuu Fam no kɔ Kesee Fam. Nea enti a ɛte saa no da adi. Tawa adwuma no ho panyin bi kaa no mfe bi a atwam ni sɛ: “Mempa nicotine ho kyɛw. Ɛno na ɛma aguadi no kɔ so. Ɛno na ɛtwetwe nkurɔfo ba bio.” Edi dwuma yiye. Dutch kasa mu nhoma Roken Welbeschouwd (Sigaretnom—Ɛho Nsɛm Nyinaa a Wɔasusuw Ho) foa so sɛ: “Esiane sɛ nicotine no dɔɔso nti, ɛma ɛka obi hɔ ntɛm, na eyi bɔ kwan ma dodow a wɔnom ne nea wɔtɔ no kɔ soro bere a wɔtew nea ɛwom no so nkakrankakra no.”
Panos de asɛm no ba awiei sɛ: “Tawa adwuma no bu Kesee Fam sɛ aguadibea a ɛbɛma adwuma no akɔ so.”
Wobɛnom Bi Anaa Wobɛto Wo Nkwa Nna So?
Sɛ wote ɔman a ennyaa nkɔso pii mu a, dɛn na wobɛyɛ? Nokwasɛm ahorow no da no adi pefee. Ɛde besi 1950 no, na nnipa kakraa bi pɛ na nyarewa a sigaretnom de ba kunkum wɔn, nanso ɛnnɛ, nyarewa a sigaretnom de ba kunkum nnipa ɔpepem biako wɔ Kesee Fam da biara da. Nanso, WAA bɔ kɔkɔ sɛ ebedu mfe aduasa no, na nnipa a sigaretnom kunkum wɔn afe biara wɔ aman a ennyaa nkɔso pii mu no akɔ soro akodu ɔpepem ason. Nea ɛne nsɛm a tawa ho dawurubɔ ka bɔ abira no, sigaretnom yɛ ade a ɛkowie owu mu.
Wuse wunim asiane ahorow a ɛwom no? Eye, nanso dɛn na wode saa nimdeɛ no bɛyɛ? Wobɛyɛ sɛ obi a ɔnom sigaret a ɔkenkanee sigaretnom ho nsɛmmɔne pii araa ma osii gyinae sɛ wagyae akenkan no? Anaasɛ wobɛyɛ w’ade nyansam sɛnea ɛsɛ, na woahu nnaadaasɛm a ɛwɔ tawa ho dawurubɔ mu no akyi, atwe wo ho afi sigaretnom ho? Ampa, tawa ho mframa rebɔ kɔ Kesee Fam—nanso ɛho nhia sɛ ɛbɔ ba wo nkyɛn!
[Kratafa 19 adaka]
China—Edi Kan
Zhang Hanmin, odwumayɛni bi a wadi mfe 35 a ɔwɔ China, kaa ne nsa bɔɔ ho sɔɔ sigaret ano. Ɔkae sɛ: “Nokwasɛm ne sɛ, metumi akwati nneɛma pii, nanso sigaret nka ho.” Ɛte sɛ nea wobetumi aka asɛm koro no ara afa Zhang man mufo foforo ɔpepem 300 ho. Efi 1980 mfe no mu no, Chinafo “ayɛ sigaret, atɔn, anom asen ɔman biara.” Afe bi a atwam no, “wɔtɔnee sigaret ɔpepepem pii maa ɔmamma a wɔnom sigaret daa no,” na ɛmaa China bɛyɛɛ “ɔman a edi kan wɔ tawa mu wɔ wiase.”—Panoscope nsɛmma nhoma.
[Kratafa 20 adaka]
Sigaret Ahorow a “Wɔadi ho Adanse”?
Ɛwom sɛ nyarewa a tawa de ba kunkum nnipa ɔpepem abiɛsa afe biara de, nanso ɛho dawurubɔ kɔ so ka kyerɛ wɔn a wɔnom sigaret sɛ asiane nni wɔn suban no ho. Sɛ nhwɛso no, dawurubɔ bi a ɛbaa Brazil nsɛmma nhoma bi mu nnansa yi bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ sigaret bi aba so a “wɔadi ho adanse fi adwinnan mu.” Dawurubɔ no de awerɛhyem mae sɛ: “Wɔadi wo kar ho adanse; wɔadi wo TV ho adanse; wɔadi wo wɔɔkye ho adanse. Wo sigaret nso saa ara.” Nanso, sɛnea adawurubɔfo no da no adi, na wɔn a wɔnom tawa a wɔanya nyarewa a enni sabea no betumi adi ho adanse no, ɛho adansedi ara ne sɛ “sigaretnom yɛ asiane ma akwahosan.”
[Kratafa 19 mfonini]
Botae titiriw—mmea a wɔwɔ aman a ennyaa nkɔso pii mu
[Asɛm Fibea]
WHO mfonini a L. Taylor yɛe
[Kratafa 20 mfonini]
Wonnim asiane a ɛwom no anaa?
[Asɛm Fibea]
WHO