Nuklea Ho Asiane No Emfii Hɔ Koraa
“Seesei ade a ɛbɔ nnipa hu paa wɔ okyinnsoromma yi so ne akode a ɛsɛe ade paa a ɛrɛdɔɔso.”—CRITICAL MASS, A WILLIAM E. BURROWS NE ROBERT WINDREM KYERƐWEE.
JANUARY 25, 1995 ahemadakye no, kɔmputa mfiri a edi kan hu asiane a ɛwɔ wim de ho kɔkɔbɔ ma wɔ Russia atifi fam no bobɔɔ abɛn de kyerɛe sɛ asɛm reba. Ɛkyerɛe sɛ wɔato ɔsraman bi wɔ Norway mpoano baabi! Wɔn a wɔte kɔmputa mfiri no ho no bɔɔ Moscow kɔkɔ sɛ nuklea topae bi reba. Simma kakraa bi ntam no, wɔde bag a mfiri a wobetumi de ato nuklea aprɛm ahyia nea ɛreba no hyɛɛ Russia ɔmampanyin nsam. Ná ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛrenkyɛ na wɔde nuklea ko a ɛyɛ hu agyina mu.
Anigyesɛm ne sɛ ntoboase yɛɛ adwuma, na wohui sɛ ɔsraman no ani nkyerɛ Russia. Akyiri yi wobehui sɛ nneɛma a wɔde yɛ wim tebea mu nhwehwɛmu na na ɛwɔ ɔsraman no mu. Ɛno mpo no, The Washington Post mu asɛm bi kae sɛ: “Ná saa bere no yɛ bere a ɛyɛ hu paa wɔ nuklea mmere yi mu no biako. Ɛma yehu sɛnea Amerika ne Russia Ntam Ntawntawdi no da so ara yɛ adwuma ne yɛ a wɔn nuklea akode ayɛ krado, ne sɛnea ebetumi ama wɔadi mfomso ayɛ biribi a asiane wom, ɛmfa ho mpo sɛ akodeyɛ ho akansi no aba awiei no.”
Nea Aka Ara ne sɛ Wɔbɛto
Mfe pii mu no, na sɛnea Soviet Union ne United States yɛ wɔn ade na amma obi anto ne de no gyina biribi a wɔfrɛ no obiara nnsɛe ne yɔnko (MAD) so. MAD nnyinaso titiriw biako ne ade a wɔfrɛ no woto-a-mɛto kɔkɔbɔ no. Eyi maa afanu no nyinaa tee wɔn ho ase sɛ sɛ wɔn mu biako to topae kɔ ne yɔnko kurom a, ɔno nso bɛto bi ahyia no ansa na nea ɛreba ne hɔ no mpo adu. MAD nnyinasosɛm titiriw a ɛto so abien ne ade a wɔfrɛ no wosɛe me a mɛsɛe wo no. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ sɛ atamfo atopae sɛe nea ɛbɛsɛe no wie mpo a, wɔn nso betumi ato bi akɔ hɔ.
Ɛmfa ho sɛ Amerika ne Russia Ntam Ntawntawdi no ano adwo no, MAD da so bɔ adesamma hu. Ampa, U.S. ne Russia atew wɔn akode so koraa—ebinom ka sɛ wɔatew so fã—nanso nuklea atopae mpempem pii da so wɔ hɔ. Enti ebetumi aba sɛ wɔbɛfom ato akode no bi anaasɛ obi a onni hokwan bɛkɔ akɔto. Na esiane sɛ aman abien no biara da so suro sɛ ne yɔnko betumi ayɛ biribi a ɛte sɛ nea ɛrensi da, adi kan ato topae aba ne so nti, wɔayɛ akode pii krado a nea aka ara ne sɛ wɔbɛto.
Ampa, wɔ 1994 mu no, United States ne Russia penee so sɛ wɔremfa wɔn akode atitiriw no nkyerɛ wɔn ho so bio. Scientific American ka sɛ: “Ɛwom sɛ saa nsakrae yi yɛ anigyesɛm de, nanso ɛnsesaa hwee wɔ akode no ho. Wɔn a wɔkyerɛ aprɛm kwan no betumi de anibu kakraa bi asakra baabi a ani kyerɛ no wɔ kɔmputa so.”
Akode Foforo Nam Kwan mu Reba Anaa?
Ade a ɛnsɛ sɛ yɛn ani pa so ne sɛ wogu so reyɛ nuklea akode ho nhwehwɛmu ayɛ foforo. Wɔ United States sɛ nhwɛso no, sika a afe biara wɔsɛe no wɔ akode a ɛtete saa ho no bɛyɛ dɔla ɔpepepem 4.5! Wɔ 1997 mu no, The Toronto Star bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ: “Ɛyɛ nwonwa sɛ seesei U.S. resɛe sika pii de abɔ ne nuklea akode ho ban sen bere a na ntawntawdi no rekɔ so no. Na wɔde saa sika no bi si hɔ ma dwumadi ahorow bi a wonhu n’ani so a nkurɔfo kasa tia sɛ ɛbɛkɔ akɔfa akodeyɛ ho akansi foforo aba wiase.”
Sɛ nhwɛso no, dɔla ɔpepepem pii a U.S. aban sɛee no wɔ nea wɔfrɛ no Akode Sohwɛ ne Ho Dwumadi Nhyehyɛe ho no kɔfaa nsɛm nsɛm pii bae. Ɛwom sɛ adwene a wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔde yɛɛ dwumadi no ne sɛ wɔbɛbɔ nuklea akode dedaw ho ban de, nanso akasatiafo ka sɛ adwemmɔne bi wɔ akyi. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists bɔ amanneɛ sɛ: “Wɔayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔbɛsesa mu, asiesie no, ayɛ no foforo, ayɛ bi aka ho—ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔbɛma nuklea akode no akyɛ kɛkɛ . . . na mmom ‘wɔbɛyɛ no yiye’ nso.”
Wɔ 1997 mu no, nkurɔfo kasa tiaa nuklea topae bi a wɔyɛe a wɔfrɛ no B-61 a etumi wura asase mu ansa na apae no. Ebetumi asɛe asraafo dwumadibea ti, adwinnan, ne nhwehwɛmu adan. Ɛwom sɛ wɔn a wɔtaa akyi no kyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ topae dedaw a wɔsan hyehyɛ no bio kɛkɛ de, nanso akasatiafo kyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ topae foforo koraa—na ɛkyerɛ sɛ U.S. aban no abu bɔ a wɔhyɛe sɛ wɔrenyɛ nuklea akode foforo biara bio no so.
Sɛnea ɛte biara no, nuklea akode ho ɔbenfo Ted Taylor a ɔwɔ Princeton Sukuupɔn mu no kae sɛ: “Misusuw sɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛrekɔ so (wɔ U.S.) no bi rekɔ so wɔ Russia, France, Germany ne mmeae foforo nso, na migye di sɛ nneɛma a ɛrekɔ so wɔ ha yi bi repiapia wiase no akɔ akodeyɛ ho akansi foforo mu.” Akasatiafo ka nso sɛ nnipa a wɔyɛ akode no ankasa na wɔtaa ɛho nhwehwɛmu ne ne yɛ akyi denneennen. Gyama ade titiriw a ɛkanyan saa nyansahufo a wɔn ho akokwaw yi ma wɔkasa mu denneennen sɛ wɔnsan mfi akode ho nhwehwɛmu ase ne wɔn mu ahotoso a ɛho aba asɛm, wɔn nidi a ɛrekɔ fam, ne sika a wɔbɛhwere.
Nuklea Akode Ho Atumfoɔ Foforo
Nsakrae nso aba wiase no amammuisɛm mu. Aman anum na yefi bere tenten nim sɛ wɔwɔ nuklea akodeyɛ kuw no mu: Britain, China, France, Russia, ne United States. Nanso obiara gye tom sɛ aman afoforo nso afi ase reyɛ nuklea akode. Sɛ nhwɛso no, India ne Pakistan sɔɔ wɔn nuklea akode horow hwɛe nnansa yi na ama nkurɔfo asuro sɛ akode ho akansi kɛse bi reyi ne ti wɔ Asia Anafo Fam Apuei. Aman afoforo a wobu wɔn sɛ wɔreyɛ nuklea akode ne Algeria, Iran, Iraq, ne North Korea. Aman bɛboro 180 na wɔde wɔn nsa ahyɛ Nuklea Akode a Wɔmma Ɛnnɔɔso Ho Apam a ɛbaa so wɔ 1970 mu no ase. Nanso ɛde besi nnɛ no, aman bi a wogye di paa sɛ wɔreyɛ nuklea akode sie no mfaa wɔn nsa nhyɛɛ ase.
Asiaweek bɔ amanneɛ sɛ: “Abenfo a wɔhwɛ sɛnea nuklea akode redɔɔso no da so gye di sɛ nea ɛyɛ asiane paa ne aman a wɔn akannifo pɛ sɛ wɔn nso wonya nuklea akode, a wɔredɔɔso.” Nnipa a wɔwɔ nkyɛn no bi te nka sɛ Nuklea Akode a Wɔmma Ɛnnɔɔso Ho Apam no ntumi nsiw aban mpanyimfo a wɔasi wɔn bo sɛ nea wɔde bɛyɛ wɔn biara no, wobenya nimdeɛ ne nneɛma a wohia na wɔde ayɛ nuklea akode wɔ sum ase no kwan. James Clapper a ɔyɛ U.S. Bammɔ Ho Akwansrafo Asoɛe no kwankyerɛfo no ka too hɔ sɛ: “Ebedu bere a afeha yi bɛkɔ n’awiei no, na ebia aman pii anya nimdeɛ a ɛbɛma wɔatumi de [adubɔne, mmoawammoawa anaa nuklea] topae ne aprɛm a wɔayɛ wɔ wɔn man mu no abom adi dwuma.”
Saa ara nso na ɛremma sɛ aman nyinaa bedi ahyɛde a ɛne sɛ ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔsɔ nuklea akode hwɛ no so. Bere a wɔhyɛɛ aman bi nkuran sɛ wɔmfa wɔn nsa nhyɛ Nuklea Akode Biara a Wɔnsɔ Nhwɛ Ho Apam no ase wɔ 1996 mu no, Asiaweek samufo bi kae sɛ: “Sɛ Amerikafo anaa Europafo gye gyina mu ka sɛ wɔmmara nuklea biara a ɛtete saa a wɔbɛsɔ ahwɛ a, ɛnhaw wɔn efisɛ wɔasɔ nuklea akode pii ahwɛ dedaw ahu nea wɔpɛ sɛ wohu nyinaa.”
Nuklea Akode a Wɔde Fa Sum Ase ne Amumɔyɛsɛm
Ebinom te nka sɛ ade a asiane wom paa ne sɛ amumɔyɛfo kuw bi nsa bɛka nuklea akode bi na wɔato—anaa sɛ wɔanto mpo a, wɔde behunahuna nkurɔfo—na ama wɔanya nea wɔpɛ afi atumfoɔ hɔ. Wosuro nso sɛ basabasayɛfo kuw bi betumi de awuduru adi dwuma de abɔ aban anaa adwumayɛkuw bi apoo. Asɛm bi a epuee Scientific American mu kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Ɛnyɛ den koraa sɛ ɔpoobɔfo a okura nuklea akode bɛkyerɛ sɛ n’ani abere denam akode no bi a obegya de ayɛ nhwɛso no so. Sɛ wɔyɛ sɛ wɔbɛsɛe mframa anaa nsu a nnipa nom, anaa wɔbɛto nuklea topae kakraa bi mpo a, ebetumi asɛe ade paa.” Asoɛe ahorow a wɔhwɛ ma mmara yɛ adwuma akyere ebinom a wɔrebɔ mmɔden de nuklea ho nneɛma afa sum ase dedaw. Eyi ma osuro a wɔwɔ sɛ ebia nnebɔneyɛfo rebɔ mmɔden ankasa sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nuklea akode no mu yɛ den.
Ampa, nhwehwɛmufo binom ka sɛ sum ase a wɔde nuklea ho nneɛma fa no nyɛ asiane kɛse biara. Wɔka sɛ nneɛma no kakraa bi pɛ na akodi afoforo nsam, na emu dodow no ara mpo nyɛ nea wotumi de yɛ topae. Nanso Scientific American kae akenkanfo sɛ “ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔ sum ase aguadi nyinaa mu no, ne fã ketewaa bi na ɛho da hɔ, na biribiara nni hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nuklea nneɛma ho sum ase aguadi no nte saa. . . . Nyansa nnim sɛ yebegye adi sɛ atumfoɔ no tumi siw aguadi no ɔha mu nkyekyem 80 kwan. Bio nso, sɛ kakraa bi na etumi pue mpo a, ebetumi asɛe ade kɛse.”
Ɛwom sɛ dodow pɔtee no de wɔmmɔ so koraa, nanso wobu akontaa sɛ egye uranium papa a emu duru yɛ kilogram 3 kosi 25 anaa plutonium a ebetumi ayɛ topae, a emu duru yɛ kilogram 1 kosi 8, na wɔde ayɛ nuklea topae. Nea ɛyɛ anigyesɛm ma sum ase aguadifo no ne sɛ plutonium a emu duru yɛ kilogram 7 no kɛse bɛyɛ sɛ fanta kyɛnsee. Ebinom susuw sɛ wobetumi de plutonium a wɔmfa nyɛ topae—a wotumi nya no ntɛm sen nea wɔde yɛ topae—no mpo ayɛ nuklea topae a ano nyɛ den pii nanso etumi sɛe ade. Sɛnea abenfo pii kyerɛ no, sɛ wɔammɔ awuduru a esum hɔ pii no ho ban yiye a, nkurɔfo betumi awia pii asen sɛnea nnipa pii susuw no. Mikhail Kulik, Russia panyin bi ka dii agoru sɛ: “Ebetumi aba sɛ ɛnnɛ wɔbɔ ntɔmmɔ mpo ho ban yiye sen awuduru.”
Enti ɛda adi pefee sɛ, nuklea ho asiane no ayɛ Kontonkrowi a ɛsɛn amansan kɔn mu. Anidaso wɔ hɔ sɛ ebefi hɔ anaa?
[Asɛm a wɔafa aka wɔ kratafa 8]
“Abenfo a wɔhwɛ sɛnea nuklea akode redɔɔso no da so gye di sɛ nea ɛyɛ asiane paa ne aman a wɔn akannifo pɛ sɛ wɔn nso wonya nuklea akode, a wɔredɔɔso.”—Asiaweek
[Adaka/Mfonini ahorow wɔ kratafa 6]
Mmoawammoawa ne Nnubɔne a Wɔde Di Ako Ho Asiane
Aman a akodi wɔ wɔn ani so na wonni sika pii a wɔde bɛyɛ nuklea akode no betumi adan akɔ aprɛm a ano nyɛ den pii saa a wɔde mframa bɔne anaa mmoawammoawa a wodi awu ahyɛ ano so. Wɔafrɛ ɛnonom sɛ ohiani nuklea topae. Nokwasɛm ne sɛ, nhwehwɛmufo pii suro sɛ anhwɛ a na amumɔyɛfo akuw nso de akode a ɛtete saa adi dwuma.
Nanso, mmoawammoawa ne nnubɔne atopae betumi adi awu bere a enni akwan a edi mũ a wɔfa so to mpo no. U.S. Bammɔ Soafo William Cohen kae wɔ November 1997 mu sɛ: “Wɔ wiase a anya mfiridwuma mu nkɔanim na ɛnyɛ den sɛ obi bɛkɔ ɔman foforo so yi mu no, ayɛ mmerɛw koraa sɛ wobetumi ayɛ biribi ama akɔfa yare ne owu abrɛ nnipadɔm na asɛe nneɛma pii nnɛ. Sɛ esum ba ɔbɔdamfo biako pɛ anaa nnipakuw bi a emufo ani so yɛ hyew tirim na wonya adubɔne toa ma, mmoawammoawa a wodi awu kakra, anaa nuklea topae a ano nyɛ den pii biako a, wobetumi de ahunahuna nnipa mpempem pii anaa wɔakunkum wɔn ntɛm so.” Saa osuro yi baam bere a sum ase akuw a amumɔyɛfo na wɔwom de sarin awuduru koguu Tokyo keteke a ɛnam asase ase mu wɔ March 1995 mu no. Ekunkum nnipa 12, na epirapiraa nnipa 5,500.
Amammuisɛm ho ɔbenfo Leonard Cole ka sɛ: “Ɛwom sɛ sɛ wɔto topae a wɔde adubɔne ayɛ a, ɛyɛ hu de, nanso topae a wɔde mmoawammoawa ayɛ yɛ hu sen saa. Nkwa nni nnubɔne mu, nanso mmoawammoawa, ne abɔde afoforo a nkwa wom tumi san, na ɛdɔre nso. Sɛ ebi ba baabi a, wotumi dɔre. Akode foforo biara ne no nsɛ, efisɛ bere rekɔ so no, na ɛreyɛ hu kɛse.”
Nea ɛbɛma wɔasiw mmoawammoawa ne nnubɔne akode ano no, wɔde 1972 Mmoawammoawa ne Awuduru Akode Ho Nhyiam ne 1993 Adubɔne Akode Ho Nhyiam no apam no asi hɔ. Nanso The Economist ka sɛ ɛmfa ho sɛ wokura adwempa no, “ɔkwan a wɔfa so siw akode ano biara nni mũ. . . . Wontumi nhu sintɔ a ɛwom nyinaa.” Nhoma koro no ara ka sɛ:
“Nokwasɛm ne sɛ, ɛbɛyɛ den sɛ asisifo paa no de wɔn nsa bɛhyɛ apam no ase.”
[Mfonini ahorow]
Mpanyimfo a wɔhwɛma mmara yɛ adwuma nosuro sɛ anhwɛ a na amumɔyɛfo de mmoawammoawa ne nnubɔne akode adi dwuma
[Asase mfonini wɔ kratafa 7]
(Wopɛ nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ awie no a, hwɛ nhoma no mu)
Aman a wɔwɔ nuklea akode
BRITAIN
CHINA
FRANCE
RUSSIA
UNITED STATES
Aman a wonim wɔn sɛ wɔasɔ nuklea akode ahwɛ
INDIA
ISRAEL
PAKISTAN
Aman a wogye di sɛ wɔreyɛ nuklea akode
ALGERIA
IRAN
IRAQ
NORTH KOREA
[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 4, 5]
Wɔreto “B-61” nuklea topae a wɔyɛe sɛ ɛnsɛe wɔ asase ase no bi ato baabi
[Asɛm Fibea]
U.S. Air Force Photo
[Mfonini Fibea wɔ kratafa 4]
U.S. Air Force Photo