Nea Aniwa Nkutoo Ntumi Nhu
MFUTURU bi nenam mframa mu a ani nhu. Nanso owia hann bi tɔ wo mpomma mu, na mpofirim ara, wuhu nea na wuntumi nhu no. Hann a ɛtow fa mpomma mu no ma nnipa tumi hu saa mfuturu no.
Susuw hann a aniwa nkutoo tumi hu sɛ ɛyɛ fitaa anaasɛ enni kɔla biara, yi ho hwɛ. Dɛn na ɛba bere a owia hann tɔ nsu a ɛsosɔ koko so no? Sɛnea nsu no yɛbea te no tumi ma ɛdan nyankontɔn a kɔla ahorow a ɛyɛ fɛ wom!
Nokwarem no, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no tumi ma kɔla ahorow a yɛn aniwa hu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, sare kɔla ankasa nyɛ ahabammono, na mmom, ɛtwetwe hann ahorow nyinaa bi kɔ mu gye ahabammono. Sare no tow hann a ɛte sɛ ahabammono no ma aniwa no. Enti yehu sare no sɛ ahabammono.
Nnwinnade a Nnipa Ayɛ Boa
Nnansa yi, yɛnam nnwinnade a wɔayɛ so tumi hu nneɛma pii a na anka yɛn aniwa nkutoo ntumi nhu no. Yebetumi de maekroskop ahwɛ nsu a ɛsɔ ko mu ahu sɛ abɔde a nkwa wom pii nenam mu. Na ɛma yehu nhwi a aniwa hu no sɛ biribi a ɛyɛ toromtorom no sɛ apɔwapɔw wom. Maekroskop a ano yɛ den paa betumi ama ade bi kɛse ayɛ mmɔho ɔpepem biako, te sɛ nea wotumi ma setampo yɛ kɛse te sɛ ɔman ketewa bi no!
Ɛnnɛ, bere a nhwehwɛmufo de maekroskop a ano yɛ den paa di dwuma no, etumi ma wohu atɔm biako pɛ mpo. Eyi ma wohuu nea wontumi mfa aniwa nkutoo nhu no nnansa yi no.
Ɔkwan foforo so no, yebetumi ahwɛ wim anadwo ahu nsoromma. Dodow ahe na yebetumi ahu? Sɛ yɛde yɛn aniwa nkutoo hwɛ a, yebehu bɛyɛ mpempem kakraa bi pɛ. Nanso bere a wɔyɛɛ afiri a wɔde hwɛ akyirikyiri ade bɛyɛ mfe 400 a atwam no, nnipa fii ase huu nea ɛdɔɔso sen saa. Afei, wɔ 1920 mfe no mu no, afiri a ano yɛ den a wɔde hwɛ akyirikyiri ade, a ɛwɔ Mount Wilson Nhwehwɛmubea no daa no adi sɛ nsoromma akuw bi wɔ hɔ a yenhu, na nsoromma dodow bi a enni ano na ɛwɔ emu biara mu. Ɛnnɛ, ɛdenam mfiri a edi mu a wɔnam so de hwehwɛ amansan yi mu so no, nyansahufo bu akontaa sɛ nsoromma akuw ɔpepepem pii na ɛwɔ hɔ, na emu pii yɛ nea nsoromma ɔpepepehaha pii na ɛwom!
Ɛyɛ nwonwa ankasa sɛ mfiri a wɔde hwɛ akyirikyiri ade ada no adi sɛ nsoromma ɔpepepem pii, a ɛwɔ Milky Way nsoromma kuw no mu, a ɛte sɛ nea ɛbobɔ ho no, yɛ nea emu biara atew ne ho a ɔkwan a ɛdeda ntam no ware yiye. Saa ara na maekroskop a etumi hwɛ ade yiye aboa ma yehu sɛ nneɛma nketenkete paa a ayɛ sɛ nea tokuro biara nnim no nte saa koraa.
Ade a Esua Koraa
Ade a esua paa a wotumi de maekroskop hu no kura atɔm bɛboro ɔpepepem du! Nanso, wɔ 1897 mu no, wohui sɛ biribi a esua paa a edi kyinhyia a wɔfrɛ no electron nso wɔ atɔm mu. Bere bi mu no, wohui sɛ atɔm mu ade titiriw a electron twa ho hyia no yɛ nneɛma akɛse—a wɔfrɛ no neutrons ne protons. Atɔm ahorow 88, a wonya wɔ asase so titiriw no akɛse yɛ pɛ, nanso ɛsono ebiara mu duru efisɛ ɛsono sɛnea emu biara nɔma dɔɔso fa.
Electron ahorow—wɔ atɔm a ɛma wonya hydrogen mu no, electron biako pɛ—twa atɔm mu ade titiriw no ho hyia mpɛn ɔpepepem pii wɔ nea ennu anibu biako koraa mpo mu, na ɛma wohu atɔm no sɛ biribi a ɛyɛ den. Electron bɛyɛ 1,840 na ɛne proton anaa neutron mu duru yɛ pɛ. Proton ne neutron nyinaa susua koraa sen atɔm mũ no nyinaa bɛyɛ mpɛn 100,000!
Nea ɛbɛyɛ na woahu sɛ tokuro da atɔm mu no, fa electron a etwa atɔm ho hyia no toto nea ɛyɛ hydrogen atɔm no ho. Sɛ ade a saa atɔm no gyina so a proton biako pɛ na ɛwom no kɛse te sɛ tɛnis bɔɔl a, ɛnde na electron a etwa ho hyia no kɛse bɛyɛ kilomita 3!
Mfe ɔha nkae a wodii wɔ electron a wohui ho amanneɛbɔ bi kae sɛ: “Nnipa kakraa bi na wɔn ani gye ho sɛ wobedi biribi a obiara nhui, a wontumi nhu ne kɛse nanso emu yɛ duru, a anoden te sɛ anyinam ahoɔden—te sɛ atade a obiara hu—no ho afahyɛ. . . . Ɛnnɛ obiara nnye kyim sɛ biribi a yentumi nhu betumi ayɛ nea ɛwɔ hɔ.”
Nneɛma a Esusua Sen Saa Mpo
Mfiri a wɔde hu atɔm mu, a etumi ma wohu biribiara a ɛwɔ mu no ama nyansahufo ahu nneɛma titiriw a ɛwɔ atɔm mu seesei. Ne saa nti, sɛ wohu biribi foforo koraa a—wɔde din positrons, photons, mesons, quarks, ne gluons, sɛ yɛbɛbobɔ kakraa bi a, ma no. Maekroskop a etumi hu nneɛma yiye mpo no ntumi nhu eyinom. Nanso wɔnam nnwinnade a wɔde mframa gyina mu ne nea wɔde nsuɔhyew gu mu ne nea wotumi de hu nsakrae a ɛba ade bi mu no so atumi ahu sɛ saa nneɛma no wɔ hɔ.
Seesei, nhwehwɛmufo hu nneɛma a bere bi na wonhu no. Wɔnam saayɛ so hu nea wonim no sɛ tumi atitiriw anan—tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam, twebo, ne nuklea tumi abien a wɔfrɛ no “tumi a ano nyɛ den” ne “tumi a ano yɛ den”—no. Nyansahufo bi kɔ so yɛ nea wɔfrɛ no “biribiara ho adwenkyerɛ” no mu nhwehwɛmu, na wɔwɔ anidaso sɛ ɛbɛma wɔanya biribiara a ɛwɔ amansan no mu ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu, nea wotumi de aniwa nkutoo hu ne nea wɔnam mfiri so hu nyinaa.
Dɛn na yebetumi asua afi nneɛma a aniwa nkutoo ntumi nhu no a yɛbɛbɔre ahu no mu? Na ɛdenam nea nnipa pii asua ahu so no, nsɛm bɛn na wɔaka? Nsɛm a edi hɔ no de mmuae no bɛma.
[Mfonini ahorow wɔ kratafa 3]
“Nickel” atɔm (atifi) ne “platinum” atɔm ho mfonini
[Asɛm Fibea]
Courtesy IBM Corporation, Research Division, Almaden Research Center