“Element” Ahorow No Ankasa na Ɛbae?

THE Encyclopedia of Stars & Atoms kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Atɔm ahorow na ɛka bom yɛ biribiara a ɛwɔ Amansan no mu, a nsoromma a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri mpo ka ho.” Atɔm ahorow no susua koraa sɛ yebehu, nanso sɛ ne nyinaa boa ano a, ɛbɛdan element ahorow. Yetumi hu element ahorow yi bi; afoforo nso yɛ mframa a aniwa nhu. So yebetumi aka sɛ element ahorow yi nyinaa ankasa na ɛbae?

Element 1 Kosi 92

Ɛwom sɛ hydrogen na enni mu koraa wɔ atɔm ahorow mu de, nanso ɛno na ɛma nsoromma te sɛ owia no tumi yɛ hyew, na ɛho hia ma nkwa nso. Hydrogen atɔm biara wɔ proton biako ne electron biako a etwa nucleus a ehyem no ho hyia. Wɔde atɔm a electron pii wom a etwa nucleus a proton ne neutron pii wom ho hyia na ayɛ nneɛma foforo te sɛ carbon, oxygen, Gold, ne mercury.

Bɛyɛ mfirihyia 450 a atwam no, na element 12 pɛ na wonim. Bere a wohuu pii kaa ho no, nyansahufo hui sɛ wɔyɛɛ no nnidiso nnidiso. Na bere a nyansahufo hyehyɛɛ element ahorow no nnidiso nnidiso no, wohui sɛ element ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ no pɛpɛɛpɛ no kura su koro. Nanso wogyaw akwan wɔ sɛnea wɔahyehyɛ no no ntam de gyinaa hɔ maa element ahorow a wonhui no. Eyi maa Russia nyansahufo Dmitry Mendeleyev kae sɛ element bi a wɔfrɛ no germanium a ekura atɔm akontaahyɛde 32 wɔ hɔ, na ɔkyerɛɛ ne kɔla, emu duru, ne kɛse, ne ɔhyew a ebetumi ama anan no. Nyansahu nhoma Chemistry a wɔyɛe wɔ 1995 mu no ka sɛ Mendeleyev “asɛm a ɛfa element afoforo a na wonnya nhui—gallum ne scandium—ho no nso baam pɛpɛɛpɛ.

Bere bi akyi no, nyansahufo kaa element afoforo a wonnim ne su horow ho asɛm siei. Awiei koraa no, wohuu element ahorow a na wonhu no nyinaa. Seesei ɔkwan biara nni hɔ a wɔagya wɔ sɛnea wɔahyehyɛ element no mu bio. Sɛnea element ahorow no ahyehyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ no gyina protons ne nucleus dodow a ɛwɔ atɔm no mu so, na ɛde element a edi kan, hydrogen, na efi ase, na ɛtoa so kosi element a etwa to wɔ asase so, nea ɛto so 92, uranium, no so. So eyi bae ara kwa?

Susuw element a egu ahorow pii no nso ho hwɛ. Gold ne mercury yɛ element ahorow a ɛsono emu biara kɔla. Biako yɛ den na biako nso yɛ nsunsu. Nanso biako na edi biako akyi sɛ nea ɛto so 79 ne 80. Atɔm a ɛwɔ Gold mu no wɔ electron 79, proton 79, ne neutron 118. Nanso, atɔm a ɛwɔ mercury mu no electron ne proton nyinaa boro sika kɔkɔɔ de so biako, na neutron a ɛwɔ n’abien nyinaa mu reyɛ ayɛ pɛ.

So ɛbae ara kwa sɛ nsakrae kakraa bi a ɛte saa ba element a wɔahyehyɛ a ɛsono emu biara no mu no? Na tumi a ɛka atɔm mu nneɛma no bom no nso ɛ? The Encyclopedia of Stars & Atoms kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Efi Amansan no mu ade a esua koraa so kosi nsorommakuw a ɛsõ sen biara so no, wɔnam mmara a ɛfa abɔde a aniwa hu ho so na ahyehyɛ biribiara a ɛwom no.” Susuw nea anka ɛbɛba no ho sɛ eyinom mu biako mpo sakrae a. Sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛ anka tumi a ɛma electron twa nucleus ho hyia no sesae kakra a, anka dɛn na ɛbɛba?

Tumi a Edi Dwuma Pɛpɛɛpɛ

Susuw nea anka ɛbɛba no ho sɛ tumi a ɛtwe ade no ano yɛɛ mmerɛw a. Ɔbenfo David Block ka wɔ ne nhoma Star Watch mu sɛ: “Anka electron rentumi mfam atɔm ho bio.” Dɛn koraa na anka ɛno bɛkyerɛ? Ɔde ka ho sɛ: “Anka amansan no bɛyɛ beae a nnuru mu nsakrae biara ntumi nkɔ so!” Hwɛ sɛnea yɛn ani sɔ mmara a ɛwɔ hɔ na ama nnuru mu nsakrae akɔ so no! Sɛ nhwɛso no, hydrogen atɔm abien ne oxygen atɔm biako ka bom ma yenya nsu mu molecule a ɛsom bo no.

Nuklea tumi a ano yɛ den a ɛka atɔm mu nneɛma titiriw bom no sen tumi a ɛwɔ twebo mu no mpɛn 100. Sɛ nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nni hɔ a, anka dɛn na ɛbɛba? Nyansahufo John Barrow ne Frank Tipler kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Sɛ nsakrae kakraa bi ba nuklea ahoɔden ne tumi a ɛwɔ twebo mu no mu a, anka yɛrennya carbon mu atɔm.” Sɛ carbon nni hɔ a, anka nkwa to betwa. Carbon atɔm a ɛwɔ abɔde a nkwa wom mu no yɛ ɔha mu 20.

Nea ɛho hia titiriw nso ne nsonsonoe a ɛda tumi a ɛwɔ twebo mu ne tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam mu no. New Scientist nsɛmma nhoma no kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Nsakrae kakraa bi a ɛbɛba tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam ne tumi a ɛwɔ twebo mu no mu bɛma nsoromma te sɛ Owia ayɛ hyew araa ma nkwa ntumi ntra asase so anaasɛ ne hyew ano bɛbrɛ ase araa ma entumi nkora nkwa so.”

Tumi foforo a ɛyɛ nuklea tumi a ano yɛ mmerɛw no na ɛkyerɛ ahoɔhare a owia tumi de di dwuma. Abɔde mu nneɛma ho nimdefo Freeman Dyson kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Ano yɛ mmerɛw araa ma enti ɛma hydrogen a ɛwɔ owia mu no hyew nkakrankakra.” Yebetumi de nhwɛso foforo pii ama de akyerɛ sɛnea yɛn nkwa gyina mmara a ɛkari pɛ na ɛyɛ nwonwa ne nsakrae ahorow a ɛkɔ so wɔ amansan no mu no so. Ɔbenfo Paul Davies a ɔyɛ nyansahu ho sɛnkyerɛwfo no de amansan ho mmara ne tebea horow no totoo nnwinnade nkuruwankuruwa bi a wokyinkyim no ho, na ɔkae sɛ: “Ɛte sɛ nea ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhyehyɛ nnwinnade nkuruwankuruwa a wokyinkyim no no pɛpɛɛpɛ na ama nkwa atumi akɔ so wɔ amansan yi mu.”

Bere tenten ansa na Sir Isaac Newton rehu tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam no, na Bible no aka mmara a ɛte saa a wɔahyehyɛ ho asɛm. Wobisaa ɔbarima Hiob sɛ: “So wo na wohyehyɛɛ mmara a edi ɔsoro so no, anaasɛ wo na wohyehyɛɛ mmara a edi asase so no?” (Hiob 38:33, The New English Bible) Nsɛmmisa foforo a ɛfata nso ne, “Ɛhe na wowɔ, bere a mehyɛɛ asase ase no?” ne, “Hena na ɔde ne nsusuwii too hɔ, wunim anaa?”—Hiob 38:4, 5.

[Adaka wɔ kratafa 6]

NNEƐMA A ƐHO HIA NO

Yɛn nipadua mu atɔm ɔha mu 98 yɛ hydrogen, oxygen, ne carbon. Ɔha mu nkyem 1.4 foforo nso yɛ nitrogen. Afoforo a aka no nnɔɔso pii, nanso ɛho hia ma nkwa.

[Nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ wɔ kratafa 6, 7]

(Wopɛ nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ awie no a, hwɛ nhoma no mu)

Bere a na wɔretintim nsɛmma nhoma yi no, na nyansahufo ahu “element” ahorow 93 kosi 118. Yebetumi aka sɛ saa “element” ahorow yi da so ara wɔ akontaabu pon no so.

[Asɛm Fibea]

Fibea: Los Alamos National Laboratory

Element no din Agyiraehyɛde Atɔm nɔma (proton dodow)

hydrogen H 1

helium He 2

lithium Li 3

beryllium Be 4

boron B 5

carbon C 6

nitrogen N 7

oxygen O 8

fluorine F 9

neon Ne 10

sodium Na 11

magnesium Mg 12

aluminum Al 13

silicon Si 14

phosphorus P 15

sulfur S 16

chlorine Cl 17

argon Ar 18

potassium K 19

calcium Ca 20

scandium Sc 21

titanium Ti 22

vanadium V 23

chromium Cr 24

manganese Mn 25

iron Fe 26

cobalt Co 27

nickel Ni 28

copper Cu 29

zinc Zn 30

gallium Ga 31

germanium Ge 32

arsenic As 33

selenium Se 34

bromine Br 35

krypton Kr 36

rubidium Rb 37

strontium Sr 38

yttrium Y 39

zirconium Zr 40

niobium Nb 41

molybdenum Mo 42

technetium Tc 43

ruthenium Ru 44

rhodium Rh 45

palladium Pd 46

silver Ag 47

cadmium Cd 48

indium In 49

tin Sn 50

antimony Sb 51

tellurium Te 52

iodine I 53

xenon Xe 54

cesium Cs 55

barium Ba 56

lanthanum La 57

cerium Ce 58

praseodymium Pr 59

neodymium Nd 60

promethium Pm 61

samarium Sm 62

europium Eu 63

gadolinium Gd 64

terbium Tb 65

dysprosium Dy 66

holmium Ho 67

erbium Er 68

thulium Tm 69

ytterbium Yb 70

lutetium Lu 71

hafnium Hf 72

tantalum Ta 73

tungsten W 74

rhenium Re 75

osmium Os 76

iridium Ir 77

platinum Pt 78

gold Au 79

mercury Hg 80

thallium Tl 81

lead Pb 82

bismuth Bi 83

polonium Po 84

astatine At 85

radon Rn 86

francium Fr 87

radium Ra 88

actinium Ac 89

thorium Th 90

protactinium Pa 91

uranium U 92

neptunium Np 93

plutonium Pu 94

americium Am 95

curium Cm 96

berkelium Bk 97

californium Cf 98

einsteinium Es 99

fermium Fm 100

mendelevium Md 101

nobelium No 102

lawrencium Lr 103

rutherfordium Rf 104

dubnium Db 105

seaborgium Sg 106

bohrium Bh 107

hassium Hs 108

meitnerium Mt 109

110

111

112

114

116

118

[Nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ]

(Wopɛ nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ awie no a, hwɛ nhoma no mu)

So “element” ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ no pɛpɛɛpɛ no ankasa na ɛbae anaasɛ onyansafo bi na ɔhyehyɛe?

Helium atom

Electron

Proton

Neutron

[Asɛm a Wɔahyehyɛ/Mfonini wɔ kratafa 7]

(Wopɛ nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ awie no a, hwɛ nhoma no mu)

Dɛn na ɛma tumi anan no di dwuma ma ɛfata?

TUMI A ƐWƆ TWEBO MU

NUKLEA TUMI A ANO YƐ DEN

TUMI A ƐTWE ADE BA FAM

NUKLEA TUMI A ANO NYƐ DEN

Nsu mu abɔde mu nneɛma nketenkete

Atɔm mu ade titiriw

Owia a ɛbɔ kɛse

Owia a ɛmmɔ kɛse

Owia