Onyankopɔn Asɛm No—Nokware A Ɛyɛ Ho Adanse Ahorow
Ampa anaa atoro?—Wɔde Bible no ama wɔ mfe pii a atwam no mu a nsakrae biara nnim.
Ampa anaa atoro?—Nsonsonoe mpempem pii a ɛwɔ Bible nsaano nkyerɛwee ahorow mu no ma ka a ɛka sɛ ɛyɛ Onyankopɔn Asɛm no mu nyɛ den.
ANSA na wubebua saa nsemmisa no, susuw nsɛm a wɔkae nnansa yi ara wɔ “Onyankopɔn Asɛm” ho Ɔyɛkyerɛ wɔ Chester Beatty Nhomakorabea a ɛwɔ Dublin, Ireland ase no ho.
Esiane sɛ papyrus a ayɛ gow na atetew no akyɛ nti, ɛresɛe. Nanso Chester Beatty papyri no ne nsaano nkyerɛwee a ɛsom bo sen biara wɔ nhomakorabea hɔ. Wotu fii Coptic (Misrifo) amusiei bi wɔ bɛyɛ 1930 mu. Owura Frederick Kenyon kae sɛ: “[Na ɛyɛ] ade a wɔahu a ebi nni hɔ a ɛne no sɛ gye Codex Sinaitcus no nkutoo.”
Wɔhwɛɛ saa nsaano nkyerɛwee papyrus no so kyerɛw foforo wɔ mfeha a ɛto so abien, abiɛsa, ne anan no mu wɔ Yɛn Bere yi mu. Wilfried Lookwood, nhomakorabea no sohwɛfo kae sɛ: “Ebetumi aba sɛ wɔhwɛɛ so kyerɛw foforo wɔ mfe ɔha a na edi bere a wɔkyerɛw nea edi kan no akyi no mu.” (Yɛn na yɛde nkyerɛwde soronko akyerɛw afã bi no.) Na Nsɛmpa anan no ne Asomafo no Nnwuma nhoma no wɔ nsaano nkyerɛwee de no biako so. Na nhoma ahorow a ɔsomafo Paulo kyerɛw no pii a Hebrifo nhoma no ka ho wɔ foforo so.
Na nsaano nkyerɛwee te sɛ eyi a wɔhwɛ so kyerɛw bi no yɛ den, ɔbrɛ wom na mfomso tumi ba mu. Na ahwɛyiye a wɔn a wɔhwɛ so kyerɛw foforo yɛ no mfa ho, na ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔbɛfom abɔ nkyerɛwee bi din anaa wɔn ani bɛpa nsensanee bi so. Ɛtɔ bere bi a, na akyerɛwfo no ani gye ho kɛse sɛ wobɛma ntease a ɛwɔ dedaw no mu no ada adi sen sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛw nsɛmfua no pɛpɛɛpɛ. Bere a wɔhwɛɛ so kyerɛw afoforo no, wɔkɔɔ so yɛɛ mfomso. Kyerɛw nsɛm ho abenfo boaboaa nhoma a wɔde nsa akyerɛw a nsonsonoe a ɛtete saa wom no ano akuwakuw ahorow ahorow. Saa Chester Beatty papyri a ɛyɛ Hela Bible nhoma a wɔde nsa akyerɛw a ɛso na akyɛ sen biara a ɛwɔ hɔ no maa nhomanimfo nyaa adwene foforo wɔ nneɛma ho mpofirm, efisɛ na wontumi mfa nka akuwakuw ahorow ahorow a wɔaboaboa ano no mu biara ho.
Wɔyɛɛ Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm kronkron a wɔde nsa akyerɛw no pii ansa na bere a Yesu traa ase no reba, ne titiriw no wɔ Yerusalem sɛe (607 A.Y.B.) ne hwete a Yudafo no hwetee no akyi. Bɛyɛ 100 Y.B. mu no. Yudafo mpanyimfo no de nea wɔakyerɛw yi no yɛɛ Hebri kyerɛwsɛm a tete Yudafo no gye toom.
Wɔyɛɛ mmara ahorow pɔtee bi na ama wɔabɔ mmɔden ahwɛ kyerɛwsɛm no so akyerɛw no pɛpɛɛpɛ. Wɔkyerɛɛ nneɛma a wobetumi de adi dwuma ne sɛnea ɛsɛ sɛ wɔpan nkyerɛwee ahorow, nsɛmfua, nsensanee ne sɛnea wɔahyehyɛ nhoma no mu nsɛm no ntam ne sɛnea ɛsɛ sɛ ɛyɛ akɛse. Wɔkae sɛ “ɛnsɛ sɛ wofi wɔn tirim kyerɛw asɛmfua anaa nkyerɛwee biara a yod [Hebri nkyerɛwde nkyerɛwee a esua sen biara] no mpo ka ho.” Ɛdenam saayɛ so no, akyerɛwfo no yɛɛ nhoma mmobɔwee te sɛ Tora (nkyerɛkyerɛ) a ɛyɛ Bible nhoma anum a edi kan no ne Ester nhoma no. Ɔyɛkyerɛ no ho nhoma kae sɛ: “Hebri kyerɛwsɛm nhoma mmobɔwee ahorow a ɛte saa no “da biakoyɛ a ɛyɛ anigye adi.”
Mfomso ahorow a ɛbaa Hebri ne Hela Kyerɛwnsɛm nhoma mmobɔwee no mu no yɛ aniberesɛm dɛn? Owura Lockwood kae sɛ: “Ɛsɛ sɛ yesi so dua sɛ, sɛ wɔde nsonsonoe a ɛwowɔ Bible nhoma mmobɔwee ahorow mu no toto nea wohu wɔ abosonsomfo nhoma ahorow nhoma mmobɔwee ahorow no mu ho a, ɛnyɛ anibere kɛse biara . . . Ɛnyɛ nea akyerɛwfo no mfomso aka Kristofo nkyerɛkyerɛ wɔ ɔkwan biara so.”—Yɛn na yɛde nkyerɛwde soronko akyerɛw afã bi.
Wɔkyerɛɛ Bible nhoma ahorow a wɔkyerɛw ansa na bere a Yesu traa ase no reba ne n’asetra akyi no ase kɔɔ kasa afoforo mu. Emu nea akyɛ sen biara ne Samaritan Pentateuch. Na Samariafo no yɛ nnipa a wɔbɛtraa Israel mmusuakuw du ahemman no asase so bere a Siria hene de Israelfo kɔɔ nnommumfa mu (740 A.Y.B.) no. Wogyee Yudafo som no mu nneɛma bi ne Bible nhoma anum a edi kan a ɛne Pentateuch no pɛ toom. Sɛ wɔde nhoma ahorow yi a Samariafo kyerɛwsɛm wom a wɔakyerɛw no te sɛ tete Hebrifo nsaano nkyerɛwee no toto Hebrifo kyerɛwsɛm no ho a, nsonsonoe 6,000 na ɛwom. Ɔyɛkyerɛ no ho nhoma no kae sɛ, “Ɛwom sɛ emu pii ho nhia ahe biara wɔ kyerɛwsɛm no mu de, nanso ɛho hia na ama wɔatumi akora sɛnea wɔbɔ tete nsɛmfua din anaa ɔkasa ho mmara afã horow bi so.”
Wɔ afeha a ɛto so abiɛsa no mu no, Yudafo nhomanimfo a wɔwɔ Alexandria, Egypt no yɛɛ Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm no wɔ Hela kasa mu a ɛne Hela Septuagint a Yudafo a na wɔka Hela kasa a wɔwɔ wiase nyinaa no de dii dwuma no. Ankyɛ biara Yudafo no amfa anni dwuma bio nanso ɛbɛyɛɛ tete Kristofo asafo no Bible. Sɛ Bible akyerɛwfo a wɔyɛ Kristofo fa nsɛm fi Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm kronkron no mu ka a, wɔde Septuagint no na edi dwuma. Na Daniel nhoma a ɛwɔ Septuagint no mu nkratafa 13 ka Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm no Chester Beatty papyri no ho.
Akyiri yi wɔyɛɛ Bible no bi wɔ kasa horow te sɛ Latin, Coptic, Syriac, ne Armenia mu. Na ɔyɛkyerɛ no mu nhwɛso biako ne afeha a ɛto so asia anaa ason Y.B. mu Bible fã bi a wɔde nsa akyerɛw wɔ Coptic mu a wɔakyerɛw wɔ mmoa nhoma so no. Ɔkwan bɛn so na nea ɛte sɛ eyi no boa Bible ho abenfo ne kyerɛwsɛm akasatiafo? Na ɛtaa yɛ Hela kasa mu de a wɔde nsa akyerɛw a wɔakyerɛ ase ma ɛne nsɛmfua no hyia na ɛnyɛ ntease no a nhoma asekyerɛfo de dii dwuma. Owura Lockwood kyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ: “Sɛ Hela kyerɛwsɛm a nhoma asekyerɛfo no dii ho dwuma no ye a, ɛda adi sɛ ɛde mmoa a ɛho hia bɛma wɔ adwuma a ɛbɛma wɔasan ahu kan Hela nsɛmfua no mu.”
Nhoma soronko bi a ɛsom bo kɛse a ɛwɔ nhomakorabea hɔ no yɛ nkyerɛkyerɛmu bi a afeha a ɛto so anan no mu Siriani kyerɛwfo, Ephraem yɛe a ɛfa Diatessaron a Tatian yɛe no ho no. Bɛyɛ 170 Y.B. no, Tatian boaboaa Yesu asetra ne ne som adwuma ho kyerɛwtohɔ a abirabɔ nnim ano denam nsɛm a efi Asɛmpa anan (nea Diatessaron kyerɛ denam [anan] no so] no mu dii dwuma no so. Esiane sɛ emu biara anka nti, akasatiafo bi a wɔtraa ase wɔ afeha a atwam no mu no gyee akyinnye wɔ sɛ ebia biakoyɛ a ɛte sɛɛ wɔ Nsɛmpa no mu anaa no ho. Saa akasatiafo no kae sɛ wɔkyerɛw saa Nsɛmpa anan no ankasa wɔ afeha a ɛto so abien no mfinimfini mu hɔ.
Nanso wɔ mfe ɔha a atwam no mu no, Diatessaron nkyerɛase a ɛwɔ Armenia ne Arabic kasa mu a wɔahu no ahyɛ Bible akasatiafo no ma wɔatwe nea wɔkae no asan. Afei wɔ 1956 mu no, Owura Chester Beatty nyaa afeha anum/asia mu nkyerɛkyerɛmu soronko yi a nsɛm atenten a woyi fii Tatian mfiase nkyerɛwee no mu wom no. Owura Lockwood kae sɛ “ɛda adi sɛ ɛmaa adwene a ɛkyerɛ sɛ na wɔmfa Nsɛmpa anan no mmema wɔ saa bere no mu no baa awiei.”
“Onyankopɔn Asɛm” ho Ɔyɛkyerɛ no maa Bible ho abenfo ne kyerɛwsɛm akasatiafo kaee sɛ nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ ma wɔn. Ma saa nhomanimfo yi mu biako, Owura Frederic Kenyon, nkyerɛkyerɛ nea saa Bible nhoma a wɔde nsa akyerɛw nyinaa a wɔahu a bere koro no ara mu no ebua nsɛm a wobisa wɔ asɛm yi mfiase no kyerɛ no mu:
“Ebia ɛbɛhaw ebinom sɛ wobeyi adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde Bible no ama wɔ mfe a atwam no mu a nsakrae biara nni mu no akyene . . . awiei koraa awerɛkyekye wom sɛ yebehu sɛ nea afi saa nneɛma a wɔahu ne adesua yi nyinaa mu aba ne sɛ ɛbɛhyɛ nokware a Kyerɛwnsɛm no yɛ ne gyidi a yɛwɔ sɛ yɛwɔ Onyankopɔn Asɛm ankasa a edi mũ kɛse ho adanse no mu den.” (The Story of the Bible, kratafa 113)—Dwom 119:105; 1 Petro 1:25.
[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 27]
Afe a ɛto so abiɛsa no mu papyrus—2 Korintofo 4:13–5:4
[Mfonini Fibea]
Reproduced by permission of the Chester Beatty Library
[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 28]
18th-century leather and vellum scrolls of Esther
[Mfonini Fibea]
Reproduced by permission of the Chester Beatty Library
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Afeha a ɛto so asia anaasɛ ason nkyerɛwee a ɛwɔ mmoa nhoma so—John 1:1-9, Coptic version
[Mfonini Fibea]
Reproduced by permission of the Chester Beatty Library
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Afeha a ɛto so anum anaasɛ asia nkyerɛwee a ɛwɔ mmoa nhoma so—nkyerɛkyerɛmu a Ephraem de mae a nsɛm a efi Tatian Diatessaron mu a wɔakyerɛw wɔ Syriac mu ho
[Mfonini Fibea]
Reproduced by permission of the Chester Beatty Library