Wessel Gansfort—“Ɔbarima A Ɔsakrae Ansa Na Asɔre Mu Nsakrae No Reba”

Sɛ wɔbɔ edin Luther, Tyndale, ne Calvin a, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔn a wosua Protestantfo Nsakrae a efii ase wɔ afe 1517 ho ade no nyinaa nim wɔn. Nanso, nnipa dodow no ara nnim Wessel Gansfort. Wɔfrɛ no “ɔbarima a ɔsakrae ansa na Asɔre mu Nsakrae no reba.” So wopɛ sɛ wuhu ɔbarima yi ho nsɛm pii?

WƆWOO Wessel wɔ afe 1419 mu wɔ Netherlands kurow Groningen mu. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 15 mu no, na nnipa kakraa bi na wotumi kɔ sukuu, nanso Wessel kɔɔ bi. Ɛwom sɛ na Wessel nim ade de, nanso esiane sɛ na n’awofo di hia buruburoo nti, ogyaee sukuukɔ bere a odii mfe akorɔn no. Wessel ti yɛɛ yiye, bere a okunafo bi a ɔwɔ sika tee sɛ abarimaa no nim ade no, ɔkae sɛ ɔbɛhwɛ no sukuu. Enti, Wessel tumi san kɔtoaa n’adesua so. Bere bi akyi no, onyaa Sukuupɔn mu Abodin krataa. Ɛte sɛ nea akyiri yi ɔsan nyaa abasobɔde sɛ nyamekyerɛ mu ɔbenfo.

Ná Wessel ani gye nhomasua ho kɛse. Nanso, wɔ ne bere so no, na nhomakorabea nnɔɔso. Ɛwom mpo sɛ wɔ ne bere so no na wayɛ afiri a wɔde tintim nhoma de, nanso na wɔda so ara de wɔn nsa kyerɛw nhoma, na na ne bo yɛ den. Ná Wessel ka nhomanimfo kuw bi a wotutu akwan kɔ nhomakorabea ahorow ne asɔfofie afoforo mu kɔhwehwɛ nsaano nkyerɛwee ne nhoma a ɛho yɛ na no ho. Afei, na wohyiam susuw nea wɔn mu biara hui ho. Ɔboaboaa nsɛm pii ano, na ɔkyerɛw tete nhoma mu nsɛm pii guu ɔno ankasa nhoma mu. Mpɛn pii na nyamekyerɛfo afoforo annye nsɛm a na Wessel ka no anni, efisɛ na onim nneɛma pii a na nkurɔfo no ntee ho asɛm da. Ná wɔfrɛ Wessel sɛ Magister Contradictionisa anaa Ɔbarima a Ɔno Nko ne Ne Nsɛm.

“Dɛn Nti na Wonkyerɛ Me Kwan Nkɔ Kristo Nkyɛn Mmom?”

Bɛyɛ mfe 50 ansa na Asɔre mu Nsakrae no reba no, Wessel hyiaa Thomas à Kempis (bɛyɛ afe 1379-1471 mu) a nnipa dodow no ara gye di sɛ ɔno na ɔkyerɛwee nhoma a agye din a ɛne De Imitatione Christi (Suasua Kristo) no. Ná Thomas à Kempis yɛ Anuanom a Wokura Gyidi Koro no muni. Ná ɛyɛ kuw bi a na wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ nkurɔfo de nyamesuro bɔ wɔn bra. Obi a ɔkyerɛw Wessel ho asɛm kae sɛ, Thomas à Kempis hyɛɛ Wessel nkuran mpɛn pii sɛ ɔmmɔ Maria mpae mfa nhwehwɛ ne hɔ mmoa. Nanso, Wessel kae sɛ: “Dɛn nti na wonkyerɛ me kwan nkɔ Kristo a ofi ayamye mu kae sɛ, wɔn a wɔasoa wɔn nnosoa nyinaa mmra ne nkyɛn no mmom nkyɛn?”

Wɔkyerɛ sɛ na Wessel ani nnye ho sɛ ɔbɛma wɔahyɛ no sɔfo. Bere a wobisaa no nea enti a ɔmma wonnyi ne ti sɛ ɔsɔfo no, obuae sɛ, bere dodow a ɔnsesaa n’adwene no de onsuro sɛ obewu. Ɛda adi sɛ na nea ɔreka ho asɛm ne sɛ, wɔmmfa obi a wɔahyɛ no sɔfo nnkɔ asɛnnibea nkodi n’asɛm, na ɛte sɛ nea ɔkwan a wɔfa so yi asɔfo ti no bɔ wɔn mu pii ho ban mma wonkum wɔn! Wessel annye nea na asɔre no taa kyerɛkyerɛ no bi antom. Sɛ nhwɛso no, esiane sɛ wannye anwonwasɛm a na wɔakyerɛw wɔ nhoma a na agye din wɔ ne bere so a ɛne Dialogus Miraculorum mu no anni nti, wɔkasa tiaa no. Nanso, Wessel kae sɛ: “Mfaso wɔ so koraa sɛ yɛbɛkenkan Kyerɛw Kronkron no mmom.”

“Sɛ Yebisa Nkutoo a Ɛnna Yebehu”

Wessel suaa Hebri ne Hela kasa, na onyaa nhoma a tete Asɔre mu Agyanom kyerɛwee no mu nimdeɛ pii. Esiane sɛ Wessel traa ase ansa na Erasmus ne Reuchlina reba nti, na n’ani gye kasa a wodii kan de kyerɛw Bible no ho ma ɛyɛ nwonwa. Ansa na Asɔre mu Nsakrae no reba no, na nnipa pii nni Hela kasa ho nimdeɛ. Wɔ Germany no, na nhomanimfo kakraa bi pɛ na na wɔwɔ Hela kasa ho nimdeɛ, na na wonni nhoma biara a ɛbɛboa wɔn ma wɔasua kasa no. Ɛda adi sɛ, bere a wɔsɛee Constantinople wɔ afe 1453 mu no, Wessel hyiaa Helafo asɔfo bi a na wɔaguan akɔ Europa Atɔe fam, na osuaa Hela kasa kakra fii wɔn nkyɛn. Saa bere no, Yudafo nkutoo na na wɔka Hebri kasa, na ɛte sɛ nea Wessel suaa Hebri kasa kakra fii wɔn a na wɔasakra wɔn som abɛyɛ Yudafo no nkyɛn.

Ná Wessel ani gye Bible ho yiye. Obuu no sɛ ɛyɛ nhoma a Onyankopɔn na ɔma wɔkyerɛwee, na na ogye di sɛ Bible mu nhoma no nyinaa mu nsɛm hyia pɛpɛɛpɛ. Wɔ Wessel fam no, na osusuw sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wogyina nsɛm a ɛma wɔkyerɛw Bible mu asɛm bi so na ɛkyerɛ saa Bible mu asɛm no ase, na ɛnsɛ sɛ wokyinkyim no. Ɔkae sɛ, ɛsɛ sɛ wobu Bible mu asɛm biara a wɔbɛkyerɛ ase akyinkyim no no sɛ ɛyɛ asɔre mu atuatew. Bible mu nsɛm a na n’ani gye ho paa mu biako ne Mateo 7:7 a ɛka sɛ: “Monkɔ so nhwehwɛ, na mubehu” no. Esiane saa asɛm yi nti, na Wessel gye di paa sɛ mfaso wɔ so sɛ yebebisa nsɛm, na ɔkae sɛ: “Sɛ yebisa nkutoo a ɛnna yebehu.”

Adesrɛ Bi a Ɛyɛ Nwonwa

Wessel kɔɔ Roma wɔ afe 1473 mu. Ɛhɔ no, wɔmaa ɔne Pope Sixtus IV kasae. Ná Pope Sixtus IV ne popenom baasia a wɔn brasɛe kɔfaa Protestantfo Nsakrae bae no mu nea odi kan. Abakɔsɛm kyerɛfo Barbara W. Tuchman kae sɛ, ɛyɛ Sixtus IV na ofii “asɔfo a wɔde anibere hwehwɛɛ ahonyade ne amanyɔsɛm mu tumidi pefee a wɔn ani anwu no ase.” Ɔnam n’abusua a ɔperee tumidi maa wɔn no so maa ɔmanfo ho dwiriw wɔn. Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo bi kyerɛwee sɛ, ɛbɛyɛ sɛ na Sixtus pɛ sɛ n’abusuafo nkutoo na wɔpaw wɔn sɛ popenom. Ná obiara suro sɛ ɔbɛkasa atia saa nneyɛe bɔne no.

Nanso, na Wessel Gansfort de ɔyɛ soronko. Da bi, Sixtus ka kyerɛɛ Wessel sɛ: “Me ba, bisa nea wopɛ biara na yɛbɛyɛ ama wo.” Wessel buae ntɛm ara sɛ: “Agya kronkron, . . . esiane sɛ wo na wote agua a ɛkorɔn koraa so wɔ asase so sɛ ɔsɔfo ne ɔhwɛfo nti, mereka . . . akyerɛ wo sɛ yɛ w’adwuma a ɛkorɔn no wɔ ɔkwan pa so, na sɛ Oguanhwɛfo Panyin no . . . ba a, watumi aka akyerɛ wo sɛ: ‘Mo akoa pa nokwafo, kɔ wo wura anigye mu.’” Sixtus ka kyerɛɛ Wessel sɛ ade a wabisa no yɛ ɔno Sixtus asɛm, na mmom ɛsɛ sɛ Wessel bisa biribi a ɔno ankasa pɛ. Wessel buae sɛ: “Sɛ ɛte saa a, ɛnde kɔfa Hela ne Hebri Bible fi Vatican Nhomakorabea brɛ me.” Pope no ma wɔkɔfaa brɛɛ no, nanso ɔka kyerɛɛ Wessel sɛ wadi nkwaseasɛm, na anka ɛsɛ sɛ ɔka ma wɔyɛ no ɔsɔfopɔn mmom!

“Atoro ne Mfomso Bi”

Bere a na Sixtus hia sika denneennen de asi Sistine Asɔredan a agye din nnɛ no, ɔde sika a wotua ma wɔde yɛ awufo som bae. Nkurɔfo ani begyee saa sika a wotua ma wɔde yɛ awufo som yi ho denneennen. Vicars of Christ—The Dark Side of the Papacy nhoma no ka sɛ: “Akunafo mmea ne mmarima, ne awofo a wɔn mma awu de wɔn sika nyinaa kɔmaa asɔfo no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛbɔ mpae ama wɔn adɔfo a wɔawuwu no ma wɔafi Ahodwiragya mu.” Ná asɔremma no gye di paa sɛ popenom betumi ama wɔn adɔfo a wɔawuwu no akɔ soro.

Nanso, na Wessel gye di paa sɛ Katolek Asɔre no, a popenom ka ho no ntumi mfa bɔne nkyɛ. Wessel kaa sika a wogyigye de yɛ awufo som no ho asɛm pefee sɛ ɛyɛ “atoro ne mfomso bi.” Saa ara nso na wannye anni sɛ ɛho hia sɛ wɔkɔka wɔn bɔne kyerɛ asɔfo ansa na wɔanya bɔne fafiri.

Wessel annye anni sɛ popenom ntumi nyɛ bɔne, na ɔkae sɛ, sɛ ɔmanfo gye popenom nsɛm a wɔka di bere nyinaa a, esiane sɛ popenom tumi di mfomso nti wɔn gyidi no renyɛ papa. Wessel kyerɛwee sɛ: “Sɛ asɔre mpanyimfo no de Onyankopɔn ahyɛde to nkyɛn na wɔde wɔn ankasa ahyɛde yɛ adwuma a, . . . mfaso biara remma nea wɔyɛ ne nsɛm a wɔka no so.”

Wessel Bɔɔ Kwan Maa Asɔre mu Nsakrae No

Wessel wui wɔ afe 1489 mu. Ɛwom sɛ na wakasa atia nneɛma bɔne bi a na wɔyɛ wɔ asɔre no mu de, nanso ɔkɔɔ so traa Katolek Asɔre no mu. Anwonwasɛm ne sɛ, asɔre no ammu no fɔ da sɛ ɔyɛ asɔre mu otuatewfo. Nanso, wɔ ne wu akyi no, Katolek asɔfo a wɔyɛ katee no bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛsɛe ne nhoma a wakyerɛw no, efisɛ wobuu no sɛ ɛne asɔre no nkyerɛkyerɛ nhyia. Eduu Luther bere so no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ na Wessel din ayera ara ne sa, na wonnya ntintim ne nhoma no mu biara, na na ne nsaano nkyerɛwee mu kakraa bi pɛ na ɛda so wɔ hɔ. Awiei koraa no, wotintim Wessel nhoma no mu nea edi kan wɔ afe 1520 ne 1522 ntam hɔ. Ná Luther ankasa krataa bi a ɔkyerɛw de kamfoo Wessel nhoma no wɔ mu.

Ɛwom sɛ na Wessel nyɛ obi a ɔde Asɔre mu Nsakrae bae sɛnea Luther yɛe no de, nanso ɔkasa tiaa nneɛma bɔne a ɛde Asɔre mu Nsakrae bae no bi. Nokwarem no, wɔka Wessel ho asɛm wɔ McClintock and Strong’s Cyclopedia no mu sɛ, “ɔyɛ Germanfo a wɔboae ma Asɔre mu Nsakrae no bae no mu otitiriw.”

Luther buu Wessel sɛ ɔyɛ obi a ɔne n’adwene hyia. Nhoma kyerɛwfo C. Augustijn kyerɛwee sɛ: “Luther de nea na ɛrekɔ so wɔ ne bere so ne nea na ebefi mu aba no totoo Elia de no ho. Sɛnea na odiyifo Elia susuw sɛ ɔno nkutoo na na ɔreko ma Onyankopɔn no, saa ara na Luther nso tee nka sɛ ɔno nkutoo na ɔne asɔre no redi asi. Nanso, bere a ɔkenkanee Wessel nhoma no, ohui sɛ na Awurade agye ‘Israel nkae bi.’” “Luther kae mpo sɛ: ‘Sɛ mekenkanee ne nhoma no ntɛm a, anka m’atamfo besusuw sɛ Wessel nhoma no mu nsɛm na mafa, efisɛ me ne n’adwene hyia papaapa.’”b

“Wubehu”

Asɔre mu Nsakrae no amma prɛko pɛ. Ná nsɛm a ɛkɔfaa Asɔre mu Nsakrae bae no asisi atoatoa so fi bere bi. Wessel hui sɛ ɛnyɛ dɛn ara na popenom brasɛe no bɛma nsakrae aba asɔre no mu daakye. Bere bi, ɔka kyerɛɛ osuani bi sɛ: “Abarimaa a wopɛ adesua, wobɛtra ase ahu ɛda a Kristofo . . . nhomanimfo nyinaa bɛpo asɔfo a wɔyɛ woati me ne woaka me no nkyerɛkyerɛ no.”

Ɛwom sɛ Wessel huu mfomso ne nneɛma bɔne a na ɛrekɔ so wɔ ne bere so no de, nanso wantumi anna Bible mu nokware no nyinaa adi. Nanso, wɔ ne fam de, na ogye di sɛ Bible ne nhoma a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkenkan na yesua. Sɛnea A History of Christianity nhoma no kyerɛ no, na Wessel “gye di sɛ, esiane sɛ Honhom Kronkron no na ɛma wɔkyerɛw Bible no nti, ɛno ne nhoma a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde mu nsɛm yɛ adwuma koraa wɔ asɔre no mu.” Wɔ ɛnnɛ mmere mu nso, nokware Kristofo gye di sɛ Bible yɛ Onyankopɔn Asɛm. (2 Timoteo 3:16) Nanso, ɛnyɛ den sɛ yebehu Bible mu nokware nnɛ. Ɛnnɛ ne bere a Bible mu nokwasɛm yi yɛ adwuma sen bere biara a atwam: “Monkɔ so nhwehwɛ, na mubehu.”—Mateo 7:7; Mmebusɛm 2:1-6.

[Ase hɔ nsɛm]

[Adaka/​Mfonini wɔ kratafa 14]

WESSEL HUU ONYANKOPƆN DIN

Wɔ nhoma a Wessel kyerɛwee mu no, na ɔtaa kyerɛw Onyankopɔn din sɛ “Johavah.” Nanso, anyɛ yiye koraa no, Wessel de edin “Yehowa” no dii dwuma mprenu. Bere a nhoma kyerɛwfo H. A. Oberman reka adwene a na Wessel kura wɔ Onyankopɔn din ho ho asɛm no, ɔkae sɛ, Wessel tee nka sɛ sɛ na Thomas Aquinas ne afoforo nim Hebri kasa a, “anka wobehu sɛ Onyankopɔn din a woyi kyerɛɛ Mose no nkyerɛ ‘Mene nea mene,’ na mmom ɛkyerɛ ‘Mɛyɛ me ho nea mɛyɛ.’”c New World Translation no kyerɛ ase yiye sɛ, “Mɛyɛ me ho nea mepɛ sɛ meyɛ.”—Exodus 3:13, 14.

[Ase hɔ asɛm]

[Asɛm Fibea]

Nsaano Nkyerɛwee: Universiteitsbibliotheek, Utrecht

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 15]

Wessel kasa tiaa sika a na wogye de yɛ awufo som a Pope Sixtus IV kɔfa bae no