Asase—So Ɛno Ankasa na ‘Ɛbae’?

NEA ɛbɛyɛ na ɔhyew anaa awɔw pii amma asase so no, ɛsɛ sɛ sɛnea asase twa owia ho hyia no yɛ nea ɛfata. Wɔahu okyinnsoromma akuw foforo bi a etwa nsoromma a ɛte sɛ owia ho hyia, na wosusuw sɛ ‘nkwa betumi atra mmeae a ɛtete saa’—kyerɛ sɛ, mmeae a wobetumi anya nsu wɔ hɔ. Nanso, nnipa ntumi ntra okyinnsoromma ahorow a wɔka sɛ nkwa betumi atra so no so. Ɛsɛ sɛ mmirika a ɛde twa wɔn ho hyia no yɛ nea ɛfata.

Sɛ asase no yɛɛ ketewa yɛɛ hare kakra sen sɛnea ɛte yi a, anka tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam no ano bɛyɛ mmerɛw na mframa pa a atwa ho ahyia no mu pii bɛkɔ ahum mu. Eyi te saa wɔ ɔsram ne okyinnsoromma foforo abien, Mercury ne Mars, ho. Esiane sɛ esusua na emu duru nnu asase nti, mframa kakraa bi na ɛwɔ so na wɔ afoforo fam no, ebi nni hɔ koraa. Na sɛ anka asase no yɛɛ kɛse yɛɛ duru kakra sen sɛnea ɛte yi nso ɛ?

Afei anka tumi a ɛtwe ade wɔ asase so no bɛyɛ kɛse, na ebegye bere tenten ansa na mframa a emu yɛ hare te sɛ hydrogen ne helium, atumi afi wim. Nyansahu nhoma, Environmet of Life, ka sɛ: “Nea ɛho hia sen saa no, anka ɛbɛma sɛnea mframa a adi afra ma ɛkari pɛ no asɛe.”

Anaasɛ susuw oxygen, a etumi pa gya ntɛmntɛm no ho hwɛ. Sɛ dodow a ɛwɔ mframa mu no kɔ soro ɔha mu 1 a, anka ogya bɛtaa atɔ kwae mu. Afei, sɛ mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a ɛne carbon dioxide, no dɔɔso pii a, anka asase so bɛyɛ hyew kɛse.

Sɛnea Asase Twa Ne Ho

Ade foforo a ɛfata nso ne sɛnea asase no twa ne ho no. Sɛ anka asase no akyea kɛse sen sɛnea ɛte no a, anka ɔhyew anaa awɔw pii bɛba asase so. Nanso, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɔkwan a asase no nam so twa no ho no yɛ kurukuruwa. Nokwarem no, sɛ anka okyinnsoromma kɛse te sɛ Jupiter bɛn asase no a, anka ɛbɛma tebea no asakra. Nnansa yi, nyansahufo ahu sɛ nsoromma ahorow bi wɔ okyinnsoromma a n’akɛse te sɛ Jupiter a etwa wɔn ho hyia wɔ wɔn nkyɛn pɛɛ. Okyinnsoromma a ɛte sɛ Jupiter yi mu pii nenam akwan a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa kakra so. Wɔrentumi nnya okyinnsoromma biara a ɛte sɛ asase wɔ tebea a ɛte saa mu.

Nsoromma ho nimdefo Geoffrey Marcy de saa okyinnsoromma afoforo yi totoo okyinnsoromma anan, Mercury, Venus, Asase, ne Mars, a edi kan wɔ yɛn okyinnsoromma kuw no mu no ho. Bere a wɔrebisabisa Marcy nsɛm no, ɔkae sɛ: “Hwɛ sɛnea [wɔahyehyɛ] eyi wɔ ɔkwan a edi mu so. Ɛte sɛ ɔbohene. Wuhu okyinnsoromma a ɛnam ɔkwan kurukuruwa so. Ɔkwan a ne nyinaa nam so no sɛ. Ne nyinaa ani kyerɛ faako. . . . Ɛyɛ nwonwa ankasa.” So yebetumi aka sɛ eyi ankasa na ɛbae?

Biribi foforo nso wɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ nwonwa wɔ yɛn okyinnsoromma kuw no ho. Ɔkwan a ɛda owia no ne okyinnsoromma akɛse, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, ne Neptune ntam no yɛ nea ɛfata. Sɛ anka okyinnsoromma ahorow yi bɛyɛ asiane no, wodi nneɛma atitiriw ho dwuma mmom. Nsoromma ho animdefo ka ho asɛm sɛ ‘biribi a ɛma ahum mu tew’ efisɛ tumi a ɛtwe ade no twe wim nneɛma a ɛte sɛ abo a ebetumi de nkwa ato asiane mu wɔ asase so no. Nokwarem no, ‘wɔbɔɔ’ asase no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛsɛ so. (Hiob 38:4) Ne kɛse ne baabi a ɛwɔ wɔ yɛn okyinnsoromma kuw no mu no nyinaa fata ankasa. Nanso ɛnyɛ ɛno ara nen. Nneɛma foforo soronko bi wɔ asase so a ɛho hia ma nnipa.

Oxygen ne Photosynthesis

Oxygen mu atɔm a ɛwɔ asase so abɔde a nkwa wom mu no yɛ ɔha mu 63. Afei nso, oxygen a ɛwɔ wim no bɔ asase so nnua ne mmoa ho ban fi owia no hyew a enye no ho. Nanso, oxygen tumi nya element afoforo so nkɛntɛnso ntɛm, te sɛ nea etumi ma nnade we nkannare no. Ɛnde, ɛyɛ dɛn na element a ano yɛ den a ɛyɛ ɔha mu 21 no kɔ so tra mframa a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no mu?

Mmuae no ne photosynthesis—anwonwakwan a asase so afifide nam so nya owia hann de yɛ aduan. Ade biako a efi photosynthesis mu ba ne oxygen—bɛboro tɔn ɔpepepem biako na ɛba mframa mu da biara. The New Encyclopædia Britannica kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Sɛ photosynthesis ankɔ so a, ɛnyɛ aduan a ɛho hia nko na ɛho bɛyɛ na, na mmom awiei koraa no asase so oxygen nyinaa bɛsa.”

Nyansahu nhoma ahorow kyerɛkyerɛ sɛnea photosynthesis kɔ so nkakrankakra no mu pii. Wonnya ntee akwan a ɛfa so ba no bi ase nwiei. Adannandifo ntumi nkyerɛkyerɛ sɛnea emu biara fii biribi ketewa bi mu bae no mu. Nokwarem no, akwan a ɛfa so ba no mu biara di mu kɛse. The New Encyclopædia Britannica ka sɛ: “Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wontumi nhuu sɛnea photosynthesis fi ase no.” Wɔn a wogye adannandi di no mu biako yɛɛ emu nhwehwɛmu na ɔkae sɛ “nkwammoaa kakraa bi na wofii” photosynthesis ase.

Ɛwom sɛ saa asɛm no nni nnyinaso wɔ nyansahu mu de, nanso ɛda biribi foforo a ɛyɛ nwonwa adi: Ehia sɛ wonya biribi a ɛbɛbɔ nkwammoaa a efi Photosynthesis ase no ho ban, na nkwammoaa foforo ho hia na ama adeyɛ no atumi akɔ so. So “nkwammoaa kakraa bi a wofii ase” yɛɛ eyinom no bae ara kwa?

Efi Nkwaboaa Biako So Kosi Onipa So

Ɔkwan bɛn so na atɔm ahorow no betumi aka abom abɛyɛ nkwaboaa biako a n’ankasa yɛ biribiara? Nyansahufo Christian de Duve a onyaa Nobel Akyɛde no ka wɔ ne nhoma A Guided Tour of the Living Cell mu sɛ: “Sɛ wopɛ sɛ wuhu kwan a aboaa ketekete fa so ba denam atɔm ahorow no a ɛno ankasa boaboa ano no so a, wobɛtra hɔ afebɔɔ a wuntumi nya emu biako mpo.”

Ɛde besi ha yi, momma yɛmfa nkwaboaa biako pɛ mu nhwehwɛmu nto nkyɛn na yenkosusuw nkwammoaa titiriw ɔpepepem pii a ɛbom yɛ onipa amemene no ho. Nyansahufo ka sɛ onipa amemene no yɛ biribi a ɛyɛ nwonwa kɛse wɔ amansan no mu. Ɛda nsow ankasa. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔde onipa amemene no fã kɛse no ara kae nsɛm. Amemene no fã yi susuw nsɛm a wote no ho ma wote ase. Amemene no fã biako a ɛde susuw nsɛm ho a ɛbɛn wo moma no na ɛma wuhu sɛnea amansan no yɛ nwonwa no. So yebetumi aka sɛ amemene no fã a wɔde susuw nsɛm ho no ankasa na ɛbae? Ɔbenfo Sherwin Nuland a ogye adannandi di no ka wɔ ne nhoma The Wisdom of the Body mu sɛ: “Mmoa nni amemene afã a esusuw nsɛm ho yi bi.”

Nyansahufo ada no adi sɛ onipa amemene tumi susuw nsɛm ho ntɛmntɛm sen kɔmputa nwonwaso biara. Kae sɛ egyee mmɔdenbɔ ne mfe pii ansa na onipa retumi ayɛ kɔmputa a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ no. Na onipa amemene a ɛkorɔn no nso ɛ? Nyansahufo John Barrow ne Frank Tipler, ka eyi wɔ wɔn nhoma The Anthropic Cosmological Principle mu sɛ: “Adannandifo pii agye atom sɛ ɛrentumi nyɛ yiye sɛ yebetumi anya abɔde a ennim nyansa a ɛnam adannandi so bae na etumi susuw nsɛm ho te sɛ nnipa wɔ okyinnsoromma foforo biara so bio wɔ amansan a yehu yi mu.” Saa nyansahufo yi ka sɛ nkwa a yɛwɔ no “da nsow koraa.”

So Ne Nyinaa Bae Ara Kwa?

Dɛn na wobɛka? So ebetumi aba sɛ amansan no ne nwonwa a ɛyɛ no nyinaa bae kɛkɛ? So wunnye ntom sɛ dwom biara a ɛfata no wɔ ne hyehyɛfo na ɛsɛ sɛ ɔhyehyɛ nnwinnade a ɔde bɔ no yiye ansa na agyigye yiye ma ayɛ dɛ? Na yɛn amansan a ɛyɛ nwonwa no nso ɛ? Ɔkontaabufo ne nsoromma ho nimdefo David Block ka sɛ: “Yɛte amansan bi a wɔahyehyɛ emu nneɛma pɛpɛɛpɛ mu.” Dɛn na ɔka de wie? “Yɛn amansan no yɛ ofie. Migye di sɛ Onyankopɔn na ɔbɔe.”

Sɛ saa na wugye di a, ɛnde na akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ wo ne Bible no bɛyɛ adwene wɔ asɛm a ɛka fa Ɔbɔadeɛ, Yehowa, ho no ho: “Ɔno na ɔde ne tumi yɛɛ asase de ne nyansa ma wiase tim hɔ, na ɔde ne nhumu de ɔsoro trɛw hɔ.”—Yeremia 51:15.

[Adaka/Mfonini wɔ kratafa 8, 9]

OKYINSOROMMA SORONKO

“Asase so tebea soronko a efi sɛnea ne kɛse te, nea wɔde yɛe, ne twa a etwa nsoromma a akyɛ a ɛne owia ho hyia no, na ɛmaa ɛyɛɛ yiye sɛ yebenya nsu pii wɔ so. Sɛ nsu nni hɔ a, anka ɛbɛyɛ den sɛ yebehu nea ɛyɛe a nkwa bae.”—Integrated Principles of Zoology, Ɔfã a Ɛto So Asia.

[Asɛm Fibea]

NASA photo

[Adaka/Mfonini wɔ kratafa 10]

NKWA—SO ƐNO ANKASA NA ƐBAE?

WƆ 1988 mu no, wɔkaa nhoma bi a ɛbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɛbɛkyerɛkyerɛ nea ɛyɛe a nkwa ankasa bae no mu ho asɛm wɔ Search nsɛmma nhoma a Australia ne New Zealand Fekuw a Ɛhwɛ Nyansahu Mpɔntu So yɛe no mu. Wɔ nhoma no kratafa biako pɛ no, nyansahu ho sɛnkyerɛwfo L. A. Bennett huu “adwenkyerɛ 16, a emu biara gyina nea edi n’anim no so na ɛkyerɛ sɛ nea ɛka no yɛ nokware.” Dɛn na Bennett kae bere a ɔkenkanee nhoma no nyinaa wiei no? Ɔkyerɛwee sɛ: “Ɛyɛ mmerɛw koraa sɛ yebegye atom ntɛm ara sɛ Ɔbɔadeɛ bi a ɔwɔ dɔ na ofi ne pɛ mu bɔɔ nkwa, na ɔma [atirimpɔw] nti a ɔbɔe no da adi . . . sen sɛ yebegye nsɛm pii a wohia na wɔde agyina nhomakyerɛwfo no asɛm a wɔka sɛ ‘nkwa ankasa na ɛbae’ no akyi no atom.”

[Mfonini ahorow]

“Photosynthesis” ho hia na yɛanya aduan ne “oxygen”

Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na asase so nneɛma pa a ehia ma nkwa no bae?

Nyansahufo ka sɛ onipa amemene yɛ biribi a ɛyɛ nwonwa kɛse wɔ amansan no mu. Ɛbɛyɛ dɛn na ɛno ankasa atumi aba?

[Nsɛm Fibea]

Photo: Zoo de la Casa de Campo, Madrid

Monte Costa, Sea Life Park Hawaii

[Mfonini ahorow wɔ kratafa 8, 9]

Sɛnea okyinnsoromma ahorow no akɛse te

Owia

Mercury

Venus

Asase

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

Pluto

[Nsɛm Fibea]

Sun: National Optical Astronomy Observatories; Mercury, Jupiter, and Saturn: Courtesy of NASA/JPL/Caltech/USGS; Venus and Uranus: Courtesy of NASA/JPL/Caltech; Earth: NASA mfonini; Mars: NASA/JPL; Neptune: JPL; Pluto: A. Stern (SwRI), M. Buie (Lowell Obs.), NASA, ESA