Geeshsha Maxaafay Waanidi Ha Wodiyaa Gakkanaashin Deꞌidee?

Geeshsha Maxaafan deꞌiya qofay hanno gakkanawu hambbalashettennan takkidoogee maalaaliyaaba. Geeshsha Maxaafay xaafettidi wuroosappe 1,900ppe dariya layttay aadhdhiis. I ceeccaappe oosettida woraqataanne mehiyaa galbbaappe oosettida biraana mala moorettiyaaban xaafettiis; qassi koyroogee amarida asa xallay eriyo doonan xaafettiis. Qassi kawota gujjin, haymaanotiyaa kaalettiyaageetu mala wolqqaama asati Geeshsha Maxaafaa xayssanawu baaxetidosona.

HA DUMMA maxaafay cora paaciyaa xoonidi asay daro eriyo maxaafa waani gidana danddayidee? Ane naaꞌꞌu gaasotu xallaa beꞌoos.

Daro Qoodan Duuqetti Uttidoogee Xayennaadan Maaddiis

Koyro xaafettida Geeshsha Maxaafaa naagiya Israaꞌeelati hegaa mintti naagidosona, qassi daruwaa duuqqidosona. Leemisuwawu, Israaꞌeela kawo gidiya asi “Leewa zare gidiya qeeseti naagiyo maxaafaappe ha higgiyaa bawu duuqqidi” ekkanaadan azazettiis.—Zaarettido Wogaa 17:18.

Daro Israaꞌeelati Xoossaa Qaalaa gidiyoogaa eriyo gishshawu, Geeshsha Maxaafaa nabbabiyoogaa dosoosona. Keehi loohida xaafeti ha maxaafaa akeekan duuqqidoy hegaassa. Xoossaa yayyiya Izira giyo xaafee, “GODAI, Israaꞌeela Xoossai immido Muuse Higgiyaa loitti xanna7ida [duuqqiya] eranchcha asa” geetettiis. (Izira 7:6) Kiristtoosa yeletaappe simmin, usuppunttanne tammantta xeetu layttappe gidduwan deꞌida, Ibraawetto Geeshsha Maxaafaa woykko “Galꞌꞌa Maachchaa” duuqqida Masoreteta giyo asati balenna mala pitaletuura ubbaa qoodoosona. Hegaadan akeekan duuqqidoogee an deꞌiya qofay laamettennaadan, qassi morkketi xayssanawu gixxi denddidabanne daro baaxetidaba gidikkokka, Geeshsha Maxaafay hanno gakkanawu deꞌanaadan maaddiis.

Leemisuwawu, Sooriyaa kawoy Antiyokes oyddanttoy 168 K.K., Pilisxxeema biitta ubban demmiyo duuqettida Ibraawetto Geeshsha Maxaafaa muleera xayssanawu maliis. Ayhudatu taarikee, “Eti demmido higgiyaa xaatta maxaafa ubbaa pooshshidi xuuggidosona” yaagees. Zi Jiwish Insaykloopidiya giyo maxaafay hagaadan gees: “He azazoy imettido sunttati hegaa wolqqaama hanqquwan polidosona . . . Geeshsha Maxaafaa oyqqida asi . . . hayquwan qaxxayettees.” Gidikkokka, Pilisxxeema biittan gidin hara biittan deꞌiya Ayhudatu matan deꞌiya duuqettida Geeshsha Maxaafaappe amaridaagee bashshaappe attiis.

Giriiketto Geeshsha Maxaafaa woykko “Ooratta Maachchaa” xaafiyaageeti xaafuwaa wurssi simmin, eti ayyaanaa kaaletuwan xaafido dabddaabbeti, hiraagatinne taariketi duuqettidi corattidosona. Leemisuwawu, Yohaannisi ba Wonggeliyaa Efisoonan woy hegaa heeran xaafiis. SHin he Wonggeliyaappe duuxeretti attida xuufee xeetan qoodettiya kilo meetiriyaa haakkidi Gibxxen beettiis; eranchchati hegee Yohaannisi xaafi simmin 50ppe guuxxiya laytta giddon duuqettidaagaa shaaho gidiyoogaa yootoosona. Ha hanotay, he wode haaho biittan deꞌiya Kiristtaaneti ayyaanaa kaaletuwan mata wode xaafettidabaa koppiyaa demmana danddayiyoogaa bessees.

Xoossaa Qaalay darosaa gakkidoogee, Kiristtoosa wodiyaappekka simmin daro xeetu layttawu bashshaappe attidi deꞌanaadan maaddiis. Leemisuwawu, Rooma Kawoy Diyoqilaxiyani Usuppune 23 303 M.L. maallado, wotaaddarati woosa keettaa penggiyaa menttidi, Geeshsha Maxaafaappe duuqqido koppeta xuugganaadan azazidoogaa taarikee yootees. Diyoqilaxiyani Geeshsha Maxaafata xayssiyoogan Kiristtaaneta xayssiyaabadan qoppiis. Kaalliya gallassi, I kumetta Rooma haaruwan deꞌiya Geeshsha Maxaafaa koppeti muleera xuugettanaadan azaziis. Gidoppe attin, attida koppeti zaarettidi duuqettidosona. Ubba Diyoqilaxiyani hegaadan ootti simmin takkennan xaafettidaba milatiya, Giriikettuwan duuqettida naaꞌꞌu gita maxaafati hanno gakkanawukka deꞌoosona. Issoy Rooma kataman deꞌees; hankkoy qassi Inggilandden, Londdone kataman British Laybreeriyan deꞌees.

Koyro xaafettida Geeshsha Maxaafay hanno gakkanawu beettibeennaba gidikkokka, kushiyan xaafettida shaꞌan qoodettiya kumetta Geeshsha Maxaafaa koppee woy A shaahoy bashshaappe attidi hanno gakkanawu deꞌees. Hegeetuppe amaridaageeti keehi ceega. Koyro xaafettidaagan deꞌiya qofay duuqqiyo wode laamettidee? Eranchchaa Wiliyam Heneri, Ibraawetto Geeshsha Maxaafaa xeelliyaagan, “Beni xaafettida hara ay xuufiyan deꞌiya qofaykka hegaadan suure duuqettibeenna” yaagiis. Kushiyan xaafettida Geeshsha Maxaafaa xuufetu eranchchatuppe waannatiya, Ser Frederik Kenyoni, Giriiketto Geeshsha Maxaafaa xeelliyaagan hagaadan giidi xaafiis: “Koyro xaafettidaagaa giddooninne appe duuqettida beni koppiyaappe beettidaagaa giddon deꞌiya wodee keehi guutta gidiyo gishshawu, hegee deexxiyaaba gidenna; hegaa gishshawu, ha wodiyan deꞌiya Geeshsha Maxaafay laamettidabadan siriyoobay muleera attiis. Ooratta Maachchaa maxaafati likke, qassi ammanttiya maxaafata gidiyoogee erettiis.” I zaarettidikka hagaadan giis: “Geeshsha Maxaafaa xuufetu suuretettay polo gaana danddayoos. . . . Ha alamiyan deꞌiya beni xaafettida hara ay xuufiyaakka gidin, hegaadan gaana danddayettenna.”

Geeshsha Maxaafaa Birshshettaa

Geeshsha Maxaafay hara ay maxaafaappekka aaruwan asay eriyooba gidanaadan oottida naaꞌꞌantto gaasoy daro doonan deꞌiyoogaa. Hegee qassi, ubba zareenne dumma dumma qaalaa haasayiya asay bana eranaadaaninne “ayyaanaaninne tumatettan” goynnanaadan koyiya Xoossaa halchchuwaara maayiyaaba.—Yohaannisa 4:23, 24; Mikiyaasa 4:2.

Koyro birshshettidoogan keehippe erettiya Ibraawetto Geeshsha Maxaafay, Giriiketto Septtujentte giyo birshshettaa. Hegee Pilisxxeema biittaappe harasan deꞌiya, Giriikettuwaa haasayiya Ayhudatuyyo giigidaagaa gidishin, Yesuusi saꞌan haggaazuwaa doommanaappe naaꞌꞌu xeeta gidiya layttappe kase birshshettidi wuriis. Giriiketto Geeshsha Maxaafaa shaahuwaa gujjin, kumetta Geeshsha Maxaafay daro qaalan birshshettidoy, hegee xaafetti wurido guutta xeetu laytta giddoona. SHin guyyeppe, Geeshsha Maxaafay ubba asawu gakkanaadan maaddana bessiya kawotinne qeeseti dummabaa oottidosona. Eti Xoossaa Qaalay dumma dumma doonatun birshshettenna mala diggiyoogan, asay ayyaanaaban xuman deꞌanaadan koyidosona.

Xala asati woosa keettaanne kawotettaa eqettiyoogan, asay haasayiyo doonatun Geeshsha Maxaafaa birshshanawu bantta shemppuwaa sheneho giidosona. Leemisuwawu, Okisforden tamaarida, Inggilize biittaa asa gidida Wiliyam Tindali, 1530n Penttatuch giyo, Ibraawetto Geeshsha Maxaafan deꞌiya koyro ichchashu maxaafata birshshiis. Wolqqaama yedetay deꞌishin, I Geeshsha Maxaafaa Ibraawettuwaappe Inggilizettuwawu birshshida koyro asa gidiis. Tindali Yihoowa giyo sunttaakka goꞌettidi Inggilizettuwan birshshida koyro asa. Isppeenetto Geeshsha Maxaafaa eranchcha gidida Kasiyodoro de Reyini, Isppeenettuwan koyro gidida Geeshsha Maxaafatuppe issuwaa Kaatoliketi yedettishin birshshiis. I he birshshiyoobaa wurssanawu Inggilandde, Jarmmane, Paranssaye, Holanddenne Siwizerlandd goossiis.a

Ha wodiyan Geeshsha Maxaafay keehi daro doonan birshshettiis, qassi miilooniyan qoodettiyaagee attamettiis. Geeshsha Maxaafay bashshaappe attidi, ay maxaafappenne aaruwan asay eriyo maxaafa gididoogee, kiitettida PHeexiroosi ayyaanaa kaaletuwan yootidobaara maayiyaaba. I hagaadan giis: “Maatai melees; ciishshaikka qoqqofettees. SHin Godaa qaalai merinau de7ees.”—1 PHeexiroosa 1:24, 25.

[Tohossa qofata]

[Saaxiniyaa/​Misiliyaa]

TA NABBABANA KOSHSHIYO BIRSHSHETTAY AWUGEE?

Daro doonatun cora Geeshsha Maxaafaa birshshettay deꞌees. Issi issi birshshettan akeekanawu metiya, beni qaalati deꞌoosona. Hara birshshettati qassi, likke birshshettaappe aaruwan nabbabanawu metennanne deexxenna birshshetta gidanaadan koyidi birshshidoogeeta. SHin harati qassi, mise qaala xallaa koyidi sittan birshshidoogeeta.

Yihoowa Markkati attamissido Inggilizetto Ooratta Alamiyaa Geeshsha Maxaafaa Birshshettay eta sunttay odettanaadan koyibeenna konttiya yarati koyro doonaappe sittan birshshidoogaa. Ha birshshettay qassi 60ppe dariya doonatun birshshanawu maaddiya waanna maxaafa gidiis. SHin he doonatun birshshiyaageeti Geeshsha Maxaafay xaafettido koyro doonan deꞌiya qofaa loytti yiggidosona. Ooratta Alamiyaa Birshshettan deꞌiya issi issi qofay akeekanawu metenna sohotun, koyro doonaappe sittan birshshidoogeeta. Hegaa birshshiyaageeti beni deꞌida asay koyro xaafettida Geeshsha Maxaafaa nabbabidi akeekidobaa ha wodiyan deꞌiya asaykka akeekana mala koyoosona.

Doonatu eranchcha gidida issoti issoti Ooratta Alamiyaa Birshshettaa gujjin, ha wodiyan deꞌiya Geeshsha Maxaafati suure birshshettidaa aggidaa, qassi birshshiyaageeti bantta qofaadan birshshidaakkonne pilggidosona. He eranchchatuppe issoy Amarkkan, Huuphessa Arizona Yuniveresttiyan maaddiya profesere gididi oottiya, haymaanootiyaabaa xannaꞌiya Jesen David Beduna. I 2003n, “Inggilizettuwaa haasayiya biittatun asay aahuwan goꞌettiyo Geeshsha Maxaafatuppe” uddufunata xannaꞌidi, 200 sinttay deꞌiyo maxaafaa xaafiis.b Birshshiyaageeti “darotoo bantta qofaadan birshshana danddayiyoy” woygi birshshanaakko corati maayettenna xiqiseta gidiyo gishshawu, I he xiqiseta loytti pilggiis. I Giriiketto xuufiyan deꞌiyaagaa Inggilizettuwan birshshettidaagaara huuphiyan huuphiyan geedarssiis; yaatidi qofay suure birshshettidaakkonne xeelliis. Wursettan ay akeekidee?

Beduni yootiyoogaadan, hara asaynne Geeshsha Maxaafaa eranchcha gidida daroti Ooratta Alamiyaa Birshshettay haratuppe dummatidoy, birshshiyaageeti bantta haymaanootiyaa qofaadan birshshido gishshataassa giidi qoppoosona. Giddoppe attin I, “Dummatiya daro qofay deꞌidoy Ooratta Alamiyaa Birshshettay sittanne likke birshshetta gidiyo gishshataassa” yaagiis. Beduni Ooratta Alamiyaa Birshshettan issi issi qofay gelido ogiyaa maayana xayikkokka, ha maxaafay I “geeddarissido birshshetta ubbaappe suure birshshettidaagaa” gidiyoogaa yootiis. Ubba I hegee “keehippe loꞌꞌo” birshshetta gidiyoogaa yootiis.

Israaꞌeela biittan Ibraawetto doonaa eranchcha gidida, Benjamin Kedar giyo asikka Ooratta Alamiyaa Birshshettaa xeelliyaagan hegaara issi malabaa yootiis. I 1989n hagaadan giis: “Ha oosoy maxaafaa qofaa akeekanawu danddayettida keenan suure birshshanawu baaxetidoogaa bessiyaaba. . . . Taani Ooratta Alamiyaa Birshshettan, kase maxaafan baynnabaa eti bantta qofaadan birshshido aybanne demmabeykke.”

Nena hagaadan oychcha: ‘Taani Geeshsha Maxaafaa nabbabiyo halchchoy aybee? Nabbabanawu ufayssiyaaba gidikkokka, suure birshshettido hanotay sirissiyo birshshettaa nabbabana koyiyaanaa? Woy ayyaanan xaafettida koyro maxaafan deꞌiya qofaa danddayettida keenan suure birshshido maxaafaa nabbabana koyiyaanaa?’ (2 PHeexiroosa 1:20, 21) Nabbabanawu nena denttettiya halchchoy Geeshsha Maxaafaa birshshettatuppe neeni awugaa doorana koshshiyaakko eranawu maaddees.

[Tohossa qofata]

[Misiliyaa]

“Ooratta Alamiyaa Geeshsha Maxaafaa Birshshettay” daro doonan deꞌees

[Misiliyaa]

Masoreteti xaafidoogaa

[Misiliyaa]

Luqaasa 12:7n, “. . . yayyoppite; daro siine kafotuppe intte aadhdheeta” yaagiyaagaappe duuxxi attidaagaa

[Misiliyaa]

Qommo sinttaa: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg; naaꞌꞌanttuwaanne heezzanttuwaa: Bibelmuseum, Münster; zokko baggaa: © The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin