ʼE Koutou Mulimuli Koa Ki Te Kau ‘Cyniques’?

“KO HE tahi ʼe cynique ʼe ko he tahi ʼe mole sio ʼi he temi ki he kalitate lelei ʼa he tahi, kae ʼe sio tuʼumaʼu ki tona ʼu vaivaiʼaga. ʼE hage ko he lulu, ʼe nofo tokaga ʼi te fakapōʼuli, kae ʼe kivi ʼi te mālamagia, ʼe ina siosioʼi tokita ʼu vaivaiʼaga, pea ʼe mahalohalo kovi tuʼumaʼu ʼo ʼuhiga mo te hahaʼi.” Neʼe fai te ʼu palalau ʼaia e te tagata takitaki lotu Amelika ʼo te 19 sēkulō, ko Henry Ward Beecher. Ko te tokolahi ʼe nātou manatu, ʼe ko te ʼuhiga totonu ʼaia ʼo te cynique ʼo totatou temi. Kae ko te kupu “cynique” ʼe haʼu mai te faka Keleka ʼāfea, ʼaē neʼe mole faka ʼuhiga pe ki he tahi ʼe ina maʼu te taʼi aga ʼaia. Lolotoga ni ʼu sēkulō, neʼe faka ʼuhiga te kupu ʼaia ki te akonaki faka filosofia.

Neʼe tuputupu feafeaʼi te filosofia ʼa te kau Cyniques? Koteā te ʼu meʼa ʼaē neʼe nātou ako? ʼE lelei koa ki he Kilisitiano te ʼu agaaga ʼa he Cynique?

Te Kau Cyniques ʼo Te Temi Muʼa​—⁠Tonatou Haʼuʼaga Pea Mo Tanatou Tui

ʼI te Heleni ʼāfea, neʼe lahi te ʼu fai palalau pea mo te ʼu fihi neʼe fai ai. Lolotoga ni ʼu sēkulō ʼo aʼu mai ki totatou temi, ko te ʼu tagata ohage ko Socrate, mo Platon, pea mo Aristote neʼe nātou liliu ʼo ʼiloa ʼuhi ko te ʼu filosofia ʼaē neʼe nātou faka mafola. Kua mulimuli te hahaʼi ki tanatou ʼu akonaki, pea ko te taʼi manatu ʼaia ʼe kei maʼu ʼi te ʼu agaʼi fenua ʼo te Potu Uesite.

Neʼe ʼui e Socrate (470-399 ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi) ʼe mole kita maʼu anai te fiafia heʼegata mokā kita kumi te ʼu koloā fakamālama peʼe ko te ʼu fakafiafia fakasino. Neʼe faka tui ʼe kita maʼu anai te fiafia moʼoni, mo kapau ʼe kita fakaʼaogaʼi tokita maʼuli moʼo kumi te vilitute. Maʼa Socrate ko te vilitute ʼe ko te meʼa ʼaē ʼe lelei ʼaupito. Ke feala hana maʼu te faʼahi ʼaia, neʼe ina līaki te ʼu koloā fakamālama pea mo tana faiga ki te ʼu meʼa noa, heʼe ʼi tana manatu ko te ʼu meʼa ʼaia ʼe nātou fakahēʼi anai ia ia. Neʼe ina faka faigafua tona maʼuli, ʼo maʼuli fakafeauga pea mo maʼuli faka sakilifisio.

Neʼe fai e Socrate te faʼahiga faiakonaki neʼe higoa ko te faʼahiga fai ʼa Socrate. Ko te hahaʼi popoto, ka nātou fai hanatou manatu pea ʼe nātou kumi he ʼu meʼa moʼo lagolago kiai, kae neʼe mole fai feiā ia Socrate. Neʼe ina fakalogo ki te ʼu manatu ʼo te hahaʼi fai filosofia, pea neʼe ina faigaʼi ke ina maʼu te ʼu hala ʼo tanatou ʼu akonaki. Ko te taʼi fai ʼaia, neʼe ina uga ai te aga ʼaē ko te valokiʼi ʼo te hahaʼi pea mo te aga manukinuki.

ʼI te kau tisipulo ʼa Socrate neʼe kau ai ia te tagata fai filosofia ʼe higoa ko Antisthènes (ʼi te teitei 445-365 ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi). Ko ia pea mo te tahi ʼu hahaʼi, neʼe nātou hilifaki te tahi manatu ki te akonaki ʼa Socrate, he neʼe nātou ʼui ko te vilitute ko te meʼa pe ʼaia e tahi ʼe lelei. Maʼa nātou ko te faiga ki te ʼu fakafiafia, neʼe mole ko he meʼa pe ia moʼo fakahēʼi, kae neʼe ko he aga kovi. Neʼe nātou fehiʼa ʼaupito ki te hahaʼi, mo nātou manukinuki ʼaupito kia nātou, pea neʼe fakahigoaʼi nātou ko te kau Cyniques. Ko te higoa Cynique ʼe lagi haʼu mai te kupu faka Keleka (ky·ni·kosʹ) ʼaē neʼe faka ʼuhiga ki tanatou mole fiafia pea mo tanatou fia ʼaliki. Ko tona faka ʼuhiga “ ʼe hage he kuli.”a

Tona ʼu Fua Ki Tonatou Faʼahiga Maʼuli

ʼE moʼoni ki ʼihi ʼe ko he meʼa lelei te ʼui ʼa te filosofia Cynique, ke kita līaki te mānumānu koloā, pea mo te ʼu holi fakavale ʼo te sino, kae kua faka faigataʼa fau e te kau Cyniques tanatou ʼu manatu. ʼE hā lelei te faʼahi ʼaia ʼi te tagata Cynique ʼiloa​—⁠ko te tagata fai filosofia ko Diogène.

Ko Diogène neʼe tupu ʼi te 412 ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi ʼi Sinope, ko te kolo ʼe tuʼu ʼi te Tai Uli. ʼAki tana tāmai, neʼe ʼalu ki Ateni, ʼaē neʼe ina ako ai te ʼu faiakonaki ʼa te kau Cyniques. Neʼe ko Antisthène ʼaē neʼe ina akoʼi ia Diogène pea neʼe ina fakaʼaogaʼi tāfito tona temi ki te filosofia Cynique. Neʼe maʼuli faka faigafua ia Socrate, pea ko Antisthène neʼe fakafisi ki te ʼu fakafiafia. Kae ko Diogène, neʼe maʼuli fakamamahi. Moʼo fakahā lelei tana fakafisi ki te ʼu koloā fakasino, ʼe ʼui ko Diogène neʼe nofo ʼi te tahi temi ʼi te foʼi poe.

ʼI tana faiga ki te ʼuhiga haohaoa, ʼe ʼui ko Diogène neʼe haʼele mo te mālama taki kae foʼi ʼaho lelei, he neʼe ina kumi he tahi ʼe maʼuli vilitute! Neʼe tokagaʼi e te hahaʼi te taʼi aga ʼaia, pea neʼe ko he faʼahiga faiakonaki ʼaia ʼa Diogène pea mo te tahi kau Cyniques. ʼE ʼui fēnei, ʼi te tahi ʼaho neʼe fehuʼi e Alexandre le Grand kia Diogène pe koteā te meʼa ʼaē neʼe loto tāfito kiai. Pea neʼe tali fēnei age e Diogène, ʼe ina loto pe ia ke maleʼe kehe ia Alexandre, heʼe ina fakaū te mālama ʼo te laʼā!

Ko Diogène pea mo te tahi kau Cyniques neʼe nātou kolekole meʼa ʼofa ki te hahaʼi. Neʼe mole he temi neʼe nātou felogoi lelei ai mo te hahaʼi, pea neʼe nātou fakafisi ki te ʼu gāue faka puleʼaga. Neʼe nātou aga heʼe fakaʼapaʼapa ki te hahaʼi, he neʼe lagi nātou mulimuli ki te faʼahiga faiakonaki ʼa Socrate. Neʼe ʼiloa ia Diogène ʼuhi ko tana ʼu palalau manukinuki. Neʼe lau ko te kau Cyniques neʼe nātou “hage he ʼu kuli,” kae ko Diogène neʼe fakahigoaʼi ko Te Kuli. Neʼe mate ʼi te teitei taʼu 320 ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi kae kua teitei taʼu 90. ʼI tona falemaka, neʼe fakatuʼu ai te foʼi maka mapeli neʼe togi ai te kuli.

Ko ʼihi akonaki faka filosofia neʼe nātou mulimuli ki te ʼu agaaga ʼo te filosofia faka Cynique. Kae ʼaki te temi, ko te ʼu akonaki faikehe ʼa Diogène pea mo tana ʼu tisipulo ki muli age, neʼe tupu ʼaki ai te mole kei leleiʼia e te hahaʼi te filosofia Cynique. ʼAki te temi, neʼe pulinoa ai te filosofia ʼaia.

Ko Te Kau Cyniques ʼo Te Temi Nei: ʼE Tonu Koa Ke Koutou Fai Tanatou ʼu Aga?

Ko te tikisionalio The Oxford English Dictionary ʼe ina fakamahino fēnei te cynique ʼo te temi nei, ʼo ina ʼui ʼe ko “he tahi ʼe ina valoki te hahaʼi, peʼe ina sioʼi tonatou ʼu mele. . . . ʼE ko he tahi ʼe mole fia tui ki te fakamalotoloto pea mo te lelei ʼo te ʼu meʼa ʼaē ʼe ʼi te loto ʼo te hahaʼi, pea ʼe ina fakahā te faʼahi ʼaia ʼaki he ʼu manukinuki, mo he aga vāvā; pea ʼe ina tokagaʼi pe te ʼu mele ʼo te hahaʼi.” ʼE maʼu te ʼu agaaga ʼaia ʼi te mālama ʼaenī, kae ʼe mole ʼalutahi mo te ʼulugaaga faka Kilisitiano. Koʼeni te ʼu akonaki pea mo te ʼu pelesepeto ʼo te Tohi-Tapu.

“Ko Sehova ʼe loto manavaʼofa pea mo agaʼofa, tuai ʼi te ʼita pea mo mahu ʼi te lotoʼofa. ʼE mole ina fai anai he ʼu valoki ʼo talu ai, pea ʼe mole nofo anai mo hona ʼita ki he ʼu temi ʼe heʼegata.” (Pesalemo 103⁠:​8, 9) ʼE fakatotonu ki te kau Kilisitiano ke nātou “liliu ko he kau faʼifaʼitaki ʼo te ʼAtua.” (Efeso 5⁠:​1, MN ) Kapau ko te ʼAtua Māfimāfi ʼe fia manavaʼofa pea mo mahu ʼi te lotoʼofa, ka mole “ina valoki te hahaʼi [pea mole] ina sioʼi tonatou ʼu mele,” pea ʼe mahino ia, ʼe tonu ki te kau Kilisitiano ke nātou mulimuli ki tana faʼifaʼitaki.

Ko Sesu Kilisito, te fakafofoga totonu ʼa Sehova, neʼe ina ‘tuku mai kia tatou he faʼifaʼitaki ke tou mulimuli lelei ki tona ʼu tafuga vaʼe.’ (1 Petelo 2⁠:21; Hepeleo 1⁠:⁠3) ʼI ʼihi temi, neʼe tala e Sesu te ʼu loi faka lotu, pea neʼe ina fakamoʼoni ki te ʼu gāue kovi ʼo te malamanei. (Soane 7⁠:⁠7) Kae neʼe ina vikiʼi te hahaʼi ʼaē neʼe fakamalotoloto. Ohage la, neʼe ina ʼui fēnei ʼo ʼuhiga mo Natanaele: “Koeni he tagata iselaele mooni e mole mau he kaka ia te ia.” (Soane 1⁠:47) Ka fai milakulo Sesu, pea neʼe ina faka maʼuhigaʼi te tui ʼa te ʼu hahaʼi ʼaē neʼe ina fakamālōlō. (Mateo 9⁠:22) Pea ʼi te temi ʼaē neʼe valokiʼi ai e ʼihi te meʼa ʼofa totogi kovi ʼaē neʼe fai e te fafine moʼo fakahā tana loto fakafetaʼi, neʼe mole valokiʼi e Sesu te ʼu meʼa ʼaē neʼe tupu ai tana fai te meʼa ʼofa ʼaia, kae neʼe ina ʼui fēnei: “Ko he potupe e fagonogono ai te Evaselio aeni i te malama-nei katoa, pea e talanoai anai te mea nee ina fai mo ona fakamanatu.” (Mateo 26⁠:​6-13) Ko Sesu neʼe ko he kaumeʼa agaʼofa neʼe feala ke falala ki ai tana ʼu tisipulo, pea “nee ofa ia natou ki te gataʼaga.”​—⁠Soane 13⁠:⁠1.

Mai tona ʼuhiga ʼaē ko Sesu neʼe haohaoa, koia neʼe faigafua tana tokagaʼi te ʼu agahala ʼa te hahaʼi, he neʼe nātou heʼe haohaoa. Kae neʼe mole loto mahalohalo peʼe ina valokiʼi te hahaʼi, kae neʼe ina faigaʼi ke ina fakafimālieʼi te hahaʼi.​—⁠Mateo 11⁠:​29, 30.

“[Ko te ʼofa] e falala ki te mea fuli.” (1 Kolonito 13⁠:⁠7) ʼE mole ʼalutahi te ʼu palalau ʼaia mo te aga ʼa te kau cyniques, ʼaē ʼe nātou loto mahalohalo ki te ʼu meʼa ʼaē ʼe ʼi te loto ʼa te hahaʼi pea mo te ʼu meʼa ʼaē ʼe nātou fai. ʼE moʼoni, ʼe tonu ke tou tokakaga, heʼe lahi te hahaʼi ʼi te malamanei, ʼe nātou maʼu te ʼu manatu kovi. (Tāʼaga Lea 14⁠:15) Kae ko te ʼofa ʼe tui, heʼe falala, kae ʼe mole hoko mahalohalo.

ʼE ʼofa te ʼAtua pea mo falala ki tana ʼu kaugana. ʼE ina ʼiloʼi lelei age tonatou ʼu tuʼakoi. Kae ʼe mole loto mahalohalo ia Sehova ki tana hahaʼi, pea ʼe mole ina fakamaʼua age kia nātou he ʼu meʼa ʼe mole feala ke nātou fai. (Pesalemo 103⁠:​13, 14) Tahi ʼaē meʼa, ko te ʼAtua ʼe ina kumi te ʼu meʼa ʼaē ʼe lelei ʼi te tagata, pea logope la tonatou ʼuhiga agahala, kae ʼaki he loto falala, ʼe ina foaki ki tana kau kaugana agatonu, he ʼu pilivilesio pea mo he ʼu tuʼulaga.​—⁠1 Hau 14⁠:13; Pesalemo 82⁠:⁠6.

“Ko ʼau, Sehova, ʼe ʼau vakavakaʼi te loto, ʼe ʼau sivisivi te ʼu ifiifi, ei, moʼo foaki ki te tagata takitokotahi ʼo mulimuli ki tona ʼu ala, ʼo mulimuli ki te fua ʼo tana ʼu aga.” (Selemia 17⁠:10) Ei, ʼe lava ʼiloʼi totonu e Sehova te ʼu meʼa ʼaē ʼe ʼi te loto ʼa te tagata, kae ʼe mole tou feala tatou. Koia, ʼe tonu ai ke tou tokakaga ke ʼaua naʼa tou mahalohalo kovi ʼo ʼuhiga mo te hahaʼi.

ʼE tou maveuveu anai mo totatou ʼu tēhina mo tuagaʼane, mo kapau ʼe tou fakatupu ia tatou he loto valoki, ʼe ina puleʼi tatatou ʼu manatu. ʼE ina lava maumauʼi te tokalelei ʼo te kokelekasio faka Kilisitiano. Koia, tou mulimuli ki te faʼifaʼitaki ʼa Sesu, ʼaē neʼe felogoi mo tana ʼu tisipulo ʼaki he loto falala, tatau aipe pe neʼe ina ʼiloʼi tonatou ʼu vaivaiʼaga. Ei, neʼe liliu ko tonatou kaumeʼa ʼaē neʼe nātou falala ki ai.​—⁠Soane 15⁠:​11-15.

“O hagepe ko te aga e koutou loto ke fai e te hahai kia koutou, pea ke koutou fai feia kia natou.” (Luka 6⁠:31) ʼE lahi te ʼu faʼahiga ʼaluʼaga moʼo fakaʼaogaʼi te tokoni ʼaenī ʼa Sesu Kilisito. Ohage la, ko tatou fuli ʼe tou leleiʼia ke fai mai he ʼu palalau lelei ʼaki he aga fakaʼapaʼapa. Kapau koia ʼaia, pea ʼe tou fai anai he ʼu palalau lelei ki te hahaʼi, ʼaki he aga fakaʼapaʼapa. Māʼia mo te temi ʼaē neʼe tala mālohi ai e Sesu te ʼu akonaki hala ʼa te kau takitaki lotu, kae neʼe mole ina fai te faʼahi ʼaia ʼaki he loto manukinuki.​—⁠Mateo 23⁠:​13-36.

Te ʼu Faʼahiga Fai Moʼo Tauʼi Te Cynisme

Kapau ʼe tou lotomamahi he neʼe hoko kia tatou he ʼu meʼa neʼe mole tou ʼamanaki kiai, pea ʼe lagi faigafua hatatou tō ki te aga ʼaē ko te cynisme. ʼE tou lava tauʼi te aga ʼaia, mo kapau ʼe tou manatuʼi ko Sehova ʼe falala ki tana hahaʼi agahala. Ko te faʼahi ʼaia ʼe tokoni anai kia tatou ke tou tali te ʼuhiga ʼo te tahi kau atolasio ʼo te ʼAtua​—⁠ko he ʼu hahaʼi agahala ʼe nātou faiga ke nātou fai te meʼa ʼaē ʼe lelei.

Ko ʼihi ʼe mole lagi nātou falala ki te hahaʼi, he neʼe hoko he ʼu meʼa kovi kia nātou. ʼE moʼoni, ʼe mole ko he aga fakapotopoto hatatou falala katoa ki te hahaʼi agahala. (Pesalemo 146⁠:​3, 4) Kae ʼi te kokelekasio faka Kilisitiano, ko te tokolahi ʼe nātou fia liliu moʼoni ko he ʼu hahaʼi fakaloto mālohi. Koutou fakakaukauʼi age muʼa te toko lauʼi afe hahaʼi ʼaē ʼe nātou hage ko he ʼu faʼe, mo he ʼu tokolua, mo he ʼu tēhina, pea mo he fānau maʼa nātou ʼaē kua līʼakina e tonatou famili. (Maleko 10⁠:30) Koutou manatuʼi mo te tokolahi ʼaē ʼe nātou liliu ko he ʼu kaumeʼa moʼoni ʼi te ʼu temi faigataʼaʼia.b​—⁠Tāʼaga Lea 18⁠:⁠24.

Ko te kau tisipulo ʼa Sesu, ʼe ʼiloʼi nātou ʼuhi ko tanatou ʼofa fakatautehina, ka mole ʼuhi ko tanatou aga manukinuki, he neʼe ʼui fēnei e Sesu: “Aki te mea aia, e iloi anai e te tagata fuape, ko koutou ko aku tisipulo, kapau e koutou maù te feʼofaʼofani.” (Soane 13⁠:35) Koia tou fakahā te ʼofa, pea tou tokagaʼi tāfito te ʼu kalitate ʼo totatou ʼu tēhina mo tuagaʼane. Kapau ʼe tou fai feiā, pea ʼe tou lava tekeʼi anai te ʼu agaaga ʼo te Cynisme.

[Kiʼi nota]

[Paki ʼo te pasina 21]

Ko Diogène, te tagata ‘Cynique’ ʼaē ʼe ʼiloa tāfito

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki]

From the book Great Men and Famous Women