Kutheni Sifanele Siwalondoloze Amahlathi Ashinyeneyo?

ISIHLWELE sibukele umdlalo webhola ekhatywayo yaye sinemincili. Sinqwenela ukuba umdlalo ungaqhubeka ungapheli. Kodwa siqhubeka sidubula abadlali. Izidumbu ziyathwalwa, esinye emva kwesinye, zize zikhutshelwe ngaphandle kwebala. Esi sihlwele siyacaphuka xa sibona umdlalo usiya uphela.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kuyinto efanayo. Abantu bayawathanda amahlathi, enyanisweni, baxhomekeke kuwo. Kodwa kanye ngendlela ekwenzeka ngayo kwaba badlali bayaqhubeka betshabalalisa: iintlobo ezithile zezityalo nezilwanyana, ezithi zibe nendima entsonkothileyo ekugcineni amahlathi ekho. Noko ke, oku kungaphezu komdlalo. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kuyakuchaphazela. Kuchaphazela umgangatho wobomi bakho, enoba akuzange ulibone ihlathi elishinyeneyo.

Zizinto eziphilayo ezininzi nezahlukahlukene kakhulu, ezithi izazinzulu xa zizibiza kukwahlukana okungokwebhayoloji, bambi abathi zixabiseke gqitha kumahlathi ashinyeneyo. Kwisiqingatha sesikweri sekhilomitha samahlathi ashinyeneyo aseMalaysia kunokukhula iindidi zemithi eyahlukahlukeneyo engama-835, nto leyo engaphezu kweendidi zaseUnited States nezaseKhanada zidityanisiwe.

Kodwa ezi zinto ziphilayo zintsonkothileyo zinokuba sengozini. Esinye isazinzulu sazithelekisa ezi ndidi zahlukahlukeneyo nezikhonkwane zokuhlanganisa amacangci okwenza inqwelo-moya. Okukhona ezi zikhonkwane zikhululeka, kokukhona ezinye ziya kuqalisa ukusilela xa zifanele zixhathise ngamandla. Ukuba olo thelekiso luyasebenza, umhlaba wethu uyiloo “nqwelo-moya” isenkathazweni. Njengoko amahlathi ashinyeneyo esiya encipha, bambi baqikelela ukuba kufa ishumi lamawaka eendidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zezityalo nezilwanyana nyaka ngamnye, umlinganiselo wokufa kwazo ngoku uphindaphindeke kangangezihlandlo ezinokuba ngama-400 kunokuba bekunjalo embalini yomhlaba.

Izazinzulu ziyakhathazeka gqitha kukulahleka kolwazi olungaka okubangelwa kukuncipha kwezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ezingokwebhayoloji. Bathi kufana nokutshisa umzi weencwadi ngaphambi kokufunda iincwadi ezilapho. Kodwa kukwakho nelahleko engakumbi ephawulekayo. Ngokomzekelo, ama-25 ekhulwini amayeza okunyanga asetyenziswa eUnited States aphuma kwizityalo ezikumahlathi ashinyeneyo. Elinye lamayeza anjalo liye latshatyalaliswa ngomlinganiselo osusela kuma-20 ekhulwini ngowe-1960 ukuya kuma-80 ekhulwini ngowe-1985 liyeza labantwana lokunyanga ileukemia. Ngoko, ngokutsho koMbutho Wengxowa-mali Yehlabathi Yokulondoloza Amahlathi, amahlathi ashinyeneyo “afana nomzi omkhulu wamayeza.” Yaye izityalo ezingenakubalwa azikabhaqwa, singasathethi ke ngokuhlolisiswa kwazo enoba zinokusetyenziswa kusini na kwezamayeza.

Ngaphezu koko, liqaqobana nje lethu elaziyo ukuba zingakanani iintlobo zokutya kwethu okuninzi okuvela kwizityalo ekuqaleni ezazifunyanwa kumahlathi ashinyeneyo. (Bona ibhokisi kwiphepha 26.) Kude kube namhlanje, izazinzulu zifumana izithole zezi zityalo zahlukahlukeneyo zikumahlathi ashinyeneyo zize zizisebenzise ekuthinteleni izifo kwezo zibuthathaka ziyinzala yazo, izityalo zasekhaya. Ngaloo ndlela izazinzulu ziye zathintela ilahleko yamakhulu ezigidi zeerandi ebiya kubangelwa kukufa kwezityalo.

Ngaphezu koko, asazi nokuba kukuphi ukudla okufumaneka kumahlathi ashinyeneyo okunokuba kokuthandwa gqitha ehlabathini. Inkoliso yabemi bakuMntla Merika abazi ukuba kwiminyaka nje elikhulu edluleyo, ookhokho babo babeyigqala ibhanana njengesiqhamo esingaqhelekanga nesihle yaye babehlawula iidola ezimbini ngebhanana enye, eyayisongelwa.

Imeko Yomhlaba Wonke

Ekugqibeleni ngumntu obandezelekayo ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi. Imiphumo yokonakaliswa kwemekobume yomhlaba iyanda ukusa kwinqanaba lokugubungela ihlabathi lonke. Njani? Makhe siqwalasele umzekelo wehlathi elishinyeneyo. Imvula yeyona nto ibalaseleyo kulo. Kunokuna imvula engaphezu kwama-200 eemilimitha kuwo ngosuku, engaphezu kweemitha ezisithoba ngonyaka! Ihlathi elishinyeneyo lilungiselelwe ukuhlangabezana ngokunempumelelo nezi zantyalantyala zemvula.

Uphahla olushinyeneyo lwamahlathi lulungiselelwe ukuthothisa amandla amathontsi emvula ukuze angakhukulisi umhlaba. Amagqabi amaninzi aneencam ezinde, ezithi zithobe ubunzima bamathontsi. Ngaloo ndlela, imvula esisichotho ithothiselwa ekubeni ngumkhumezelo, othi uwe phantsi emhlabeni ngokuthambileyo. Kwakhona ezi ncam ziyawavumela amagqabi ukuba awaphalaze msinya amanzi ukuze aphinde amfimfe, ebuyisela ukufuma emoyeni. Iingcambu zitsala ama-95 ekhulwini amanzi afikelela kumgangatho wehlathi. Ngamazwi avakalayo, amahlathi afunxa amanzi emvula ngokungathi sisiponji esikhulu aze emva koko awakhuphe kancinane.

Kodwa xa amahlathi ephelile, imvula iwa ngokuthe ngqo nangamandla kumhlaba ongumqwebedu ize iwukhukulise uziingqimba ezinkulu. Ngokomzekelo, eCôte d’Ivoire, eNtshona Afrika, ihektare enye yehlathi elikwindawo ethambeke kancinane iphulukana kuphela neqhezwana letoni enye kwezingamakhulu amathathu zomhlaba ngonyaka. Kwaumhlaba olinganayo oyihektare enye ongenamahlathi, noye walinywa, ulahlekelwa ziitoni ezingama-90 zomhlaba ngonyaka; xa ingumhlaba ongalinyangwa, iba ziitoni ezili-138.

Ukulahlekelwa ngumhlaba okulolo hlobo konakalisa umhlaba ngakumbi kunokufuya okanye ukubhuqisa. Okukhwankqisayo kukuba, amadama, abangela ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, nawo ngokwawo ayonakaliswa koku. Esoyiswa yintlenga yomhlaba ehamba nemilambo esuka kwimimandla engenamahlathi, ngokukhawuleza asuka avaleke emva koko angabi nakusetyenziswa. Imimandla eselunxwemeni nemihlaba emikhulu nayo iyonakaliswa yintlenga eninzi.

Imiphumo kwimvula nemozulu ide ibangela intlekele enkulu ngakumbi. Imilambo engezantsi kwamahlathi ashinyeneyo akwimimandla enemvula eninzi ngokuqhelekileyo iyazala unyaka wonke kodwa xa kungekho hlathi lakulungelelanisa ukuqukuqela kwamanzi esiya emilanjeni, izala msinyane yimvula ena ngequbuliso ize emva koko yome. Kulandela izikhukula nembalela. Umjikelo wokuna kwemvula usenokuchaphazeleka kangangeekhilomitha ezininzi kuloo ngingqi ekubeni ukumfimfa kwehlathi elishinyeneyo kusenokufak’ isandla kwisiqingatha sokufuma kwemozulu kuloo mmandla. Ngaloo ndlela, ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kusenokuba kwafak’ isandla kwizikhukula ezenzeka eBangladesh nakwiimbalela zaseTopiya ezabulala abantu abaninzi kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo.

Kodwa kwakhona ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kusenokuchaphazela nemozulu yomhlaba uphela. Amahlathi ashinyeneyo aye abizwa ngokuba ngumphunga oluhlaza womhlaba kuba abizela ikharbon diokside emoyeni aze ayisebenzise ukwakha izikhondo namasebe namaxolo. Xa ihlathi litshisiwe, yonke loo kharbon ilahlelwa emoyeni. Ingxaki ikukuba, umntu ulahla ikharbon diokside eninzi emoyeni (ngokutshisa izinto nangokutshabalalisa amahlathi) nto leyo enokuba sele ibangele ukufudumala komhlaba wonke okubizwa ngokuba yigreenhouse effect, esongela ukunyibilikisa umkhenkce okumazwe asentla ize inyuse umlinganiselo wolwandle, ikhukulisa imimandla eselunxweni.a

Ngoko, alimangalisi elokuba abantu ehlabathini lonke bebandakanyeka kule ntlekele. Ngaba bayanceda? Ngaba kukho isicombululo esifunyenweyo? Liliphi ithemba elikhoyo kule meko ixhomis’ amehlo?

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 26]

Ukuchuma Okuvela Kumahlathi Ashinyeneyo

Ngaba kanye ngoku kukho isiqwenga sehlathi elishinyeneyo elikweleenjiko kufuphi nawe? Khawucinge ngokutya okuthile okwakufunyanwa mandulo kumahlathi ashinyeneyo ehlabathini lonke: irayisi, ingqolowa, iibhatata, imanioc (icassava, okanye itapioca), umwoba, iibhanana, iiorenji, ikofu, iitumato, itshokolethi, amapayina, iavocado, iivanilla, iimbambusi, iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zeenqoba, izinongo neti. Ngokupheleleyo isiqingatha sokutya okusehlabathini kwafunyanwa kwizityalo ezazivela kumahlathi ashinyeneyo! Yaye ezi ziindidi nje ezimbalwa zokutya.

Khawucinge ngamayeza: Iialkaloids ezivela kwimidiliya zisetyenziswa njengamayeza okuthambisa izihlunu ngaphambi kotyando; izinto eziluncedo ekwenziwa ngazo ihydrocortisone zokuphelisa ukudumba, iquinine yokunyanga isifo seengcongconi, idigitalis yokunyanga isifo sentliziyo, idiosgenin ekwiipilisi zokuqingqa inzala, neipecac yokugabha onke la mayeza avela kwizityalo zamahlathi ashinyeneyo. Kukho nethemba lokuba ezinye izityalo zingakwazi ukunyanga isifo esinguGawulayo nesifo somhlaza, kuquka nesifo sokuhanjiswa sisisu, umkhuhlane, ukubulala ubuhlungu benyoka, nokunyanga ukudumba kwenwebu yeliso nezinye iinkathazo zamehlo. Alukaziwa olunye unyango olusenokuba lufihlakele. Zingaphantsi kwesinye ekhulwini iindidi zamahlathi ashinyeneyo eziye zahlolwa zizazinzulu. Esinye isazi ngezityalo sakhalaza sisithi: “Sitshabalalisa izinto esingazaziyo enoba zikho kusini na.”

Kanti imveliso engakumbi ivela kumahlathi aphelayo: incindi yezityalo yokwenza ipeyinti, intlaka, umthwebeba, iiasidi, ialkoholi, izinongo, izinto zokwenza incasa eswiti, iidayi, imicu enjengaleyo isetyenziswa kwiibhatyi ezinxitywa ziindadi, intlaka esetyenziselwa ukwenza itshungama, uqalo nohlobo oluthile lwesundu​—⁠nto ezo ngokunokwazo zinokusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso emikhulu, emhlabeni wonke.

[Umzobo/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 24]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

Indima Yehlathi

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 25]

Imiphumo Yokutshatyalaliswa Kwamahlathi