Ngaba Kubuyelwa Kwimilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Okuhle?
IZINDLU zikhal’ ibhungane. Imiqondiso ithi ziyaqeshisa. Ezo zindlu ziseHamburg, eJamani, zazikhe zazezona zazulu zibalaseleyo zoonongogo ehlabathini. Zivalelwe ntoni?
Kungenxa yesizathu esifanayo sokutyeshelwa kweendawo ezahlukahlukeneyo nezazithandwa apho amafanasini ayebutha khona eSan Francisco. Ukutyhubela lonke elaseUnited States, izindlu zeembutho neesauna ezenzelwe amafanasini ziye zavalwa enye emva kwenye.
Yintoni eyayingunobangela oyintloko wezi nguqulelo? Kukwanda kukaGawulayo, intsholongwane ebulalayo eye yaba ngoyena bhubhani ubalaseleyo kule nkulungwane yama-20.
UGawulayo sele esube imiphefumlo yamashumi amawaka abantu. Yaye ukuba uqikelelo lwakutshanje lungqineka luchanile, usenokusuba imiphefumlo yezigidi ezongezelelekileyo kungekudala.
Ngaba Kubuyelwa Kwimilinganiselo Yangaphambili?
Ngeminyaka yee-1960 neyee-1970, ukuguquka kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngokwesini kwabakho kumazwe amaninzi elaseNtshona. Inkululeko yokuzikhethela umntu omthandayo yamkelwa ngokubanzi. Inani labantwana abazalwa ngaphandle komtshato landa. Abo baye baba neentlobano zesini baqalise beselula ngokuphawulekayo. Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha engokwesithethe yabhangiswa kubomi babantu abazizigidi, yaye inani labo belisanda ngokukhawuleza.
Lithetha ngomoya owawesamele ngelo xesha, iphephancwadi laseKhanada iL’Actualité lavakalisa oku: “Ukuba neentlobano zesini kuye kwangumdlalo owamkelekileyo.” Kwangaxeshanye, ngokwanda kwemibutho elwela “amalungelo” amafanasini, ubufanasini buye bayimbambano ephambili, yaye nemithetho ngaphambili eyayizalela iintlobano zobufanasini iye yaguqulwa.
Kwathi ke ehlabathini kwavela uGawulayo. Njengoko baye banda abantu ababulawa ngulo bhubhani wale mihla yaye kungekho nyango lufumanekayo, isimo sengqondo sabantu ngakwisini siye saguquka ngamandla. Kunjengokuba iL’Actualité yacacisa: “Ngenxa kaGawulayo, imidlalo yokuthandana iye yaba nobungozi obungamandla.” Intatheli yaseMerika uEllen Goodman yagqabaza ngenguqulelo kwisimo sengqondo esiye sabangelwa koku isithi: “Njengoko—ingekuko ukuba—uGawulayo esanda ebantwini, ‘uhayi’ uya kuba yimpendulo eqhelekileyo kwisini.”
Kuguquke Uqheliselo—Kungekhona Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha
Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba sibona abantu bevuka emaqandeni baze ngenxa yoko babuyele kwimilinganiselo efanelekileyo yokuziphatha? Njengokuba amaziko eendaba maxa wambi aye atsho, ngaba oku “kukuvuselelwa kwezithethe” okanye ‘kukulandela ngokungqongqo imithetho yonqulo’?
Lumbi uqheliselo luye lwaguquka nje kuba kuyimfuneko, kodwa indlela ekucingwa ngayo ayithanga ngokuyimfuneko yaguquka. Ngokomzekelo, amafanasini aye azinxwema ekubeni neentlobano zesini namaqabane amaninzi aza aba neentlobano kuphela “neqabane elinye” akunakuthiwa aye abuyela ekuziphatheni okuhle. Ngaphezu koko, kuthekani ukuba bekunokufunyanwa indlela yokugonyela lo bhubhani? Kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba abaninzi bebeya kubuyela kwindlela yabo yangaphambili yaye ezo zazulu ngokukhethekileyo zilungiselelwe loo njongo beziya kuphinda zivulwe.
Kwibutho labantu abaqhelisela isini esifanelekileyo, kukwanokuphawulwa iinguqulelo ezithile zokuziphatha, kodwa abayiguqulanga indlela abacinga ngayo. UFelice, umfundi kwiYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya eLos Angeles, eUnited States, uyazisola kuba engazange abe namava enkululeko engokwesini eyakhe yesamela kumagumbi abo okuhlala. Wathi: “Oku kuyacaphukisa. . . . Akwaba ndandikhululekile ukuba ndizenzele izigqibo.” Yaye intatheli yaseMerika yachaza ukuba imigaqo yangaphambili yokuziphatha ayisayi kuphinda ibonakale, isithi: “Nangona ukuguquka kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngokwesini kusenokuthotha, ababaninzi abantu abaya kubuyela kwisimo sengqondo sokutshata ngaphambi kokuba neentlobano zesini esasikho kwiminyaka yee-1940 neyee-1950.”
Ngokomzekelo, eKhanada, iphephancwadi iMaclean’s laye lanikela le ngxelo ilandelayo ngokuphathelele uhlolisiso olwaluxhaswa ngurhulumente kubafundi bakwanokholeji: “Ulutsha olukhulileyo lufundiswe kakuhle gqitha ngezifo ezidluliselwa ngeentlobano zesini, kuquka uGawulayo, igcushuwa nokubhobhoza kwangaphantsi. Kodwa kubonakala ukuba ulwazi olunjalo luye lwasilela ukulwenza ukuba lulumke ngokungakumbi. Inkoliso yabafundi ekuye kwadliwan’ indlebe nayo ithi ibisele ineentlobano zesini, kodwa iyavuma ukuba iye ayanikela ingqalelo kwicebiso lokuzikhusela ebudeni beentlobano zesini lokuyinceda ekukhuseleni izifo: ukusebenzisa icondom.”
Le ngxelo yakwathi: “Amagosa amaninzi ezempilo athi iwaxhalabisile into yokuba, phezu kwako nje ukubhengezwa kwendlela ekhuselekileyo yokuba neentlobano zesini, esi sigidimi asithethi nto kubantu abaqhelisela iintlobano zesini kuluntu.” UGqr. Noni MacDonald, ingcaphephe kwizifo ezasulelayo yaseOttawa, wathi: “Inkoliso yamaphulo ezemfundo namaziko eendaba akhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweecondom iye yasilela ngokulusizi.”
IMaclean’s yongezelela ngokuthi: “Kuhlolisiso oluye lwenziwa kumagumbi okuhlala aseyunivesithi angama-54 kwafunyaniswa ukuba abafundi abathathu kwabane baye baneentlobano zesini. Amadoda amalunga nesiqingatha athi ayenamaqabane amahlanu okanye ngaphezulu, ayikota kuwo athi ayenali-10 okanye ngaphezulu. Phakathi kwamabhinqa ekwadliwan’ indlebe nawo kwanokholeji, angama-30 ekhulwini athi aye aneentlobano zesini ubuncinane namaqabane amahlanu; ali-12 ekhulwini athi aye enjenjalo ubuncinane namadoda ali-10. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kweecondom kwakungathandwa kangako. . . . Abo babengabona basesichengeni ngabona basenokuba abazange bazisebenzise iicondom.”
Ngaba Kuye Kwafundwa Isifundo Sokuziphatha Okuhle?
Abaninzi abafuni ukufunda isifundo sokuziphatha okuhle ngokusuka koko kwenzekayo. Bambi oogqirha bayalela ukuba kwenziwe inguqulelo kwimikhwa yokuziphatha, bencomela ukuba neqabane elinye kuphela nokusebenzisa iicondom ukuphepha uGawulayo. Kodwa bayala ukukugatya ukuziphatha okuvakalala. UAlan Dershowitz, unjingalwazi wezomthetho eHarvard, ungumxhasi wolu tyekelo xa ecebisa ukuba abaphandi abafanele bathandabuze indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesini ebangela uGawulayo. Wathi: “Izazinzulu zifanele zenze ngokungathi esi sifo sasidluliselwa ngendlela nje yokuziphatha ephakathi.”
Noko ke, iphephancwadi leendaba laseFransi iLe spectacle du monde livakalelwa kukuba oku akwanele. Lathi: “Akukho nkqubo iphathelele ukuliwa kukaGawulayo iya kuphumelela ngaphandle kokuba iphelekwa kukubuyela okukhawulezileyo kwehlabathi lonke nangokuzithandela kwimilinganiselo ephakamileyo yokuziphatha. (Akufanele kulityalwe ukuba uvula zibhuqe ongokwesini, inkqubo yoonongogo, nokukhotyokiswa ziziyobisi kuziindlela eziphambili zokuziphatha kwabantu ebekek’ ityala ngokwanda kwesi sifo.) Ukubuyela kwimigaqo efanelekileyo yokuziphatha kunokubakho kuphela ukuba kunokuvela indlela entsha yokuziphatha. . . . Imilinganiselo efanelekileyo yokuziphatha asiyomveliso yengcamango yakhe nabani na ongomnye. Ekubeni kukho isisongelo sikaGawulayo, imelwe ichazwe njengento engxamisekileyo neyimfuneko ebomini leyo uluntu luxhomekeke kuyo ukuze luphile.”
Ngaba imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ifanele ijongwe ‘njengento eyimfuneko ebomini’? Ngaba kufanele kwamkelwe inkqubo yokuziphatha okuhle kuphela ngokuvumelana neemeko? Ngaba yonke imithetho yokuziphatha inembaluleka efanayo? Makhe sibone ukuba imbali inokusifundisa ntoni na.
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 5]
“ABABANINZI ABANTU ABAYA KUBUYELA KWISIMO SENGQONDO SOKUTSHATA NGAPHAMBI KOKUBA NEENTLOBANO ZESINI SEMINYAKA YEE-1940 NEYEE-1950”