Indlela Umabonwakude Aliguqule Ngayo Ihlabathi
KWIHLOBO elidluleyo, umabonwakude waguqulela ihlabathi ekubeni libala lezemidlalo lomhlaba wonke. ERome, eItali, kwakuthe bhe ezitratweni. Abantu baseItali abanokuba ngama-25 ezigidi babebukele imidlalo yebhola ekhatywayo yeNdebe Yehlabathi. EBuenos Aires, eArgentina, ngokukwanjalo kwakuthe nkcwe ezitratweni, ibe oku kwakungenxa yesizathu esikwasinye. ECameroon, eNtshona Afrika, ukukhanya okufanayo okuluhlaza bungwevurha kwakulenyelenyeza ngokungaqhelekanga ezifestileni njengoko izigidi zazonwabile zimanyene. KwiLebhanon edlakazwe yimfazwe, amajoni ayebeke oomabonwakude phezu kweenqwelo zawo zokulwa ezingxangileyo ukuze abukele. Ngethuba laxa loo mnyhadala womdlalo wawufikelela incopho yawo, kuthelekelelwa ukuba umntu omnye kubemi abahlanu emhlabeni wonke wayebukele, etsalelekile kule bhokisi njengamabhabhathane etsaleleke ekukhanyeni, ubuso babo bukhazimliswa kukukhanya kwayo okungathi kuluhlaza.
Esi siganeko sikhulu sikamabonwakude sasingento ingaqhelekanga. Ngowe-1985 phantse umntu omnye kubemi abathathu emhlabeni wonke—abantu abamalunga ne-1 600 000 000—wayebukele ikonsathi yomculo werock, eyayibizwa ngokuba yiLive Aid. Iisatellite ezininzi zabangela ukuba loo nkqubo ibukelwe kumazwe anokuba li-150, ukusuka eIceland ukuya eGhana.
Umabonwakude—le bhokisi ikho kuyo yonke indawo iye yenziwa yaphucuka ngokuphucuka ngobuchule. Ulwazi ngobugcisa luye lwakhula lususela kwimifanekiso eshukumayo emincinane, elozizayo yeminyaka yee-1920 neyee-1930 ukusa kwimifanekiso eshukumayo ecacileyo yanamhlanje, ngoxa isandisa ishishini lehlabathi ngokukhawuleza. Ngowe-1950 kwakukho oomabonwakude ababenokuba zizigidi ezihlanu ehlabathini. Namhlanje, kukho abamalunga nama-750 000 000.
Iziganeko ezinjengemidlalo yebhola ekhatywayo yeNdebe Yehlabathi zibonisa nje amandla umabonwakude anawo ekumanyaniseni umhlaba wonke kuthungelwano lwenkcazelo enye. Umabonwakude uye waguqula indlela abantu abafunda ngayo ngehlabathi elibangqongileyo. Uye wanceda ekusasazeni iindaba neengcamango, indlela abantu abaphila ngayo kwanemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kumazwe ngamazwe, yaye ngaphandle komgudu onzima ugqobhozela ngaphaya kwemida yezobupolitika neyelizwe nto ezo ezazingumqobo ngaphambili. Umabonwakude uye waliguqula ihlabathi. Bambi bathi unokukuguqula nawe.
UJohannes Gutenberg ugqalwa ngokubanzi njengowaguqula indlela yabantu yokuqhagamshelana xa iBhayibhile yokuqala yavelayo kumatshini wakhe wokushicilela ngowe-1455. Ngoku isigidimi esinye ngokukhawuleza sasinokufikelela abantu abaninzi ngokugqithiseleyo ngomlinganiselo nje wethuba elifutshane ngeendleko ezincitshiswe kakhulu. Ngokukhawuleza oorhulumente bawabona amandla okusasaza ngokushicilela baza bazama ukuwulawula ngemithetho yamaphepha-mvume. Kodwa iindaba ezazisasazwa ngamaphepha ashicilelweyo zafikelela abantu abaninzi gqitha. Kwiminyaka yokuqala yee-1800, umbhali-mbali uAlexis de Tocqueville waphawula ukuba amaphephandaba ayenamandla angaqhelekanga okutyala ingcamango enye kwiingqondo zabantu abali-10 000 ngosuku olunye.
Ngoku khawucinge ngomabonwakude. Unokutyala ingcamango enye kwiingqondo zabantu abangamakhulu ezigidi—kukonke oku kusenzeka ngaxeshanye! Ibe ngokungafaniyo nephepha elishicilelweyo, akuyomfuneko ukuba abo bambukelayo babe ngabanemfundo kubuchule obuthile obunzima bokufunda, engenzi ukuba bazenzele imifanekiso-ngqondweni eyeyabo neengcamango ezizezabo. Udlulisela izigidimi zakhe ezinemifanekiso nesandi nazo zonke izihendo ezo zinto ezinokuzivelisa.
Akuzange kube kudala ngaphambi kokuba abezobupolitika babone amandla angummangaliso kamabonwakude. EUnited States, uDwight D. Eisenhower wasebenzisa umabonwakude ngobuqili ngoxa wayezigqatsa njengomongameli ngowe-1952. Ngokutsho kwencwadi ethi Tube of Plenty—The Evolution of American Television, uEisenhower wanyulwa kuba wazingqina elilungu lonyulo “elikhangeleka kakuhle” kwimithombo yeendaba. Le ncwadi ibonisa ukuba umabonwakude usenokuba waba nendima enkulu kwanangakumbi ekoyiseni kukaJohn F. Kennedy uRichard M. Nixon kunyulo lowe-1960. Xa abo babezigqatsile elunyulweni baba nengxubusho kumabonwakude, uKennedy wafumana amanqaku angaphezulu avela kubabukeli kunokuba kwaba njalo ngoNixon. Ukanti, kwabo babeyiphulaphule le ngxubusho kunomathotholo bavakalelwa kukuba babelingana. Kwakutheni ukuze kubekho umahluko? UNixon wakhangeleka ethe rhubaxa kwaye empatsha-mpatsha ngoxa uKennedy wayenehlombe nenkangeleko entle, ebonakalisa ukuzithemba nokuba namandla ngokugqithiseleyo. Emva kolu nyulo, okaKennedy wathi ngomabonwakude: “Besingayi kukwazi ukuthandaza ngaphandle kwesa sixhobo.”
‘Eso sixhobo’ saqhubeka sisenza ukuba avakale ehlabathini lonke amandla aso. Abanye baqalisa ukusibiza njengegunya lesithathu elinamandla agqithiseleyo. Ulwazi ngobugcisa besatellite benza ukuba abasasazi bakwazi ukusasaza izinto ezithile ezibalulekileyo ukuwela imida yamazwe kwanokuwela iilwandlekazi. Iinkokeli zehlabathi ziye zasebenzisa umabonwakude njengendlela yokuvakalisa iingcamango zazo kuwonke wonke ukuze zizuze inkxaso yamazwe ngamazwe zize zigxeke iintshaba zazo. Bambi oorhulumente baye bamsebenzisela ukudlulisela iimbono ezenzakalisayo kumazwe alutshaba. Ibe kanye njengokuba oorhulumente bazama ukukulawula okwaveliswa ngokaGutenberg bakuba beqonde amandla okwakunawo, oorhulumente abaninzi banemiqathango engqongqo kumabonwakude. Ngowe-1986 phantse isiqingatha sazo zonke iintlanga sasisasaza iinkqubo ezilawulwa ngurhulumente kuphela.
Noko ke, ulwazi ngobugcisa, luye lwenza ukuba kuye kusiba nzima ngakumbi nangakumbi ukulawula umabonwakude. Iisatellite zanamhlanje zidlulisela inkcazelo nokufikelela kwanakumakhaya ngokwentelekiso anocingo lokubamba amaza omoya elingenamandla angako okutsala usasazo. Iikhamera ezincinane zevideo eziphathekayo neekhasethi zevideo, ndawonye nabafoti abasaqalayo abaninzi, ziye zavelisa udederhu olungapheliyo lweengxelo ezibonakalayo phantse zazo naziphi na iziganeko zeendaba.
Enye intlangano yeendaba yaseUnited States, ebizwa ngokuba yiTurner Broadcasting’s CNN (Cable News Network), ihlanganisa iingxelo zeendaba ezivela kumazwe amalunga nama-80 ize izidlulisele kwihlabathi lonke. Ukusasaza kwayo kwihlabathi lonke, emini nasebusuku kunokuguqulela nasiphi na isiganeko ekubeni yimbambano yezizwe ngezizwe phantse ngokukhawuleze gqitha.
Ngokwandayo, umabonwakude uye waguquka ekubeni ngunondaba weziganeko zehlabathi usiba ngumxonxi weziganeko zehlabathi. Umabonwakude waba nendima eyintloko kungcelele lweemvukelo ezathi zagqugqisa eMpuma Yurophu ngowe-1989. Izihlwele zabantu ePrague, eCzechoslovakia, zazicula ezitratweni, zifuna “usasazo ngqo” kumabonwakude. Ibe ngoxa ngaphambili babephalaza igazi ukuze bathimbe izakhiwo ezithile zikarhulumente, iinqaba, okanye isikhululo sabakwantsasana, into yokuqala eyenziwa ngabavukeli bowe-1989 yaba kukwenza umgudu wokufumana indlela yokungena kwizikhululo zikamabonwakude. Enyanisweni, urhulumente omtsha waseRomania waqalisa ukulawula ilizwe kwisikhululo sikamabonwakude! Ngoko, ukubizwa kukamabonwakude njengegunya lehlabathi lesithathu elongamileyo kusenokungathandabuzeki konke konke.
Kodwa umabonwakude uye wenza okungakumbi kunokuba nempembelelo kummandla wezobupolitika. Ngoku ukwaguqula indlela abantu abaphila ngayo nempucuko nemilinganiselo yehlabathi. Ngokufuthi iUnited States ityholwa ‘ngokwandisa indlela abantu bayo abaphila ngayo kwamanye amazwe,’ oko kukuthi, ityholwa ngokunyakathisa indlela yayo yokuphila ehlabathini ngokuyisasaza ngomabonwakude. Ekubeni iUnited States yayililizwe lokuqala ukuvelisa intaphane yeenkqubo zosasazo zorhwebo ezinengeniso eninzi, ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1940 neyee-1950, abalawuli-zinkqubo baseMerika bakwazi ukuzithengisa ezi nkqubo kwamanye amazwe ngesiqingatha soko kwakuza kuba ziindleko zabo ngokuvelisa eyabo imiboniso.
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980, iKenya yayithenga kumazwe angaphandle phantse ama-60 ekhulwini eenkqubo zayo zikamabonwakude; iOstreliya ama-46 ekhulwini; iEcuador, ama-70 ekhulwini; ibe iSpeyin, ama-35 ekhulwini. Inkoliso yezi zinto zithengwa kumazwe angaphandle zazivela eUnited States. Omnye umfanekiso oshukumayo waseMerika, othi Little House on the Prairie, wawuboniswa kumazwe ali-110. Umfanekiso oshukumayo othi Dallas waboniswa kumazwe angama-96. Bambi babekhalaza ngokuba izinto abazithandayo ezizezasekuhlaleni zazisiya ziphela kumabonwakude wehlabathi lonke, nokuba ukuthengwa kwemveliso nomoya wokuthanda izinto eziphathekayo waseMerika wawunwenwa.
Amazwe amaninzi ayabhavuma ngenxa ‘yale nkqubo yokwandiswa kwendlela yokuphila yamanye amazwe.’ ENigeria, abasasazi baye bakhalaza ngelokuba ukungeniswa kwemifanekiso eshukumayo yasemzini kuyayiphelisa indlela yokuphila yohlanga; bakhathazwa lelokuba ababukeli bakamabonwakude baseNigeria babonakala benolwazi olungakumbi ngeUnited States neBritani kunokuba kunjalo ngeNigeria. Abantu baseYurophu bavakalelwa ngokufanayo. Kuhlolisiso lwakutshanje lwabameli abathile olwenziwe eUnited States, umsasazi osisinhanha uRobert Maxwell evutha ngumsindo wathi: “Alukho uhlanga olufanele lunyamezele ukubona indlela yalo yokuphila inyathelelwa phantsi yeyasemzini.” Ngenxa yoko, zimbi izizwe ziye zaqalisa ukubeka imiqathango ngokuphathelele inani leenkqubo ezingezizo zaloo mazwe ezisenokusasazwa sisikhululo sikamabonwakude.
‘Inkqubo yokwandiswa kwendlela yokuphila yamanye amazwe’ isenokonakalisa izinto ezingaphezu kweendlela abantu abaphila ngazo. Isekwanokonakalisa umhlaba. Ibutho laseNtshona elifuna zonke izinto ngoku kwezemveliso nakwizinto eziphathekayo liye lanendima ekungcolisweni komoya, ekutyhefweni kwamanzi, ekudlakazweni nje okuqhelekileyo komhlaba. Kunjengokuba umbhali weThe Independent, iphephandaba laseLondon, ekuchaza oku ngale ndlela: “Umabonwakude uye wezisa ehlabathini ithemba eliqaqambileyo lenkululeko engokwezinto eziphathekayo—ubutyebi baseNtshona—nto leyo eyinkohliso, kuba inokuphunyezwa kuphela ngokonakaliswa kommandla wendalo ngendlela engenakulungiswa.”
Ngokucacileyo, namhlanje umabonwakude uyaliguqula ihlabathi, ibe awusoloko uliguqulela kokulunge ngakumbi. Kodwa ukwanemiphumo ekhethekileyo ebantwini. Ngaba usenokuba lixhoba?
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 18]
Amaphephandaba anokudlulisela ingcamango ethile kwiingqondo zabantu abanga-mawaka alishumi ngosuku olunye
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Umabonwakude unokudlulisela ingcamango ethile kwiingqondo zabantu abangamakhulu ezigidi ngaxeshanye