ESarajevo—Ukususela Ngowe-1914 Ukusa Kowe-1994

NGUMBHALELI KAVUKANI! ESWEDEN

Sekudlule iminyaka engama-80 ukususela kwixesha ekwadutyulwa ngalo izithonga ezazikukuqaleka kwelishwa ngoJuni 28, 1914, eSarajevo. Ezo zithonga zabulala iTshawe Elikhulu uFrancis Ferdinand nomfazi wakhe, iTshawekazi Elikhulu uSophie, kwaza kwalandela ubutshaba phakathi kweOstriya neHungary neSerbia kwabangela ukuqalisa kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Kubafana abazizigidi ezingama-65 ababethunyelwe emfazweni, abamalunga nezigidi ezisi-9 abazange babuye. Xa kuqukwa neengxwelerha zabantu ababe- ngekho mkhosini, isimbuku sabantu abazizigidi ezingama-21 sabulawa. Bambi basathetha ngokuqhambuka kwaloo mfazwe ngoAgasti 1914 njengexesha laxa “ihlabathi laliphambene.”

KWAKHONA kuye kwavakala izithonga eSarajevo. Azivakalanga eSarajevo kuphela kodwa bezivakala nakwiiriphabliki ezintandathu ezazisakuba ngamazwe amanyeneyo aseYugoslavia.a Incwadi ethi Jugoslavien—Ett land i upplösning (IYugoslavia—Ilizwe Elinguntlaba-zahlukane) ithi: “Yimfazwe yamakhaya apho ummelwane alwa nommelwane. Inqala ekudala likho nokukrokrelana kuye kwakhulela ekubeni yintiyo. Le ntiyo iye yakhokelela ekulweni yaye ukulwa kwakhokela ekubulalaneni nasekutshabalaliseni ngakumbi. Ibonakala isiya iba mandundu okanye, ikukwanda kwentiyo, ukukrokrelana nokubulalana.”

Xa kwaqhambuka iimfazwe eYugoslavia ngoJuni 1991, kwakungamangalisi ukuba abantu abaninzi babekhumbula izithonga ezazisitsho eSarajevo ngoJuni 1914. Ngaba le mfazwe intsha yayiya kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezitshabalalisa ngokufanayo? Ngaba uxolo eYurophu lwaluya kusongelwa? Ngaba inkqubo “yokucocwa kohlanga” (ukubulawa kwangabom nokugxothwa kweqela lohlanga oluthile, lobupolitika okanye lempucuko) iza kunwenwela kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi? Izizwe ngezizwe zikhe zazama ukuphelisa le mfazwe. Kodwa ngokwenene siyintoni isizekabani sezi nkathazo zikwindawo ebisakuba yiYugoslavia? Ngaba iziganeko zakutshanje eSarajevo zinento yokwenza noko kubulawa kwangowe-1914?

IYugoslavia NeMfazwe Yehlabathi I

Ezi mfazwe kudala ziqhubeka. Ekuqaleni kwale nkulungwane, uSingasiqithi iBalkan kwakusithiwa “ngummandla onezidubedube eYurophu.” IJugoslavien—Ett land i upplösning ithi: “Sithetha ngombandela wokuqhekeka komanyano apho uxinezeleko belukhula kangangexesha elide gqitha. Enyanisweni, ezi mfazwe zazisele zikho xa uBukumkani baseSerbia, eCroatia naseSlovenia [igama elalisakuba leleYugoslavia] bamiselwa ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I.” Imvelaphi engokwembali iya kusinceda sibone indlela iimfazwe eziqhubeka ngoku ezinxulumene ngayo neMfazwe Yehlabathi I.

Ngokutsho kwembali ngexesha lokubulawa kukaFrancis Ferdinand ngowe-1914, amazwe aseMzantsi Slavic aseSlovenia, eCroatia naseBosnia naseHerzegovina ayengamaphondo oBukhosi baseOstriya naseHungary. Kwelinye icala, iSerbia yayibubukumkani obuzimeleyo yaye ibinjalo ukususela ngowe-1878, ixhaswa ngamandla yiRashiya. Noko ke, abemi abaninzi baseSerbia babehlala kumaphondo alawulwa yiOstriya neHungary, yaye ngoko ke iSerbia yafuna ukuba iOstriya neHungary zinikezele yonke imimandla eyayinabemi kuSingasiqithi iBalkan. Nangona kwakukho iimfazwe phakathi kweCroatia neSerbia, zazimanyaniswe ngumnqweno omnye: ukuzahlukanisa nabasemagunyeni abanezothe bamazwe angaphandle. Amanashinali ayecinga ngokumanyanisa onke amazwe aseMzantsi Slavic aze awenze ubukumkani obunye. Abemi baseSerbia babengabona batyhala ngezifuba ekubumbeni la mazwana azimeleyo.

Ngelo xesha umlawuli owayelawula, uFrancis Joseph, wayeneminyaka engama-84 ubudala. Kungekudala iTshawe Elikhulu uFrancis Ferdinand wayeza kuba ngumlawuli omtsha. Amanashinali aseSerbia abona uFrancis Ferdinand njengomqobo ekufumaneni ubukumkani baseMzantsi Slavic.

Abanye abafundi abaselula eSerbia babethe phithi thwanga yingcamango yelizwana elikhululekileyo laseMzantsi Slavic yaye babekulungele ukufela oko. Ulutsha oluninzi lwanyulwa ukuba lubulale iTshawe Elikhulu. Lwanikwa izixhobo lwaza lwaqeqeshwa liqela elisemfihlekweni lamanashinali aseSerbia abizwa ngokuthi yiBlack Hand. Ababini kolu lutsha bazama ukubulala, yaye omnye kubo waphumelela. Igama lakhe yayinguGavrilo Princip. Wayeneminyaka eli-19 ubudala.

Oku kubulala kwanceda ekuphumezeni injongo eyayicetyiwe yezi zaphuli-mthetho. Xa imfazwe yokuqala yehlabathi yaphelayo, ulawulo lwaseOstriya naseHungary lwaluphelisiwe, yaye iSerbia yayinokukhokela ekumanyaniseni abemi baseSlavic ukuze babumbe ubukumkani. Ngowe-1918 obo bukumkani baziwa ngokuba buBukumkani babemi baseSerbia, baseCroatia nabaseSlovenia. Elo gama latshintshwa laba yiYugoslavia ngowe-1929. Noko ke, xa amaqela awahlukahlukeneyo ayengasafuni kumanyana ngenxa yokuthiya kwawo iOstriya neHungary, kwabonakala ukuba kwakukho ukungavisisani kula maqela. Phantse kukho amaqela abemi awahlukahlukeneyo angama-20, iilwimi ezine zaseburhulumenteni nezinye ezinganeno eziliqela, oonobumba ababini abahlukeneyo (abesiRoma nabakaCyril), neenkonzo eziphambili ezintathu—ubuKatolika, ubuSilamsi nobuOthodoki baseSerbia. Unqulo luqhubeka lungoyena thunywashe uyintloko wahlulayo. Ngamanye amazwi, babekho oothunywashe abaninzi ekudala bekho abahlulayo kweli Lizwana litsha.

IYugoslavia neMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iJamani yahlasela iYugoslavia, yaye, ngokutsho kwencwadi ethi The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican, “abantu abangaphezu kwama-200-000, inkoliso ingamaOthodoki aseSerbia, babulawa ngendlela echuliweyo” ngamaKatolika aseCroatia awayesebenzisana namaNazi. Noko ke, uJosip Tito waseCroatia, ekunye nabaxhasi bakhe abangamaKomanisi yaye esebenzisana nabemi baseBritani nabaseMerika, wakwazi ukurhoxisa iJamani. Xa yaphelayo imfazwe, waduma njengenkokeli ezicaceleyo yelo lizwe waza waqhubeka elilawula ngobuzwilakhe. Wayeyindoda eyayisenza unothanda. KwanoStalin akazange akwazi ukunyanzelela iYugoslavia kumanyano lwamazwe obuKomanisi.

Abaninzi abahlala kwindawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia baye bathi: ‘Ukuba bekungengenxa kaTito, olo manyano ngekukudala lwaqhekekayo. Nguye kuphela owayezimisele nowayenalo igunya elifunekayo ukuze alumanyanise.’ Oku kuye kwangqineka kuyinyaniso. Kwakusemva kokufa kukaTito ngowe-1980 xa iimfazwe zaqala phantsi, zisiba maxongo de kwaqhambuka imfazwe yamakhaya ngowe-1991.

Iimbumbulu Ezaguqula Ihlabathi

Kwincwadi yakhe ethi Thunder at Twilight—Vienna 1913/1914, umbhali uFrederic Morton wabhala ngokubulawa kukaFrancis Ferdinand wenjenje: “Imbumbulu eyadlakaza intamo yakhe yaba sisithonga sokuqala kweyona mbubhiso imanyumnyezi uluntu olwakha lwayibona ukuza kuthi ga ngoko. Kwaqalisa iinguqulelo ezakhokelela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. . . . Imisonto emininzi yako konke okuqhubekayo okusingqongileyo yaqala ukusontwa ngaseDanube ngonyaka onesiqingatha owawusandulela ukudutyulwa kweTshawe Elikhulu entloko.”—Akekeliswe sithi.

Iziganeko zakutshanje kwindawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia asikuphela ‘kwemisonto yoko kuqhubekayo okusingqongileyo’ enokulandwa ukususela kowe-1914. Umbhali-mbali uEdmond Taylor uvakalisa enye into ababhali-mbali abaninzi abavumelana ngayo: “Ukuqhambuka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I kwatshayelela inkulungwane yamashumi amabini ‘Yamaxesha Eenkathazo’ . . . Ngokungqalileyo okanye ngokungangqalanga konke oku kuzanyazanyiswa kwesiqingatha senkulungwane esidluleyo kubuyela emva kowe-1914.”

Kuye kwenziwa imigudu ukuze kucaciswe isizathu esibangela izithonga zaseSarajevo zibe neziphumo eziyintlekele ngolo hlobo. Izithonga ezibini “zenkwenkwe esahamba isikolo” zingalilumeka njani ihlabathi zize zivulel’ umtyhi ithuba logonyamelo, lengxushungxushu nelokunxunguphala eliye laqhubeka ukuza kuthi ga kumhla wethu?

Imizamo Yokucacisa Owe-1914

Kwincwadi yakhe ethi Thunder at Twilight—Vienna 1913/1914, umbhali uzama ukucacisa oko kwenzekayo ngokwalatha koko akubiza ngokuthi “amandla amatsha” aphembelela iintlanga ngowe-1914. Uthi, la “mandla,” ngokwenene ayengoothunywashe abaliqela bonke ababethungelana. Loo mbinana yavakalisa iminqweno emihle ayizange ivakale ngenxa yesimbonono senani elalisanda labo babefuna imfazwe. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemikhosi yelinye ilizwe kwenza onke amanye akhawulezisa ukuhlanganisa imikhosi. Igunya lodidi olwalulawula lwadluliselwa kwiinjengele. Kwakhona abantu abaninzi babona ithuba lemfazwe njengethuba ekwakukudala belizungula lokuba “ngamadela-kufa ngenxa yelizwe labo” yaye ngaloo ndlela bephuncuka kubomi obulusizi bemihla ngemihla. Kamva, eli gosa labhala oku: “Njengabantu abalangazelela isiphango ukuze sibanike isiqabu kubushushu behlobo obukhuph’ iintlanzi emanzini, nesizukulwana sowe-1914 sasikholelwa kwelokuba imfazwe yayinokuzisa isiqabu.” Umbhali waseJamani uHermann Hesse wachaza ukuba kwakuya kuba yingenelo kubantu abaninzi ukuphazanyiswa “kuxolo olungekho ngqiqweni lobukhapitali.” Umbhali waseJamani uThomas Mann owaphumelela ibhaso likaNobel wathetha ngemfazwe ‘njengentlambululo, inkululeko nethemba elikhulu.’ KwanoWinston Churchill, evuyiswa yingcamango yemfazwe, wabhala oku: “Amalungiselelo emfazwe andichulumancisa ngendlela endothusayo. Ndithandaza kuThixo ukuba andixolele ngeemvakalelo ezoyikekayo zoyolo endinazo.”

Kwakungenxa yala “mandla matsha” ezathi iziganeko ezibangel’ umdla zenzeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu njengokuba amajoni ayesiya emfazweni. Amasebe aluhlaza ayehlonywe eminqwazini yawo, iiroses ezenziwe izithsaba zazixhonywe kwiinkanunu, kudlalwa umculo weokhestra, abafazi bejiwuzisa itshefu ezifestileni zabo nabantwana abavuyayo bebaleka ecaleni kwamajoni. Kwakungathi abantu babebhiyozela yaye bevuyela ukufika kwemfazwe. Imfazwe yehlabathi yeza ibonakala ngathi ngumnyhadala.

La ngamagqabantshintshi oko okaMorton, ekucatshulwe amazwi akhe ngaphambilana, wakubiza ngokuba “ngamandla amatsha” afanele asincede siqonde unobangela wemfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala. Kodwa la “mandla” ayevela phi? Umbhali-mbali uBarbara Tuchman wabhala ukuba ibutho lezorhwebo laye lanika uluntu amandla amatsha neengcinezelo ezintsha. Enyanisweni, “ibutho . . . laye . . . lizaliswe luxinezeleko olutsha namandla ebefunjiwe.” UStefan Zweig, inkcuba-buchopho eselula yaseVienna ngelo xesha, wabhala: “Andinakukucacisa ngenye indlela ngaphandle kwale yamandla afunjiweyo, isiphumo esiyintlekele soko bekufunjwe ngaphakathi kangangeminyaka engamashumi amane yoxolo yaye ngoku eye yafuna ukuphuma ngendlela enogonyamelo.” Ibinzana elithi “andinakukucacisa ngenye indlela” libonisa ukuba yena ngokwakhe ukufumanisa kunzima ukucacisa. Kwingabula zigcawu yencwadi yakhe ethi Thunder at Twilight, okaMorton ubhala oku: “Kwakutheni ukuze oko kwenzeke kanye ngelo xesha yaye kuloo ndawo? Yaye kwenzeka njani? . . . Ngaba akho amanakanibe?”

Ewe, abaninzi abazama ukucacisa owe-1914 bavakalelwa kukuba ezona zizathu ziyintloko ngokwenene kunzima ukuziqonda. Kwakutheni ukuze loo mfazwe ingapheleli kuloo mazwe ayebandakanyeke ngokungqalileyo? Kwakutheni ukuze ikhulele ekubeni yimfazwe yehlabathi? Kwakutheni ukuze ithabathe ixesha elide ize itshabalalise kangako? Ngokwenene ayeyintoni la mandla angaqhelekanga ayelawula uluntu ngokwindla lowe-1914? Inqaku lethu elilandelayo, kwiphepha 10, liza kuxubusha iimpendulo zeBhayibhile kule mibuzo.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 6]

“Njengabantu abalangazelela isiphango ukuze sibanike isiqabu kubushushu behlobo obukhuph’ iintlanzi emanzini, nesizukulwana sowe-1914 sasikholelwa kwe- lokuba imfazwe yayinokuzisa isiqabu.”—Ernest U. Cormons, unozakuzaku waseOstriya

[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 8, 9]

1914

IBhayibhile yaziprofeta iziganeko eziyintlekele eziye zaqhubeka ukususela ngowe-1914

“Kwaphuma elinye ihashe, libomvu; lowo ke wayehleli phezu kwalo wanikwa igunya lokulususa uxolo emhlabeni, nokuze basikane, wanikwa ikrele elikhulu. Xa yalivulayo elesithathu itywina, ndeva eyesithathu into ephilileyo isithi, Yiza ubone. Ndabona, nalo ihashe elimnyama; lowo ke wayehleli phezu kwalo ubenesikali sokulinganisa esandleni sakhe. Ndeva izwi esazulwini sezinto eziphilileyo zone, lisithi, Ibhekile yengqolowa iya kudla idenariyo, neebhekile ezintathu zerhasi zidle idenariyo, ioli newayini uze ungayoni. Xa yalivulayo elesine itywina, ndeva izwi lento ephilileyo yesine lisithi, Yiza ubone. Ndabona, nalo ihashe eliluthuthu; lowo ke wayehleli phezu kwalo enguKufa igama lakhe, nelabafileyo lilandelelana naye. Banikwa igunya lokubulala kwisahlulo sesine somhlaba ngekrele, nangendlala, nangokufa, nangawo amarhamncwa omhlaba.” ISityhilelo 6:4-8 (Bona kwanoLuka 21:10-24; 2 Timoti 3:1-5.)

“IMfazwe Enkulu yowe-1914-18 imi njengomda owahlula elo xesha kweli lethu. Ngokutshayela ubomi babantu abaninzi kangako engebabesebenzile kuloo minyaka eyalandelayo, ngokuphelisa iinkolelo, ngokuguqula iingcamango nangokushiya amanxeba anganyangekiyo okuphelelwa lithemba, iye yadala umsantsa wokoqobo nongokwasengqondweni phakathi kwamaxesha amabini.”—Ingabula-zigcawu kwiThe Proud Tower, nguBarbara W. Tuchman.

“Iminyaka emine eyalandelayo emva [kowe-1914], njengoko uGraham Wallas wabhalayo, ‘yayiyiminyaka emine yeyona migudu enamandla nenenkalipho uhlanga loluntu olwakha lwayenza.’ Xa loo mgudu wawusele wenziwe, amaphupha nehlombe elalikho ukuya kuthi ga ngowe-1914 ngokuthe ngcembe lathatyathelw’ indawo ludandatheko olukhulu. Kwimigudu yalo, inzuzo enkulu uluntu olwayifumanayo kukufumanisa kabuhlungu ukuba luyasilela.”—Umqukumbelo wencwadi ekwanye.

[Inkcazelo]

The Bettmann Archive

The Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London

National Archives of Canada, P.A. 40136

[Imaphu ekwiphepha 7]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

IYurophu Njengokuba Yayinjalo—Agasti 1914

1. IGreat Britain neIreland 2. IFransi 3. ISpeyin 4. Ubukhosi BaseJamani 5. ISwitzerland 6. I-Itali 7. IRashiya 8. IOstriya neHungary 9. IRomania 10. IBulgaria 11. ISerbia 12. IMontenegro 13. IAlbania 14. IGrisi

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 5]

UGavrilo Princip

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 6]

AmaJamani efumana iintyatyambo kwindlela yawo eya emfazweni

[Inkcazelo]

The Bettmann Archive

[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 3]

Culver Pictures