Iphulo Lokufuna Izicombululo
UMBHALI oliNgesi uJohn Lyly wabhala wathi: “Xa sixubusha ngelifu elimnyama, sizibetha ngoyaba ezona nqontsonqa.” Ukuze siphephe loo mgibe, eneneni sifanele sikhumbule ukuba ilifu elimnyama elikula mahlathi ashinyeneyo namhlanje libonisa iingxaki ezinzulu yaye ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kuya kuqhubeka de kuthiwe qhwii izinto eziziinqontsonqa ezibangela oko. Ziziphi ezo zinto? Uhlolisiso olwaluququzelelwa ziZizwe Ezimanyeneyo luthi: “Ezona zinto zonakalisa ngamandla ukulondolozwa kweAmazon, yindlala nokungabi naluvelwano kwabantu.”
Ukungabikho Kwenkqubela Engako Kwezolimo
Abanye abaphengululi bema ngelithi, ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi ngandlel’ ithile kungumphumo woko kubizwa ngokuba yinkqubela kwezolimo eyaqalisa kangangeenkulungwane ezadlulayo kumazantsi nakumbindi weBrazil. Ngaphambi koko, amawaka eentsapho ezazihlala kwiifama ezincinane zalapho ayeziphilisa ngokulima irayisi, iimbotyi neetapile nangokukhulisa impahla ecaleni. Emva koko, iinkqubo ezinkulu neziphuculiweyo zokulinywa kweentlumayo nokusetyenziswa kombane ovela emanzini zathabatha umhlaba wazo zaza zathabathel’ indawo iinkomo nezityalo zasekuhlaleni ngezinto zezolimo ezigcinelwe ukondla amazwe ahambele phambili kwezorhwebo. Phakathi kowe-1966 nowe-1979 kuphela, amasimi abekelwe bucala ukutya okwakuza kuthengiselwa amanye amazwe enyuka nge-182 ekhulwini. Ngokomphumo, abalimi bemveli abali-11 kwabali-12 baphulukana nomhlaba nempilo yabo. Kubo, inkqubela kwezolimo iguquke yaba mfiliba.
Bamele baye phi aba balimi bangenamhlaba? Bengakwazi ukujamelana nokwabiwa ngokungekho sikweni komhlaba kummandla wabo, abezobupolitika bababonisa isicombululo ngokwenza ummandla waseAmazon “umhlaba ongenabantu ogcinelwe abantu abangenamhlaba.” Kwisithuba senkulungwane emva kokuvulwa kohola wendlela wokuqala waseAmazon, abalimi abangamahlwempu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini abasuka emazantsi eBrazil nakumntla-mpuma weBrazil othwaxwa yimbalela nendlala baye bahlala kumawaka amatyotyombe ecaleni kwalo hola wendlela. Xa kwakhiwa iindlela ezininzi, ababezakuba ngabalimi baya eAmazon, belungele ukuguqulela amahlathi ekubeni ngamasimi. Njengoko bekhangela emva kwiinkqubo zamathanga, abaphengululi bathi “xa bekhangela amasuka-ndihlala enkqubo yamathanga ebikho kangangeminyaka engama-50 bafumanise ukuba akukho nto iyincedileyo.” Ubuhlwempu nokungekho sikweni kuye “kwangeniswa eAmazon,” yaye “kuye kwabangelwa neengxaki ezintsha kummandla waseAmazon.”
Amanyathelo Amathathu Okuya Phambili
Ukunceda ukuze kuthiwe qhwii izinto ezibangela ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kuze kuphuculwe iimeko umntu aphila phakathi kwazo kumahlathi ashinyeneyo aseAmazon, iCommission on Development and Environment for Amazonia yapapasha uxwebhu oluncomela ukuba phakathi kwezinye izinto, oorhulumente besidibi saseAmazon bathabathe amanyathelo amathathu abalulekileyo. (1) Bacombulule iingxaki zasentlalweni nezoqoqosho kwimimandla ethwaxwa bubuhlwempu ngaphandle kwamahlathi ashinyeneyo aseAmazon. (2) Basebenzise amahlathi asaseleyo baze basebenzise kwakhona imimandla enamahlathi asele etshatyalalisiwe. (3) Baqwalasele ukungabikho kokusesikweni ngokunzulu kwibutho labantu—izinto ngokwenene ezibangela intlungu kuluntu nokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi. Makhe siqwalasele la manyathelo mathathu.
Ukutyala Imali
Ukucombulula iingxaki zasentlalweni nezoqoqosho. Le komishoni yathi: “Enye yezona ndlela zichuliweyo zokunciphisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kukutyala imali kweminye yemimandla ehlwempuzekileyo kumazwe aseAmazon, lawo anyanzela abemi ukuba bafudukele eAmazon ukuya kufuna ikamva elilunge ngakumbi.” Noko ke, abaphathi bale komishoni balek’ umsundulo besithi “kunqabile ukuba le ndlela iqwalaselwe xa kuqulunqwa inkqubela yoluntu nemimandla okanye ngaloo mazwe sele ehambele phambili kwezorhwebo amisela ngokungqongqo ukuncitshiswa komlinganiselo wokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi eAmazon.” Kanti, abanye ababhali bathi, ukuba amagosa karhulumente noorhulumente bamanye amazwe abandakanyekayo anokusebenzisa ubuchule bawo axhase nangezimali ukuze kuconjululwe iingxaki ezifana nokwabiwa komhlaba ngokungalinganiyo okanye ukuhlwempuzeka kweedolophu kwimimandla ejikeleze iAmazon, aya kunciphisa ukungena kwabalimi abaze eAmazon aze asindise la mahlathi.
Noko ke, banokuncedwa ngayiphi indlela abalimi abasaqalayo abasele behlala eAmazon? Ukuphila kwabo mihla le kuxhomekeke ekulimeni izityalo kumhlaba ongalungelanga kulinywa.
Ukulondoloza Amahlathi Ngenxa Yemithi
Ukubeth’ ubuyelela ekusebenziseni ihlathi. IThe Disappearing Forests, eyimpapasho yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ithi: “Amahlathi akweleenjiko onakaliswa gqitha kodwa asetyenziswa kancinane. Axhomekeke koku kuchasana.” Iingcaphephe zithi, kunokonakalisa la mahlathi ngokuwageca, umntu ufanele awasebenzise la mahlathi ngokuthabatha, okanye ukuvuna imveliso yawo njengeziqhamo, iinqoba, i-oli, irabha, iziqholo, izityalo ezisetyenziselwa amayeza nezinye izinto zemvelo. Kuthiwa, izinto ezinjalo zimela “umlinganiselo oqikelelwa kuma-90 ekhulwini wokuxabiseka kwehlathi ngokwezoqoqosho.”
UDoug Daly, weNew York Botanical Garden, uchaza isizathu sokuba kusengqiqweni ukukholelwa kwelokuba kufanele kuyekwe ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kuvunwe kuwo: “Kuyamvuyisa urhulumente—kuba akusafani nokuthengiswa kwemithi emikhulu yaseAmazon. . . . Kunokubangela abantu baqhubeke bephila ibe besebenza, ibe kulondoloza amahlathi. Kunzima gqitha ukufumana into onokuyihlab’ amadlala kuko.”—Wildlife Conservation.
Ukulondoloza amahlathi ngenxa yemithi eneneni kuphucula iimeko abaphila kuzo abemi bala mahlathi. Ngokomzekelo, abaphengululi baseBelém, kumantla eBrazil, kubalo lwabo bafumanise ukuba ukuguqula ihektare ibe lidlelo kuzisa nje ingeniso ye-R120 ngonyaka. Ngoko ukuze ifumane nje umvuzo waseBrazil wenyanga omncinane, indoda bekuya kufuneka ibe nedlelo eliziihektare ezingama-48 nomhlambi weenkomo ezili-16. Noko ke, iVeja inikela ingxelo yokuba, umntu oza kuba nefama enkulu unokufumana imali eninzi ngokuvuna izinto zemvelo zala mahlathi. Isazi ngebhayoloji uCharles Clement sithi, inani lezinto ezilindele ukuvunwa liyamangalisa. UGqr. Clement wongezelela ngelithi: “Kukho intarhantarha yemifuno, amakhulu eziqhamo, iintlaka, neoli ezinokugcinwa zize zivunwe. Kodwa ingxaki isekubeni umntu umele afunde ukuba amahlathi angumthombo wobutyebi endaweni yokuba abe sisithintelo sokuzuza ubutyebi.”
Ukunika Elinye Ithuba Umhlaba Owonakalisiweyo
Umphengululi waseBrazil uJoão Ferraz uthi, inkqubela engokwezoqoqosho nokulondolozwa kwemekobume zinokuba ngumtya nethunga. “Khawukhangele nje umlinganiselo wamahlathi osele utshatyalalisiwe. Akuyomfuneko ukuba sigawule amahlathi angekachukunyiswa. Kunoko, sinokuzama ukufumana size siphinde sisebenzise ezo ndawo sele zitshatyalalisiwe zaza zonakaliswa.” Yaye kummandla waseAmazon, mkhulu umhlaba osele wonakalisiwe ekunokuzanywa indlela yokuba ulungiswe kwakhona.
Ukususela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960, urhulumente wanikela inkxaso-mali eninzi ukuze akhuthaze abo batyala izityhwentywe zemali ukuba baguqule amahlathi abe ngamadlelo. Bakwenza oko, kodwa njengokuba uGqr. Ferraz esitsho, “la madlelo aphinda onakaliswa emva kweminyaka emithandathu. Kamva, xa wonk’ ubani waqondayo ukuba le yimpazamo enkulu, abanini bemihlaba emikhulu bathi: ‘Kulungile, siyifumene ngokwaneleyo imali kurhulumente,’ ibe bahamba.” Waba yintoni umphumo? “Izikwere zemayile ezingama-80 000 [izikwekhilomitha ezingama-200 000] zamadlelo angasetyenziswayo ziyonakala.”
Noko ke, namhlanje abaphengululi abanjengoFerraz bafumana iindlela ezintsha abanokuwusebenzisa ngazo lo mhlaba wonakeleyo. Ngayiphi indlela? Kwiminyaka ethile edluleyo balima izithole ezingama-320 000 zemithi yeenqoba zaseAmazon kwifama yeenkomo engasetyenziswayo. Namhlanje, ezo zithole ziyimithi ethwala iziqhamo. Ekubeni le mithi ikhawuleza ukukhula ibe kufumaneka amaplanga aluncedo kuyo, ngoku izithole zemithi yeenqoba zaseAmazon zityalwa kumhlaba onamahlathi atshatyalalisiweyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesidibi saseAmazon. Ukuvuna, ukufundisa abalimi ukutyala izityalo ezingapheliyo, ukufumana iindlela zokufumana imithi yamaplanga ngaphandle kokonakalisa amahlathi, nokuvuselela umhlaba owonakeleyo, ngokwendlela ezibona ngayo iingcaphephe, ezo zindlela ezibhadlileyo ezinokunceda ekugcineni amahlathi ekho.—Bona ibhokisi ethi “Ukusebenzela Ukuwalondoloza.”
Abasemagunyeni bathi, kodwa ukulondoloza amahlathi kufuna okungakumbi kunokuguqula umhlaba owonakeleyo. Kufuna ukuba kuguqulwe indlela abayiyo abantu.
Indlela Yokolula Into Egoso
Ukulungisa okungekho sikweni. Ukungabikho kokusesikweni kuluntu okuphazamisana namalungelo abanye ngokufuthi kubangelwa kukubawa. Ibe, njengoko kwabonwa sisithandi sobulumko samandulo uSeneca, “ukubawela yonke indalo akunakwaneliswa”—kuquka namahlathi amakhulu ashinyeneyo aseAmazon.
Ngokwahlukileyo kubalimi abatsala nzima nabazizixhwitha-ntamo baseAmazon, abarhwebi nabanini bamadwadwane emihlaba batshabalalisa amahlathi ukuze benze ingeniso. Abasemagunyeni balikhupha litsole elokuba ngokufanayo amazwe aseNtshona abekek’ ityala ngokufak’ igxalaba ekugawulweni kwemithi yaseAmazon. Iqela labaphengululi baseJamani laqukumbela ngelithi: “Amazwe atyebileyo nahambele phambili kwezorhwebo abangele umonakalo omkhulu osele ukho wokonakaliswa kwemekobume.” ICommission on Development and Environment for Amazonia ithi, ukulondolozwa kweAmazon akufuni enye into ngaphandle “kwendlela entsha yokwenza izinto ehlabathini lonke, indlela eza kuvelisa inkqubela ephucukileyo, esekelwe ekubeni yimbumba yamanyama kwabantu nokuba sesikweni.”
Noko ke, umsi osoloko uqhuma eAmazon ukhumbuza ubani ukuba phezu kwayo nje imigudu yamadoda namabhinqa anelunda ngemekobume, ukusebenzisa iingcamango ezibhadlileyo kubonakala kunzima njengokubamba umsi. Kutheni?
Iingcambu zemikhwa emibi enjengokubawa zendele kwibutho labantu, zinzulu ngakumbi kunokuba iingcambu zemithi yeAmazon zendele kumhlaba wamahlathi. Nangona sifanele ngokobuqu senze konke okusemandleni ethu ekulondolozeni amahlathi, akukho sengqiqweni ukulindela ukuba abantu baya kuphumelela ekuncothuleni neengcambu izinto ezendele nzulu nezibangela ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi enoba bazimisele kangakanani na. Oko kwathethwa nguKumkani uSolomon wamandulo, owayeyondele ngobulumko indlela abayiyo abantu, nokwabhalwa kwiminyaka engamawaka amathathu eyadlulayo kusachan’ ucwethe. Ngemigudu nje yabantu, “into egoso ayinakolulwa.” (INtshumayeli 1:15) Oku kuyafana nesaci sesiPhuthukezi esithi, “O pau que nasce torto, morre torto” (Umthi ovele ugoso, ufa ugoso). Noko ke, amahlathi ashinyeneyo asehlabathini lonke anekamva. Kutheni?
Kuza Ukhanyiselo
Kwiminyaka elikhulu eyadlulayo, umbhali waseBrazil uEuclides da Cunha wachukunyiswa gqitha kukubona izinto ezininzi zasendle eziphila eAmazon kangangokuba wawachaza la mahlathi “njengephepha lelo xesha nelingekapapashwa leGenesis.” Ibe nangona umntu ebebil’ esoma erhoqoza kwaye esonakalisa elo “phepha,” eyona Amazon isaseleyo, ngokwengxelo yeAmazonia Without Myths, “ngumqondiso womhlaba osisikhumbuzo ngokwendlela owawuyiyo ngexesha Lokudalwa.” Kodwa kangangethuba elingakanani?
Khawucinge ngoku: Amahlathi ashinyeneyo aseAmazon namanye amahlathi ashinyeneyo asehlabathini anikela ubungqina, njengoko uDa Cunha ekubeka, “bobukrelekrele obukhethekileyo.” Ukususela ezingcanjini ukuya emasebeni, imithi yeli hlathi ibonisa ukuba ingumsebenzi wezandla zomyili omkhulu. Ukuba oko kunjalo, ngaba lo Myili Mkhulu uya kuvumela umntu obawayo ukuba atshayele la mahlathi ashinyeneyo aze onakalise umhlaba? Isiprofeto seBhayibhile siwuphendula lo mbuzo ngohayi ocacileyo! Sifundeka ngolu hlobo: ‘Iintlanga zaqumba, nengqumbo yakho [Thixo] yeza, nexesha elimisiweyo . . . lokonakalisa abo bawonakalisayo umhlaba.’—ISityhilelo 11:18.
Noko ke, phawula ukuba esi siprofeto sisixelela ukuba uMdali akayi kuyincothula neengcambu nje kuphela le ngxaki ngokususa abantu ababawayo kodwa uya kukwenza oku ngeli xesha siphila kulo. Kutheni sinokutsho nje? Eneneni, esi siprofeto sithi uThixo ukwenza oko ngexesha laxa umntu ‘esonakalisa’ umhlaba. Xa loo mazwi abhalwayo phantse kwiminyaka engamawaka amabini eyadlulayo, abantu babeselibathwana yaye babengekakwazi ukwenjenjalo. Kodwa iimeko zitshintshile. Incwadi ethi Protecting the Tropical Forests—A High-Priority International Task ithi: “Okwesihlandlo sokuqala embalini, uluntu namhlanje lutshabalalisa izinto eziluncedayo ingekuko nje kwiindawo okanye kumacandelo athile, kodwa ehlabathini lonke.”
‘Ixesha elimisiweyo’ xa uMdali eya kohlwaya ‘abo bonakalisa umhlaba’ lisemnyango. Amahlathi ashinyeneyo aseAmazon neminye imimandla esengozini emhlabeni inekamva. UMdali uya kuqinisekisa ukuba kuyenzeka—ibe oko, akuyontsomi, kodwa kuyinto yokwenene.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 20]
Ukusebenzela Ukuwalondoloza
Ummandla ophantse ube zizikwemitha ezingama-400 000 zamahlathi achumileyo namakhulu kwisixeko saseManaus, eAmazon uphahle iiofisi ezahlukeneyo zeBrazil’s National Institute for Research in the Amazon, okanye i-INPA. Eli ziko lineminyaka engama-42 likho, nelinamasebe awahlukeneyo ali-13, anento yonke enokuthanani nendalo namahlathi kunye nempilo yoluntu, lingowona mbutho wophando mkhulu kulo mmandla. Kwakhona ligcina ezona zityalo zikhulu ehlabathini zaseAmazon, iintlanzi, izirhubuluzi, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, izilwanyana ezanyisayo, iintaka nezinambuzane. Umsebenzi wabaphengululi abangama-280 ufak’ igxalaba ekuncedeni umntu aqonde bhetele unxulumano oluntsonkothileyo noluphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo eAmazon. Abo batyelele kweli ziko bemka benethemba. Phezu kwayo nje imiqathango emiselwe ngurhulumente neyezobupolitika, izazinzulu zaseBrazil nezamanye amazwe ziye zabhinq’ omfutshane ekuzameni ukulondoloza awona mahlathi ashinyeneyo alibhongo neqhayiya lehlabathi—awaseAmazon.
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 17]
Indlela yemithi eyenziwe kweli hlathi
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 18]
Izinto ezifumaneka kula mahlathi: ziziqhamo, ziinqoba, yioli, irabha nezinye ezingakumbi
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso]
J. van Leeuwen, INPA-CPCA, Manaus, Brazil