Ngaba Izilwanyana Zasendle Ziya Kuphelela Kwimizi Yogcino-zilwanyana?
KUTSHANJE eyona mizi yogcino-zilwanyana inenkqubela ehlabathini ibisenza iinguqu ngendlela engabonakaliyo. Ngendlela ebonakalayo, kuye kwahlaziywa indlela emi ngayo ukuze ihambisane nendlela ephucuke gqitha yokuzivalela ngendlela “umhlaba olungiswe ngayo”—ukwakha ngokupheleleyo imekobume ebeziphila kuyo endle, enezityalo, amatye, imidiliya, inkungu, izandi kwanezinye izilwanyana neentaka ezikulungelayo ukuhlala kuloo meko. Nangona kubiza imali eninzi—malunga nee-$1200 ezigidi (ii-R5600 ezigidi) zichithelwa ekuphuculeni imizi yogcino-zilwanyana neendawo ezihlala izilwanyana nezityalo zaselwandle nyaka ngamnye eUnited States kuphela—kuye kwabonwa ukuba kufuneka kwenziwe utshintsho kwimizi yogcino-zilwanyana ngenxa yomsebenzi wayo omtsha nofanele uphunyezwe.
Oko Kuza Kwenziwa Kwinkulungwane Elandelayo
Njengoko esi sijikelezi-langa sikhathazwa kukuphela kwezidalwa, imizi yogcino-zilwanyana enkqenkqeza phambili iye yazimisela ekuzameni indlela ephucukileyo yokulondoloza izilwanyana, imfundo nophando lwenzululwazi kwinkulungwane yama-21. Itshutshumbiswa lolu sukelo yaye iqhutywa kukungxamiseka kwalo, eminye imizi yogcino-zilwanyana iye yalicima kwaphela igama elithi umzi wogcino-zilwanyana, endaweni yalo isebenzisa amagama anjengelithi “indawo yokukhusela izilwanyana zasendle” okanye elithi “ipaki yokulondoloza izilwanyana.”
Impapasho ethi The World Zoo Conservation Strategy isivula iingqondo ngale ndlela intsha. Njengoko omnye umbhali eyichaza “njengeyona ncwadi ibalulekileyo eyakha yaveliswa ziziphatha-mandla zemizi yogcino-zilwanyana,” le mpapasho iStrategy, ngokungathi kunjalo ichaza indlela emi ngayo imizi yogcino-zilwanyana; “ichaza iimbopheleleko namathuba enawo imizi yogcino-zilwanyana yehlabathi neendawo zokugcina izilwanyana nezityalo zaselwandle okulondoloza izilwanyana zasendle ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisehlabathini lonke.” Iphelisa nawaphi na amathandabuzo malunga nokusebenza kwale migaqo mitsha, iStrategy yalek’ umsundulo ngelithi: “Eneneni, ukubakho kwemizi yogcino-zilwanyana okanye iindawo zokugcina izilwanyana nezityalo zaselwandle kuxhomekeke kwigalelo enalo ekulondolozeni izilwanyana.”
Ukufundiswa kukawonke wonke nophando lwenzululwazi, ingakumbi ngendlela yokukhulisa izilwanyana ezivalelweyo, kubaluleke gqitha ekuphumezeni eli phulo litsha. Phakathi kolutsha lwanamhlanje kukho abagcini bezilwanyana bangomso, abaya kuba nembopheleleko yokulondoloza elo qaqobana lisasindileyo kwinani elandayo lezidalwa ezingasekhoyo ehlathini. Ngaba le mbopheleleko ithiwe zinzi phezu kwabo baya kukwazi ukuyiphumeza ngobulumko nangokuzinikela? Ibe ngaba uluntu ngokubanzi luya kuyijonga ngendlela enenkcubeko ngakumbi indalo? Ngenxa yoko, iStrategy ikhuthaza umzi wogcino-zilwanyana ngamnye ukuba ufundise abantu, uzigqale njengenxalenye “yenkqubo yokubonisa abantu ehlabathini lonke indlela yokuphatha izilwanyana.”
Imizi Yogcino-zilwanyana Ibopha Amaqhina Onxibelelwano Ehlabathini Lonke
Ngenxa yokuba mkhulu komsebenzi wayo, imizi yogcino-zilwanyana emininzi iyamanyana ukuze iseke inkqubo yehlabathi lonke, ngoku ebunjwa yimizi yogcino-zilwanyana emalunga ne-1000. Amaqumrhu asehlabathini lonke, njengeThe World Zoo Organization neInternational Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, ayibopha ngebande elinye le mizi yogcino-zilwanyana aze anikele ulwalathiso nokhokelo.
Ichaza isizathu esibangela le ntsebenziswano, incwadi ethi Zoo—The Modern Ark ithi: “Ukuba bekunokukhe kuthiwe xha ngalo mkhwa mbi wokudibanisa imbewu yezilwanyana ezingafaniyo, umzi wogcino-zilwanyana ubungayi kuvuyiswa nje kukugcina imbinana yezilwanyana, ngokomzekelo, izingwe zaseSiberia. Kunoko, zonke izingwe zaseSiberia eziselugcinweni kwimizi yogcino-zilwanyana yelizwekazi elithile—okanye nesehlabathini lonke—zimele ziyekwe ziyiloo nto ziyiyo.” Ewe, kufuneka amakhulu ohlobo lwesilwanyana ngasinye ukuze kuncitshiswe okanye kupheliswe ukudityaniswa kwembewu yezilwanyana ezingafaniyo—nto leyo ezibangela ukuba zingazali yaye ziphele—ibe ngokucacileyo oko akunakwenziwa ngumzi omnye wogcino-zilwanyana. IStrategy ithi: “Oku kuhlanganiswa kakuhle kwazo zonke iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa kuluncedo ekunikeni izinto eziphila kummandla woMhlaba . . . ithuba elihle lokuba zihlale zikho. Abaninzi bakholelwa kwelokuba ukuba siyasilela ukulondoloza ezinye izidalwa siya kusilela ukusindisa iziqu zethu.” Kambe ke, ukuba nembono emfiliba ngolo hlobo kukungasigqali isithembiso seBhayibhile separadesi ebuyiselweyo emhlabeni.—ISityhilelo 11:18; 21:1-4.
Iindlela Zokunceda Imizi Yogcino-zilwanyana
Kwakhona le ntsinda-badala yokuphela kwezilwanyana iye yabangela ukuba kuveliswe ubugcisa obuhambele phambili, izinto eziluncedo ekukhuliseni izilwanyana eziselugcinweni nezinokufumaneka ehlabathini lonke: iincwadi ezichaza umnombo wezilwanyana, i-International Zoo Yearbook (IZY) ne-International Species Information System (ISIS) ekwinkqubo yekhompyutha.
Ncwadi nganye yomnombo wezilwanyana ekumzi wogcino-zilwanyana idwelisa iinkcukacha ezimayela nezilwanyana zohlobo oluthile ezihlala kumzi wogcino-zilwanyana, enoba zikuwuphi na ummandla wehlabathi. Njengengxelo yehlabathi, ingundoqo ekulondolozeni umnombo ofanelekileyo wesilwanyana ngasinye nasekunciphiseni loo ‘mkhwa mbi’ wokudityaniswa kwembewu yezilwanyana ezingafaniyo. UMzi Wogcino-zilwanyana waseBerlin wasebenzisa incwadi yokuqala yomzi wogcino-zilwanyana ngowe-1923 eneminombo yezilwanyana xa waqalisa ukukhulisa iwisent okanye inyathi yaseYurophu, eyayisele iza kuphela ngenxa yeMfazwe yeHlabathi I.
Ukuze kube lula ukusasaza inkcazelo yenzululwazi enjengeencwadi ezineminombo yenzululwazi, i-IZY nenkcazelo emayela namanani, i-ISIS yasetyenziswa eUnited States ngowe-1974. Unxibelelwano lwayo olwandayo lwe-elektroniki novimba wayo omkhulu, noqhubeka ukhula unceda imizi yogcino-zilwanyana isebenze kunye ekwenzeni umzi omnye wogcino-zilwanyana ube yinto yokwenene.
Izixhobo zebhayoloji ezisetyenziswe yimizi yogcino-zilwanyana ziquka ukuphanda umnombo ngeDNA, ukufakwa kwentshontsho, ukudityaniswa kwembewu ngaphandle kwesilwanyana, necryogenics (ukufakwa kwedlozi namaqanda kwisikhenkcisi). Ukuphanda umnombo ngeDNA kunceda imizi yogcino-zilwanyana iqonde abona bazali besilwanyana ngendlela echane ngokuthe ngqo, neluncedo ngakumbi ekulawuleni ukudibanisa imbewu yezilwanyana ezingafaniyo njengezilwanyana ezihamba ziyimihlambi, njengoko kuzo kunzima ukulawula indlela ezizala ngayo. Ukukhutshwa kweqanda lisiwe kwesinye isilwanyana nokudityaniswa kwembewu ngaphandle kwesilwanyana, okwangoku, ziyihambisela phambili inkqubo yokuzala. Enye indlela abakwenza ngayo oku kukongeza “abazali” bezilwanyana ezisengozini. Amaqanda azo afakwa kwizilwanyana ezihlobene ngokusondeleyo nazo—kwanakwizilwanyana zasekhaya—eziye zibe ngoosinga-nina. Obu buchule buye babangela ukuba inkomo yobisi izale igaur (inkomo yasendle) nekati yasekhaya izale ikati esengozini kakhulu ehlala kwintlango eseIndiya. Kwakhona obu buchule bunciphisa iindleko, iingozi nokwenzakala okunokubakho xa kuthunyelwa izilwanyana eziza kudityaniswa. Kuthuthwa nje kuphela amaqanda okanye amadlozi aphuma emkhenkceni.
Icinga ukuba ezinye izilwanyana zisenokuphela nya, imizi yogcino-zilwanyana eliqela iye yaqalisa inzululwazi yecryogenics—ukufaka amaqanda namadlozi emkhenkceni ukuze agcinwe ithuba elide. Lo mzi wogcino-zilwanyana ungumkhenkce usinika ithemba lokuba inzala yesilwanyana esithile isenokuveliswa nasemva kweshumi leminyaka mhlawumbi nasemva kweenkulungwane, siphelile eso silwanyana! Nangona kungaqinisekwanga ngale nkqubo, iye yabizwa ngokuba “lilinge lokugqibela lokhuseleko.”
Uhlolisiso Olwenziwa Entlango Lunceda Imizi Yogcino-zilwanyana Ivelise Amantshontsho Angakumbi
Uhlolisiso lwenzululwazi ngezilwanyana, oluquka indlela eziphila ngayo kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo, lubalulekile ekukhuliseni izilwanyana eziselugcinweni ibe lulo olubangela ukuba “kuvalelwe izilwanyana ngendlela umhlaba olungiswe ngayo.” Ukuze izilwanyana zihlale zisempilweni zize zande, imizi yogcino-zilwanyana ifanele yenze izinto ezivisisana nethuku lazo ize izigcine “zonwabile.”
Ngokomzekelo, amahlosi aziinkunzi nazimazi ayahlala angabonani endle ibe anxibelelana kuphela ngevumba lawo lomchamo nelindle. Ngokujoja nje inkunzi iyazi ukuba imazi sele ilungele ukukhwelwa, ibe ihlala nayo kangangosuku nje okanye ezimbini. Xa imizi yogcino-zilwanyana yathi yayifumanisa le ndlela ziphila ngayo, yatshintsha iindawo ezivalelwa kuzo ukuze igcine iinkunzi zingabonani neemazi de kube leli thutyana lokukhwelana, ibe oko kuye kwasebenza; kuba kuzalwe amantshontsho.
Ngoxa oku kungabonani kulenza eli hlosi lilifune ngakumbi eliyimazi, akunjalo ngentaka ekuthiwa likholwase (flamingo). Iyikhwela enye kuphela xa iphakathi kwemihlambi emikhulu kakhulu ukuba inganyanyekelwa yeminye imizi yogcino-zilwanyana. Ngoko umzi wogcino zilwanyana eNgilani wasebenzisa—isipili esikhulu ukuze kubonakale ngathi imihlambi iye “yaphindaphindeka.” Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, ezi ntaka zaqalisa ukwenza lo mkhwa wazo wokuthandana! Ngaba le mizekelo ayikuniki ufifi ngendlela izilwanyana zasendle eziphila ubomi obuntsonkothe ngayo? Ngokuqinisekileyo imizi yogcino-zilwanyana ijamelene nocelomngeni olukhethekileyo.
Ngaba Usukelo Lokukhusela Izilwanyana Lunokufikeleleka?
Ukubonisa indlela esebenza ngayo le nkqubo intsha, ezinye izilwanyana eziye zakhuliswa zigciniwe sele ziphinde zasiwa kwiindawo ebezihlala kuzo ngaphambili. Phakathi kwezi lixhalanga elikhulu laseKhalifoniya, inyathi yaseYurophu, inyathi yaseMerika, ibhokhwe yaseArabia, isilwanyana ekuthiwa yilion tamarin, nehashe lasendle ekuthiwa yiPrzhevalski. Noko ke, izinto ezithabatha ithuba elide zide zibonakale zimfiliba.
IStrategy ithi: “Ibutho labantu lintsonkothe gqitha, ibe iingxaki zehlabathi zininzi gqitha, kangangokuba phezu kwako nje ukwanda kwenkxalabo ngokuphathelele indalo nemekobume, bekusoloko kunzima ukuphelisa uninzi lweendlela eziyingozi.” Ngokomphumo, “abo balondoloza indalo bamele bakulungele ukufumana indlela yokunyamezela ixesha lobunzima elisezayo,” yalek’ umsundulo ngelitshoyo. Ngokuzenzekelayo, oku kufuna intsebenziswano yabantu enoba bakuwuphi umgangatho kwibutho labantu. Ngokutsho komnye umbhali ngezenzululwazi, intsebenziswano ekhoyo ngoku “ingaphantsi ngokulusizi koko kufunekayo.” Ukuba izinto ezibangela ukuphela kwezilwanyana ziyancipha nje kunokuba ziphele, kwaneyona migudu mihle yenziwayo isenokungasebenzi. Iindawo ezinkulu nezinento yonke—ingezondawana nje ezisecaleni, ezibangela ukudityaniswa kwezilwanyana ezingafaniyo—zimele zenziwe. Kungelo xesha kuphela enokuthi imizi yogcino-zilwanyana iqinisekile ithumele izilwanyana ezilapho ehlathini. Kodwa ngaba elo themba linokufikeleleka okanye yinto nje esiyinqwenelayo?
Eyona nto kusenzima ngakumbi ukuyikholelwa yeyokuba ukumanyana kwemizi yogcino-zilwanyana esehlabathini lonke kuya kuze kuzise isicombululo. UNjingalwazi Edward Wilson uthi: “Inyaniso esingenakuyibaleka yeyokuba imizi yogcino-zilwanyana esehlabathini namhlanje inokunyamekela kuphela iindidi ezingama-2000 zezilwanyana ezanyisayo, iintaka, izirhubuluzi nezilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini”—nani elo elincinane kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko imizi yogcino-zilwanyana ijongene nomsebenzi onzima gqitha wokugqiba enoba ziziphi izilwanyana enokuzilondoloza logama ezinye eziseleyo zisala zikumndilili wezo zisengozini.
Kwiingcaphephe zokulondoloza izilwanyana, oku kuphakamisa umbuzo onzima, Ngenxa yokuba izinto eziphilayo zixhomekeke kwezinye, izinto zebhayoloji ezahlukahlukeneyo ziya kufikelela nini kumgangatho ekuya kuthi ukuncipha kwazo kubangele ezinye ziphele ngomkhamo omkhulu kangangokuba kutshabalale uninzi lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, kuquka noluntu? Izazinzulu zinokwenza nje uqashi-qashi. ULinda Koebner uthi kwiZoo Book: “Ukutshatyalaliswa kodidi olunye, ezimbini okanye ezingamashumi amahlanu zezilwanyana kuya kuba nemiphumo esingenakuyithelekelela. Ukuphela kwezilwanyana kutshintsha izinto ngaphambi kokuba siyiqonde imiphumo yako.” Incwadi ethi Zoo—The Modern Ark ithi, okwangoku “imizi yogcino-zilwanyana isephakathi kwezona ndawo zokukhusela ubomi zibalulekileyo kwimfazwe yokuphela kwezilwanyana, imfazwe ongenakuthelekelelwa umkhamo wayo kodwa esiya kubekwa ityala ngokupheleleyo ngayo zizizukulwana ezilandelayo.”
Ngoko, ngaba sikho isizathu sokuba nethemba? Okanye ngaba izizukulwana ezilandelayo zilungiselelwe ukuba ziphile kwihlabathi ekudinayo ukuhlala kulo ngenxa yokuba kungekho zidalwa, ngoxa nazo zilungiselelwe ukuba zitshabalale?
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 7]
Umntu lolona tshaba lwazo
[Inkcazelo]
Tiger and Elephants: Zoological Parks Board of NSW
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 8]
Ezinye izilwanyana ezisengozini—inyathi, amahlosi nomkhombe omnyama
[Inkcazelo]
Bison and Cheetahs: Zoological Parks Board of NSW
Rhinoceros: National Parks Board of South Africa