Iinqanawa Ezinamandla Zilungele Ukunceda

NGUMBHALI KAVUKANI! EFINLAND

AMANGABANGABA aselwandle andanda kuhle kwisibhakabhaka esicwengileyo. Ilanga ligqats’ ubhobhoyi. Kukho nevumba elimnandi lekofu. Ekugqibeleni ucango lwendawo yokufaka umthwalo luyavalwa, kukhale isiren, emva koko loo nqanawa izele yema ngeembambo iyanduluka. Le nqanawa ilayishe ikofu isingise eFinland, kwilizwe labathandi bekofu. Noko ke, emva kweeveki ezimbalwa, kuloo ngqele iqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo yasebusika, le nqanawa ixinga emkhenkceni kwiBaltic Sea. Kuza kuthiwani xa kunje? Akukho sizathu sakuxhalaba, kuba uncedo lusendleleni. Elundini phayaa kuthi gqi inqanawa enamandla—inqanawa yokuqhekeza umkhenkce.

Ukuqhekeza Umkhenkce

Uninzi lwempahla ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe luhanjiswa ngenqanawa. Ngokuqhelekileyo kudla ngokungabikho ngxaki. Noko ke, inqanawa ingakwazi njani ukuya kufika emazibukweni xa kukho umkhenkce elwandle? Oku kuyingxaki ngokukhethekileyo kwiBaltic Sea esetyenziswa kakhulu, nekuphela kwendlela ezinokuhamba kuyo iinqanawa eziya kwamanye amazwe. Ngokomzekelo, xa kubanda kakhulu ebusika, inkoliso yamazibuko aseFinland izala ngumkhenkce yaye kumazibuko akumntla loo mkhenkce ubakho kangangeenyanga ezintandathu. Abanye abantu bafela apho.

Ngowe-1867, asizange sibe sihle isivuno kumntla nakumbindi Yurophu. Njengoko zonk’ iindlela eziya eFinland zazivalwe ngumkhenkce de kwaba ngoMeyi, kwakungekho ndlela yokusa ukutya apho de kwanyibilika loo mkhenkce. Kwincwadi ethi Through Ice and Snow, umphathi wenqanawa uSeppo Laurell uthi: “Ngelo xesha abantu abamalunga nama-110 000, okanye abangaphezu kwesihlanu ekhulwini kubemi [baseFinland], babulawa yindlala.”

Nakwezinye iindawo iinqanawa ezilayishe impahla ziyaxinga emkhenkceni. Le ngxaki iqhelekile kuMntla Merika, eGreat Lakes, eSt. Lawrence River, nakunxweme lwaseKhanada. Kunzima gqitha ukuhamba eArctic neseAntarctic xa kukho umkhenkce ebusika. Umkhenkce walapho uba ngqingqwa kangangeemitha ezimbini ukusa kwezintathu.

Imigudu Yokuqala Yokuvula Indlela Emkhenkceni

Xa kwakusasetyenziswa iinqanawa ezineseyile, umkhenkce wawungowona mqobo. Iimeko zaphucuka emva kokuba kwenziwe inqanawa yokuqala yentsimbi ehamba ngomphunga. Ukuba loo nqanawa ithwele impahla yomelele ngokwaneleyo, yayinokukwazi ukunqumla kumkhenkce ongekho ngqingqwa. Noko ke, ezo nqanawa zazingakwazi ukuqhekeza wonke umkhenkce ngenxa yobunzulu bawo nakuba ezinye zazo zazenzelwe ukunqumla emkhenkceni.

Le meko yaconjululwa ngokwenziwa kweenqanawa zokuqhekeza umkhenkce. Kuthiwa inqanawa yokuqhekeza umkhenkce yokuqala ehlabathini yayiyiCity Ice Boat I, eyenziwa eUnited States ngowe-1837. Ngowe-1871, eYurophu, eHamburg, eJamani kwenziwa iEisbrecher. Njengoko abenzi beenqanawa babesiya besiba namava baluqonda uhlobo lweenqanawa ezinokukwazi ukuhamba emkhenkceni, yaye ngasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ezi nqanawa zazisele ziqalisile ukwenziwa.a

Iinqanawa Ezinkulu Ezihamba Elwandle

Kuba njani xa inqanawa ixinge emkhenkceni? Omnye umhambi ngenqanawa uthi: “Isuk’ ingcangcazele ngathi iphethwe yicesina.” Intsimbi eyenziwe ngayo inqanawa yokuqhekeza umkhenkce imele yomelele ngaphezu kwaleyo yenqanawa yabarhwebi. Omnye osebenza kwinqanawa yokuqhekeza umkhenkce uthi: “Ukungena emkhenkceni ngezi nqanawa kufana nje nokuhamba ngephenyane elwandle.” Intsimbi owenziwe ngayo umphambili wezi nqanawa inokuba ngaphezu kweesentimitha ezintathu ubungqingqwa—ize yona eyokwenza umphambili weenqanawa zokuqhekeza umkhenkce kwiindawo ezinomkhenkce ongqingqwa ibe ziisentimitha ezintlanu—yaye kwisiqu sazo kufakelwa ezinye iintsimbi zokuqhekeza mkhenkce. Zomelele kangakanani ezi nqanawa? Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, xa inqanawa yokuqhekeza umkhenkce ebizwa ngokuba yiTarmo yabethwa ngebhombu, yaqhekeka, kodwa umphambili wayo awuzange wenzeke nento le.

Indlela omile ngayo umphambili wezi nqanawa ibaluleke gqitha. Ukuqhekeza umkhenkce akudli ngokuba yingxaki kodwa eyona nto inzima kukushenxisa amaqhekeza omkhenkce. Umphambili weenqanawa ezininzi zokuqhekeza umkhenkce udla ngokuba ngqukuva okwecephe. Le nqanawa iqhekeza umkhenkce ize iwushenxise. Umphambili wayo wenziwe ngohlobo lokuba uwushenxisele kude umkhenkce ukuze inqanawa ingabetheki kuwo. Ukongezelela koko, isiqu sayo sigqunywa ngentsimbi egudileyo okanye sifakwe ipeyinti ye-epoxy.

Ezi nqanawa zingaqhelekanga ziwafumana njani amandla? Ladlula ixesha apho kwakufuneka amadoda abile esoma ebasela injini ngamalahle. Iinqanawa zokuqhekeza umkhenkce zanamhlanje zisebenzisa idizili nombane, yaye amandla azo alingana naweenqanawa ezithwala ioli. Ukuze iinqanawa zokuqhekeza umkhenkce ezihamba kwiindawo ezinomkhenkce ongqingqwa zingaphelelwa yidizili, ezinye zisebenzisa namandla enyukliya.

Iinkcukacha Ngokuphathelele Ezi Nqanawa

Ukuba iphenyane elibhexeshwa ngephini liyaxinga, umbhexeshi walo unokulishukumisa ngamandla ukuze liphume apho. Nenqanawa yokuqhekeza umkhenkce kufuneka ishukunyiswe ngamandla. Noko ke, nokuba amadoda sele emalunga nama-30, akanakuyishukumisa. Iyakwazi ukuzishukumisa—isebenzisa amatanki amanzi amakhulu akumacala omabini kumphambili wayo. Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, maxa wambi le nkqubo ithabatha imizuzwana eli-15 nje kuphela! Abantu abangaqhelanga ukuhamba ngenqanawa, bathi besakucinga ngokugungqa kwayo baphele luloyiko. Noko ke, akunjalo kubantu abaqhele ukuhamba ngenqanawa.

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, kukho umntu oweza necebo lokufakela ipropeller kumphambili wezi nqanawa. Xa ipropeller ijikeleza kubakho umsinga wamanzi otyhala amaqhekeza omkhenkce. Ezinye iinqanawa zokuqhekeza umkhenkce zezi mini zineepropeller ezimbini ngasemva kuze kubekho enye okanye ezimbini ngaphambili. Noko ke, kwiinqanawa zokuqhekeza umkhenkce ezininzi, kufakwe iair-bubbler system endaweni yepropeller engaphambili. Kumphambili wenqanawa kukho imibhobho evuthela umoya ongena ngaphantsi komkhenkce, kuze kubekho amaqamza abangela ukuba inqanawa iwususe lula umkhenkce.

Xa Ukhangela Elundini Phayaa

Ilanga elishushu lasentwasahlobo lenza oko iinqanawa zokuqhekeza umkhenkce ezisithoba zaseFinland ziye zoyisakala ukukwenza—linyibilikisa wonke umkhenkce osemazibukweni nalowo ukwiindawo ezisemantla. Emva koko iinqanawa zibuyela kwizibuko lazo, yaye oku kuthetha ukuba baza kuphumla abasebenzi. Ezi nqanawa zexabiso nezenziwe ngendlela ekhethekileyo ziza kuphumla kangangeenyanga eziliqela kuba azikwazi kuhamba lula emanzini angenamkhenkce.

Noko ke, kukho uhlobo olutsha lweenqanawa zokuqhekeza umkhenkce. Olu hlobo lusetyenziselwa iinjongo ezininzi, ebusika ziqhekeza umkhenkce, kodwa xa kungekho mkhenkce zisenokusetyenziswa xa kufakwa iingcingo elwandle (cables), kusenziwa uphando oluthile naxa kulungiswa imibhobho yokufunxa ioli elunxwemeni. Enye inqanawa yolu hlobo yiBotnica eyenziwa ngowe-1998 ukuze isetyenziswe yiFinnish Maritime Administration, yenziwe ngendlela yokuba ikwazi ukujikeleza ijonge nakweliphi na icala. Oku kubangela le nqanawa ikwazi ukwenza izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo. Le ndlela yokwenza olu hlobo lwenqanawa iye yasetyenziswa nasekwenzeni iinqanawa ezikhwelisa abantu.

Ngenxa yobu buchule bokwenza iinqanawa zokuqhekeza umkhenkce, kuye kwavela nendlela entsha yokwenza inqanawa ethutha imithwalo. Xa ihamba elwandle, ihamba ngendlela eqhelekileyo. Noko ke, iyakwazi ukuqhekeza umkhenkce ngomva wayo. Le nqanawa inokuba luncedo ngokukhethekileyo kwimimandla enomkhenkce ongqingqwa, apho zinqabileyo iinqanawa zokuqhekeza umkhenkce. Le nqanawa inokukwazi ukuzivulela indlela emkhenkceni ngokuhamba ngomva.

Ngalo lonke eli xesha abantu baseFinland balinde ikofu yabo. Inqanawa yokuqhekeza umkhenkce ekuthethwe ngayo kwisiqendu sokuqala seli nqaku iye yawuqhekeza umkhenkce obuvalele inqanawa ethwele ikofu yaye ngoku isendleleni. Umphathi wale nqanawa yokuqhekeza umkhenkce ungqiyame kamnandi. Emva koko ujika ajonge kwicala elihleli abantu. Ngoku lixesha lokufumana ikofu eshushu.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

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Inqanawa yokuqhekeza umkhenkce ebizwa ngokuba yi-“Otso” ivula indlela

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Finnish Maritime Administration

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IWinter steamer ixinge emkhenkceni—malunga nowe-1890

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Museovirasto

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Inqanawa esebenzisa amandla enyukliya ebizwa ngokuba yi-“Taymyr”

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Kværner Masa-Yards

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Iinqanawa zokuqhekeza umkhenkce ezisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezininzi zisenokusetyenziswa xa kufakwa iingcingo nemibhobho elwandle

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Finnish Maritime Administration

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I-“Botnica”

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Finnish Maritime Administration