Amahlathi Ashinyeneyo—Ngaba Sinokuwagawula Ngaphandle Kokuwonakalisa?
NGABA uvakalelwa kukuba abantu abakwishishini lokugawula banelungelo lokutshabalalisa amahlathi ashinyeneyo? Mhlawumbi unokuphendula uthi abanalo! Noko ke, abanye abalondolozi bendalo basenokuthi abantu abaninzi abavakalelwa ngaloo ndlela, ngandlel’ ithile bayavumelana nokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi ashinyeneyo—ngokomzekelo, bathenga ifanitshala eyenziwe ngemithi emihle ethandwayo egawulwe kumahlathi ashinyeneyo kunokuba bathenge eyenziwe ngemithi eqhelekileyo.
Ukugawulwa kwemithi kudla ngokwayanyaniswa nokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi. Yaye amahlathi amaninzi agqitywe kukugawulwa. Noko ke, kuthiwa amanye amahlathi ayagawulwa kodwa kungabikho monakalo ungako wenzekayo kuwo. Ngaba amahlathi ashinyeneyo nezinto eziphila kuwo zinokukhuselwa kubagawuli? Kuqala, makhe siqwalasele indlela ukugawula okulitshabalalisa ngayo ihlathi.
Indlela Ukugawula Okulitshabalalisa Ngayo Ihlathi Nezinto Eziphila Kulo
Yiba nalo mbono: Kufika oogandaganda benze indlela engena phakathi ehlathini. Emva koko, kufika abagawuli baze baqalise ukugawula ngeesarha zombane. Le nkampani ifumene imvume yokugawula ithutyana nje elincinane ngoko iyalele abasebenzi ukuba bagawule yonke imithi yexabiso ekweli hlathi. Xa le mithi isiwa, yonakalisa okanye itshabalalise imithi ekufuphi. Ngoku kungena oogandaganda abahamba ngamatsheyini baze barhuqe le mithi igawuliweyo, yaye njengoko benqumla kolo hlaza, bagangatha baze bonakalise umhlaba.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, abasebenzi beenkampani zokugawula ngabona batya inyama eninzi ukodlula abahlali beendawo ezinamahlathi ashinyeneyo. Bayakuthanda ukuzingela; yaye badla ngokubulala izilwanyana ezininzi ngokungeyomfuneko. Abagawuli bashiya bevule iindlela kwiindawo ebekukade kunzima ukuhamba kuzo. Bexhobe ngoombayimbayi, abazingeli bangena ngezo ndlela behamba ngeenqwelo-mafutha baze babulale nasiphi na isilwanyana sasendle esiseleyo. Ababambisi bathabatha izilwanyana neentaka ezincinane baye kuzithengisa. Kuthi kusenjalo, kufike amawaka abantu abangenandawo yokuhlala baze bahlale kule ndawo intsha ivulekileyo. Nabo bafika bagawule imithi ukuze babe nendawo yokulima, bafumane neenkuni yaye oku kulitshabalalisa ngakumbi eli hlathi kuze kuthi xa kufika iimvula ezinkulu, ziwukhukulise lula umhlaba.
Litshabalala liphele ngale ndlela ke ihlathi. Inyathelo lokuqala elikhokelele kule meko kukugawulwa kwemithi. Kodwa ngaba ukugawulwa kwemithi ngoyena nobangela wokutshabalala kwamahlathi ashinyeneyo?
Ukugawulwa Kwamahlathi Ngaphandle Kokuwonakalisa
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje abantu baye banomdla wokulondoloza amahlathi. Bazimisele ukugawula imithi ngaphandle kokonakalisa ihlathi nokutshabalalisa izinto eziphila kulo. Oku kubangela ukuba iphinde ikhule imithi ebigawulwe yaye emva kwamashumi athile eminyaka isenokuphinda igawulwe. Ngenxa yokutshutshiswa ngabalondolozi bendalo, abanye abathengisi badla ngokuthi imithi abenze ngayo ifanitshala igawulwe kumahlathi alondoloziweyo. Makhe siqwalasele indlela esebenza ngayo le nkqubo yokugawulwa kwemithi ngaphandle kokonakalisa amahlathi.
Umlimi wamahlathi ophum’ izandla kunye nabancedisi bakhe uzulazula phakathi kwemithi esakhulayo. Eli qela libala imithi lelinye lamaqela aza kuba kweli hlathi ithuba elimalunga neenyanga ezintandathu. Inkampani egawula imithi ivunyelwe ukuba ibe kweli hlathi ithuba elide, ngoko abasebenzi baza kuthabath’ ixesha bebala imithi ngenjongo yokulondoloza eli hlathi.
Umlimi uphawula umthi ngamnye, awufake inombolo aze ajonge ukuba luhlobo luphi lomthi. Kukho amakhulu ngamakhulu eentlobo zemithi, ngoko ufanele abe nolwazi ngemithi. Noko ke, inqanaba elilandelayo lifuna ubugcisa bezi mini.
Esebenzisa isixhobo esiphathwayo esinxibelelana nee-satellite zeGlobal Positioning System, umlimi ufaka ingxelo ephathelele ubukhulu bomthi, uhlobo lwawo nenombolo yawo. Emva kokufaka le ingxelo, kuquka indawo okuyo umthi, uyithumela kwikhompyutha esixekweni.
Kamva, umphathi wehlathi usebenzisa ikhompyutha enze imaphu ebonisa iindawo ezinemithi yexabiso. Ngobulumko, ukhetha yonke imithi elungele ukugawulwa ngokuvumelana nemigaqo yabasemagunyeni. Ukuba kukho iintlobo zemithi ezininzi, kunokugawulwa ama-50 ekhulwini kuphela kwimithi engaphezu kobukhulu ekuvunyelwene ngabo. Eyona mithi midala nephilileyo ifanele ingagawulwa ukuze kufumaneke imbewu.
Noko ke, kugawulwa njani ngaphandle kokonakalisa ihlathi? UVukani! ubuze kuRoberto okhankanywe kwinqaku elingaphambili. Uphendule wathi: “Undoqo kukuba nemaphu. Xa kukho imaphu, siyakwazi ukuceba kusengaphambili ukuze singenzi monakalo kwihlathi. Icala oza kuwela kulo umthi licetywa kusengaphambili ukuze ungathi xa usiwa, udale umonakalo omkhulu kwimithi ekufuphi nawo.
“Kwakhona, sinokuceba ukusebenzisa iintambo (winches) xa sitsala imithi kunokuba sisebenzise oogandaganda kuba ukusebenzisa bona kuya kufuna ukuba kuvulwe indlela eya kumthi ngamanye ogawuliweyo. Ngaphambi kokugawula, abagawuli banqumla amahlahla athungelene neminye imithi—ukuze kungenzeki monakalo kweminye imithi ekufuphi. Siye siqinisekise ukuba kudlula iminyaka emalunga nama-20 ngaphambi kokuba sibuyele kwindawo ebesigawula kuyo. Kwamanye amahlathi sibuyela emva kweminyaka engama-30.”
URoberto usebenza kwinkampani egawula imithi. Ngoko uVukani! uye wambuza: “Ngaba abagawuli banawo umdla wokukhusela izilwanyana nezityalo zasendle?”
Ukukhusela Izilwanyana
URoberto uthi: “Imeko yehlathi ayibi ntle xa kungekho zilwanyana. Zibalulekile ekusasazeni imbewu. Sizama kangangoko sinako ukuba singaphazamisani nazo. Ngokomzekelo, siye sicwangcise ukuba sivule iindlela ezimbalwa yaye ezo ndlela zingasondelelani. Nanini na kunokwenzeka, sivula iindlela ezincinane ukuze imithi ihlale isondelelene phezulu. Oku kubangela ukuba izilwanyana ezifana nee-sloths neenkawu zikwazi ukunqumla indlela ngaphandle kokuhla emithini.”
URoberto walatha iindawo ezinemibala kwimaphu yakhe. Ezi ndawo zifanele zingagawulwa. Uthi izilwanyana zinokuzulazula ngokukhululekileyo kwezi ndawo zibiyelweyo.
Uthi: “Asikhuseli izilwanyana ezihlala kwezi ndawo kuphela, kodwa siye siqinisekise ukuba imiqolomba, amawa, imithi yamandulo nemithi ethwala iziqhamo ezithambileyo ikhuselekile—enyanisweni, siye siqinisekise ukuba zonke iindawo ezihlala izilwanyana zohlobo oluthile zikhuselekile ukuze ezo zilwanyana ziqhubeke zikho. Ukuze kungabikho bantu bazingela ngokungekho mthethweni, asibavumeli abasebenzi ukuba baphathe imipu, yaye siye silungiselele ukuba kubekho inqwelo-moya esa inyama yenkomo neyenkuku kwiinkampu zabasebenzi. Xa sigqibile ukusebenza kwindawo ethile, siyayivala indlela engena kuloo ndawo okanye siye siqinisekise ukuba akukho mzingeli okanye mgawuli ungena kuloo ndawo ngaphandle kwemvume.
“Ndiyakuvuyela ukwenza yonke le migudu kuba ndikholelwa ukuba indalo kaThixo ifanele ilondolozwe. Kodwa ehlabathini lonke ngabasemagunyeni abafuna kulandelwe le migaqo ukuze kulondolozwe indalo. Ngaphambi kokukhupha isiqinisekiso esichaza ukuba inkampani iyayilondoloza indalo, abaphathi bemibutho yokulondolozwa kwendalo abenza lo msebenzi ehlabathini lonke bafanele beyiseke ukuba loo nkampani iyayilandela le migaqo.”
Ngaba ukulondolozwa kwamahlathi kunazo iingenelo ngokwasezimalini? Ngaphandle kukaRoberto nabantu nje abambalwa abavumelana naye, abagawuli abaninzi abayiginyi ncam into yokubekelwa imiqathango ephathelele ukulondolozwa kwendalo. Bathi le miqathango ibangela ukuba bangenzi ngeniso.
Sekunjalo, uphando olwenziwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1990 kwimpuma yeAmazon lubonisa ukuba imali echithwa ekwenzeni imaphu yemithi efanele igawulwe, echithwa xa kugawulwa naxa kuhanjiswa imithi iphinda ibuye. Ngokomzekelo, imbalwa imithi elahlekayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa kugawulwa nje ngaphandle kwemaphu, abagawuli abasebenzisa iisarha zombane badla ngokugawula imithi emininzi kodwa ngenxa yokushinyana kwehlathi eminye yaloo mithi idla ngokungabonwa.
Kwakhona, kudla ngokuba lula ukuthengisa imithi egawulwe kumahlathi alondolozwayo. Kodwa ngaba ukugawulwa kwemithi ngaphandle kokudala umonakalo kusisiqinisekiso sokulondolozwa kwendalo? Ukugawula ngale ndlela kuzichaphazela njani izinto eziphila kula mahlathi?
Ngaba Izinto Eziphila Kula Mahlathi Ziyasinda Xa Kugawulwa?
Liyinyaniso elokuba imeko-bume yamahlathi ashinyeneyo iethe-ethe yaye kunzima ukuyiqonda. Kodwa ayakwazi ukunyamezela nezona meko zinzima. Ngokomzekelo, indawo ebigawulwe inokuphinda ikhule xa imbewu yemithi ekufuphi iwela kuyo. Kodwa kuthekani ngezilwanyana, iintaka nezinambuzane?
Ukugawulwa kwemithi kuba nemiphumo ebuhlungu kakhulu kwezinye izilwanyana, yaye ukugawulwa kwemithi ethile kubangela ukuba iintlobo zeentaka nezezilwanyana zinciphe. Noko ke, ukugawulwa kwemithi okulinganiselweyo akuzichaphazeli kangako izilwanyana neentaka ezininzi. Eneneni, ukugawulwa kwezinye iindawo kunokubangela ukuba zande izilwanyana neentaka ezithile. Uphando olwenziwe kutshanje lubonisa ukuba ubukho babantu—nokuba ngabagawuli—kuyazandisa iintlobo zezinto eziphila kumahlathi ashinyeneyo.
Ngoko kukho ubungqina obubambekayo bokuba amahlathi ashinyeneyo anako ukugawulwa ngaphandle kokuwonakalisa nokutshabalalisa izinto eziphila kuwo. IEconomist yaseLondon yathi: “Zonke izinto ezenziwa ngemithi yamahlathi ashinyeneyo zinokwenziwa ukuba nje umhlaba wamahlathi ashinyeneyo oli-10% ungahlala ungaphathwa. Ngoko kufanele kungagawulwa kumhlaba oseleyo.”
Umzekelo wehlathi elilondolozwayo ngowehlathi elikhankanywe kwinqaku lokuqala. URamiro ulikhathalele eli hlathi kangangokuba izazinzulu ziye zafumana izityalo nezilwanyana ezisecicini lokuphela. Ambalwa kakhulu amahlathi ashinyeneyo onokufumana kuwo izityalo nezilwanyana ezahlukahlukeneyo njengakweli. URamiro uthi: “Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekulondolozweni kwendalo kukufundisa abantu. Xa abantu besazi ukuba baxhomekeke kumahlathi ukuze bafumane amanzi, bayazama ukulilondoloza ihlathi.”
URamiro walek’ umsundulo: “Ukulondolozwa kwendalo kuluncedo kwezokhenketho kuba kwenza abakhenkethi bakwazi ukubaluleka kwemithi nezityalo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Oku kubangela ukuba babe noxabiso ngamahlathi nezinto eziphila kuwo.”
Umzekelo kaRamiro noRoberto ubonisa ukuba amahlathi ashinyeneyo anokugawulwa ngaphandle kokutshabalalisa izinto eziphila kuwo. Kodwa oku akuthethi kuthi oku kusoloko kusenziwa. Abanye abantu banokukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithi abayithengayo ivela kumahlathi alondoloziweyo. Kodwa abanye abanayo indlela yokukwazi oko. Ngoko, ngaba umzamo wokulondoloza amahlathi nezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo eziphila kuwo uza kuphumelela?
[Iimaphu ezikwiphepha 23]
(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)
BOLIVIA
Imaphu engasekhohlo ibonisa iinkcukacha zomthi ngamnye; le ingasentla ibonisa ummandla nje omncinane eBolivia
[Inkcazelo]
All maps except top left: Aserradero San Martin S.R.L., Bolivia
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 23]
Umthi ngamnye ufakwa inombolo, kuze kuchazwe uhlobo lwawo. Yaye kusetyenziswa i-Global Positioning System “monitor” (ngasentla), kugcinwa ingxelo ngendawo okuyo
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 23]
‘Kubalulekile ukuba kubekho imaphu ebonisa imithi ukuze xa kugawulwa kungenziwa monakalo usisigxina kwihlathi nakwizinto eziphila kulo.’—URoberto
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 24, 25]
“Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekulondolozweni kwendalo kukufundisa abantu.”—URamiro
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 25]
Foto: Zoo de Baños