Ukungena Kwale Mbono KubuYuda, KwiNgqobhoko NakubuSilamsi
“Unqulo lukwayindlela yokwenza abantu balixolele elokuba ngaminazan’ ithile baza kufa, lukwenza oko ngokubathembisa ngobomi obubhetele ngaphaya kwengcwaba, ukuphinda bazalwe, okanye lubathembise ezo zinto zombini.”—GERHARD HERM, UMBHALI ONGUMJAMANI.
PHANTSE zonke iinkonzo xa zithembisa ngobomi basemva kokufa zixhomekeke kwinkolelo yokuba umntu unomphefumlo ongafiyo yaye xa umntu efile wona uzihambela indlela yawo uye kwenye indawo okanye ufudukele kwesinye isidalwa. Njengokuba sele kubonisiwe kwicandelo elandulelayo, inkolelo yokuba umntu akafi yayiyeyona nto iphambili kwiinkonzo zaseMpuma kwamhla zavela. Kodwa kuthekani ngobuYuda, iNgqobhoko nobuSilamsi? Le mfundiso yaba sisiseko njani kwezi nkonzo?
UbuYuda Basulelwa Ziingcamango ZamaGrike
2 UbuYuda obu baqala ngexesha lika-Abraham kwiminyaka enokuba ngama-4 000 eyadlulayo. Izibhalo ezingcwele zesiHebhere zaqala ukubhalwa ngenkulungwane ye-16 B.C.E. zaza zagqitywa ngexesha apho uSocrates noPlato babesaqulunqa ingcamango yokungafi komphefumlo. Ngaba ezi Zibhalo zazifundisa ukuba umphefumlo awufi?
3 IEncyclopaedia Judaica iphendula ngokuthi: “Le nkolelo yokungafi komphefumlo yaqala ukuba yinto ngobunto bayo emva kwamaxesha okubhalwa kweBhayibhile . . . yaza yaba sisiseko kunqulo lwamaYuda nolwamaKristu.” Kwakhona ichaza ukuba: “Ngamaxesha okubhalwa kweBhayibhile umntu wayejongwa njengento enye epheleleyo. Ngenxa yoko umphefumlo wawungahlulwa emzimbeni.” AmaYuda amandulo ayekholelwa kuvuko lwabafi, yaye oku “kumele kungafaniswa nenkolelo . . . yokungafi komphefumlo,” itsho njalo le ntyila-lwazi.
4 Ngoko ke, le mfundiso yaba “sisiseko” nini kubuYuda? Imbali iza kusichazela. Ngowama-332 B.C.E., uAlesandire Omkhulu wawuxathula kanobom umhlaba waseMbindi Mpuma ewugqugqisa okweenkumbi. Ukufika kwakhe eYerusalem, amaYuda amamkela ngezandl’ ezishushu. Ngokutsho kombhali-mbali ongumYuda wenkulungwane yokuqala uFlavius Josephus, ada ambonisa isiprofeto sencwadi kaDaniyeli, esabhalwa kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 ngaphambi koko, esasichaza uloyiso luka-Alesandire nowayechazwa ngokuba “ngukumkani waseGrisi.” (Daniyeli 8:5-8, 21, thelekisa iNW.) Abo bangena ezihlangwini zika-Alesandire batshila kwangeso sidanga sakhe sokuthofiyela ubuGrike ebantwini, behamba behlohla ulwimi, isithethe nentanda-bulumko yaseGrisi kuzo zonke iindawo. Kwanyanzeleka ukuba ezo zithethe—esamaGrike nesamaYuda—zibondwe mbizeni-nye.
5 Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesithathu ngaPhambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo, kwaguqulelwa iZibhalo zesiHebhere ngesiGrike, ezathi zabizwa ngokuba yiSeptuagint. Ngenxa yazo abeeNtlanga batsho baluhlonela yaye balwazi kakuhle unqulo lwamaYuda, abanye bada baguqukela kulo. AmaYuda wona, ayethe swii ziingcamango zamaGrike yaye amanye aba zizithandi zobulumko, nto leyo eyayizityulwa kwelo. Omnye wezo zithandi zobulumko zakwaYuda yaba nguPhilo wakwa-Alesandire wenkulungwane yokuqala kwiXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo.
6 UPhilo wayemthand’ egazini uPlato yaye wayesiwa evuka edibanisa ubuYuda nentanda-bulumko yamaGrike. Incwadi ethi Heaven—A History ithi: “Ngokuzama ukudibanisa intanda-bulumko kaPlato nesithethe seBhayibhile, uPhilo wawavulel’ indlela amaKristu [kwakunye namaYuda] acingayo awayeza kulandela emva kwakhe.” UPhilo wayenayiphi inkolelo ngomphefumlo? Le ncwadi ityatyadula ithi: “Kuye, ukufa kwakubuyisela umphefumlo kwindawo yawo, kwimeko owawukuyo ngaphambi kokuba uzalwe. Ekubeni umphefumlo ungowelemimoya, xa uphila emzimbeni womntu sukuba uze kuthi qu nje kwenye yeendawo omele uphile kuzo, ndawo leyo ongonwabanga kuyo.” Amanye amaYuda acingayo awayekholelwa kukungafi komphefumlo nguIsaac Israeli, ugqirha ongumYuda owayedumile ngenkulungwane yeshumi noMoses Mendelssohn, isithandi sobulumko esingumYuda esasiseJamani ngenkulungwane ye-18.
7 Enye incwadi eyazitshintsha ngamandla iingcamango zamaYuda nobomi bawo yiTalmud—ingqokelela ebhalwe phantsi yomthetho womlomo, eyayicholacholwa ngoorabhi ukususela ngenkulungwane yesibini kwiXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo ukuya kutsho kumaXesha Aphakathi. IEncyclopaedia Judaica ithi: “Oorabhi abeza neTalmud babekholelwa kwelokuba umphemfumlo uhlala uphila emva kokufa.” ITalmud ide ithethe nangabafi abathetha nabaphilayo. IEncyclopædia of Religion and Ethics ithi: “Mhlawumbi ngenxa yempembelelo kaPlato, [oorabhi] babekholelwa ekubeni imiphefumlo yakha yaphila ngaphambili.”
8 Kamva uncwadi lweemfihlelo zamaYuda, iCabala, lude luthi chatha ngokufundisa ukuvela ngokutsha. Xa yayithetha ngale nkolelo, iThe New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia ithi: “Le mbono kubonakala ukuba yayivela eIndiya. . . . KwiKabbalah iqala ivele kwincwadi ethi Bahir, yaye emva koko, ukususela eZohar ukusa phambili, yathathelw’ apha ngabantu abathanda iimfihlelo, yaba nefuthe elinamandla kwinkolelo yamaHasid noncwadi lwawo.” Namhlanje kwaSirayeli, ukuvela ngokutsha kwamkelwe ngokubanzi njengemfundiso yamaYuda.
9 Ngoko ke, imbono yokungafi komphefumlo yanyebelezela kumaYuda ngentanda-bulumko yamaGrike, yaye namhlanje loo ngcamango yamkelwe ngamahlelo awo amaninzi. Yangena njani le mfundiso kwiNgqobhoko?
INgqobhoko Yamkela Iingcamango ZikaPlato
10 UbuKristu bokwenene baqaliswa nguKristu Yesu. Ethetha ngoYesu, umakhwekhwetha womphengululi waseSpeyini wenkulungwane yama-20 uMiguel de Unamuno, wabhala oku: “Wayekholelwa kuvuko lokwenyama, ngokufanayo namaYuda, kungekhona ekungafini komphefumlo kwentanda-bulumko [yamaGrike] kaPlato. . . . Ubungqina boku bunokubonwa kuyo nayiphi na incwadi enembali echanileyo.” Waqukumbela wathi: “Ukungafi komphefumlo . . . yimfundiso yentanda-bulumko yabahedeni.”
11 Yangena njani kubuKristu le ‘mfundiso yentanda-bulumko yabahedeni’? INew Encyclopædia Britannica ithi: “Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane yesibini kunyaka weNkosi amaKristu awayehlohlwe le ntanda-bulumko yamaGrike aqalisa ukusebenzisa yona xa eshumayela ukholo, ngenjongo yokuqhayisa ngobukrelekrele nokuze aguqule abahedeni abafundileyo. Eyona ntanda-bulumko yayithe ngco kubo yekaPlato.”
12 Kwakukho nezinye izithandi zobulumko ngaphambili ezimbini ekwakuviwa ngazo kwiNgqobhoko. Esinye sazo yayinguOrigen wakwa-Alesandire (malunga nowe-185-254 C.E.), esesibini, inguAugustine waseHippo (354-430 C.E.). Ithetha ngazo iNew Catholic Encyclopedia ithi: “EMpuma nguOrigen yaye eNtshona nguSt. Augustine oweza nento yokuba umphefumlo ngumoya neembono zentanda-bulumko ngomphefumlo.” UOrigen noAugustine babeyithatha phi le ngcamango yabo ngomphefumlo?
13 UOrigen wayefundiswa nguClement wakwa-Alesandire, “owayengowokuqala kubaSeki beCawa ukukhwahlaza kwisithethe samaGrike ngokuphathelele umphefumlo” itsho njalo iNew Catholic Encyclopedia. Iimbono zikaPlato zimele ukuba zaziyiwexule ingqondo kaOrigen. “[UOrigen] wafakelela kwimfundiso yamaKristu bonke obo bucilocilo obungomphefumlo, awayebufunxe kuPlato,” watsho njalo umbhali ngezakwalizwi uWerner Jaeger kwincwadi ethi The Harvard Theological Review.
14 Abanye kwiNgqobhoko bamjonga uAugustine njengencutshe kwiinkcubabuchopho zamandulo. Ngaphambi kokuguqukela “kubuKristu” eneminyaka engama-33 ubudala, uAugustine wayengathi ubethw’ ephondweni yintanda-bulumko yaye waba yiNeoplatonist.a Ukuguquka kwakhe, waqhubeka ecinga njengeNeoplatonist. IThe New Encyclopædia Britannica ithi: “Engqondweni yakhe kwakunkenteza unqulo lweTestamente Entsha kunye nesithethe sikaPlato sentanda-bulumko yamaGrike.” INew Catholic Encyclopedia iyavuma ukuba imfundiso ka-Augustine “[yomphefumlo], eyathi yazinza eNtshona kwada kwangasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-12, yayiphuma . . . kwi-Neoplatonism.”
15 Ngenkulungwane ye-13, iimfundiso zika-Aristotle zazisiya ziduma ngokuduma eYurophu, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yeencwadi zabaphengululi bama-Arabhu zesiLatini ezazithethe zophela ngeencwadi zika-Aristotle. Omnye umphengululi ongumKatolika ogama linguThomas Aquinas wayethabatheke ngeyona ndlela ziingcamango zika-Aristotle. Ngenxa yeencwadi zika-Aquinas, iimbono zika-Aristotle zayitshintsha ngaphezu kwezikaPlato imfundiso yecawa. Noko ke, yonke le nto ayizange itshintshe nto kwimfundiso yokungafi komphefumlo.
16 UAristotle wafundisa ukuba umphefumlo yinto enye nomzimba yaye awuqhubeki uphila emva kokufa yaye ukuba umntu unento ephila ngonaphakade kuye, makube yinto engaziwayo leyo yaye ayinakuthanani nomntu. Le mbono wayenayo ngomphefumlo yayikhabana nenkolelo yecawa yokuba umphefumlo uyaphila emva kokufa. Ngoko ke, uAquinas wayiphucula le mbono ka-Aristotle ngomphefumlo, esithi kufanelwe kusetyenzisw’ amathamb’ entloko ukuze kungqinwe ukuba umphefumlo awufi. Ngaloo ndlela, inkolelo yecawa ngokungafi komphefumlo yahlala injalo ingachathwa.
17 Ebudeni benkulungwane ye-14 neye-15, ekuqaleni kweXesha Lohlaziyo, wavuka wema ngenyawo umdla kuPlato. Intsapho yakwaMedici edumileyo eItali yada yakha isikolo eFlorence isombelela le ntanda-bulumko kaPlato. Ebudeni benkulungwane ye-16 neye-17, umdla kuAristotle waphel’ emoyeni. Yaye uHlaziyo lwenkulungwane ye-16 aluzange luyitshintshe imfundiso yomphefumlo. Nangona abaHlaziyi bamaProtestanti babekhe babambana ngemfundiso yentlambululo-miphefumlo, bayamkela imbono yokohlwaywa komphefumlo okanye yokuvuzwa kwawo.
18 Ngaloo ndlela imfundiso yokungafi komphefumlo yawagqobha onke amahlelo eNgqobhoko. Ephawula oku, omnye umphengululi waseMerika, wabhala wathi: “Eneneni, kwabaninzi bohlanga lwethu unqulo, lusekelwe kukungafi komphefumlo, kungekhona kwenye into. UThixo nguye owenza umphefumlo ungafi.”
Ukungafi Komphefumlo NobuSilamsi
19 UbuSilamsi baqala mhla uMuḥammad wafumana ubizo lokuba ngumprofeti xa wayeneminyaka engama-40 ubudala. Ubukhulu becala amaSilamsi akholelwa ukuba wafumana imibono kwithuba leminyaka enokuba ngama-20 ukusa kwengama-23, ukususela ngowama-610 C.E. wada wayambath’ ingubo kaqaqaqa ngowama-632 C.E. Le mibono yakhe ibhalwe kwiKoran, incwadi engcwele yamaSilamsi. Buqala nje ubuSilamsi, ubuYuda neNgqobhoko babusele bungene zwabha kwingcamango kaPlato ngomphefumlo.
20 AmaSilamsi akholelwa kwelokuba ukholo yincopho yemibono eyadluliselwa kumaKristu amandulo athembekileyo angamaHebhere. IKoran icaphula kwiZibhalo zesiHebhere nezesiGrike. Kodwa xa ifundisa ngokungafi komphefumlo, iKoran ithetha nto yimbi. IKoran ifundisa ukuba umntu unomphefumlo oqhubeka uphila emva kokufa. Kwakhona ithetha ngovuko lwabafi, ngomhla womgwebo nangendawo oza kuphumla kuyo umphefumlo ekugqibeleni—esenokuba bubomi kumyezo oyiparadesi osezulwini okanye wohlwaywe esihogweni somlilo.
21 AmaSilamsi akholelwa kwelokuba umphefumlo womntu ofileyo uya eBarzakh, okanye “Emkhusaneni,” “indawo okanye imeko abaya kuba kuyo abantu emva kokufa ngaphambi komGwebo.” (Surah 23:99, 100, The Holy Qur-an, umbhalo osemazantsi) Umphefumlo uyaphila apho, uze apho ufumane into ebizwa ngokuba ‘Sisohlwayo Sasengcwabeni’ ukuba umntu lowo ebengendawo okanye athiwe jize ngoyolo ukuba ebengumntu othembekileyo. Kodwa nabathembekileyo bafanele bafuman’ intwana yentuthumbo ngenxa yezono ezimbalwa abaye bazenza ngoxa bebesaphila. Ngomhla womgwebo, ngamnye kubo usajongwe kukufumana umvuzo wakhe kanaphakade, oza kumfudusa kuloo ndawo alinde kuyo.
22 Imbono yokungafi komphefumlo kubuYuda nakwiNgqobhoko yangena ngenxa kaPlato, kodwa ubuSilamsi bona bavela sele buyithe mpa. Oku akuthethi ukuba abaphengululi bama-Arabhu abazange bazame ukuxubanisa iimfundiso zamaSilamsi nezentanda-bulumko yamaGrike. Eneneni, ama-Arabhu ayethabathekile ziincwadi zika-Aristotle. Yaye oomakhwekhwetha babaphengululi bama-Arabhu, abanjengoAvicenna noAverroës, bafaka uchintsi baza bazisekela iingcamango zika-Aristotle. Noko ke, ngelinge labo lokuvisisanisa iingcamango zamaGrike neemfundiso zamaSilamsi ezingomphefumlo bavela neengcamango ezibethabethanayo. Ngokomzekelo, uAvicenna wathi umphefumlo womntu awufi. UAverroës yena wabe engavumelani naloo nto. Enokuba babenaziphi na iimbono, amaSilamsi akholelwa ukuba umphefumlo awufi.
23 Ngoko ke, licacile elokuba ubuYuda, iNgqobhoko, namaSilamsi ngumgub’ engxow’ enye ngokufundisa ukungafi komphefumlo.
[Umbhalo osemazantsi]
a Ngumntu okholelwa kwiNeoplatonism, intanda-bulumko kaPlato ehlaziyiweyo eyaveliswa nguPlotinus kwiRoma yenkulungwane yesithathu.
[Imibuzo YeSifundo]
1. Inkoliso yeenkonzo ilisekele kweyiphi inkolelo ithemba layo elingobomi basemva kokufa?
2, 3. Ngokwe-Encyclopaedia Judaica, ngaba izibhalo ezingcwele zesiHebhere zazifundisa ukungafi komphefumlo?
4-6. Imfundiso yokungafi komphefumlo yaba siso njani ‘esinye seziseko’ kubuYuda?
7, 8. (a) ITalmud iwuchaza njani umphefumlo? (b) Iincwadi zeemfihlelo zamaYuda zithini ngomphefumlo?
9. Inkoliso yamahlelo obuYuda imi phi ngokungafi komphefumlo?
10. Ngokutsho komphengululi odumileyo waseSpeyin, uYesu wayenayiphi inkolelo ngokungafi komphefumlo?
11. Intanda-bulumko yamaGrike yanyebelezela njani kubuKristu?
12-14. UOrigen noAugustine baba nayiphi indima ekuxubeni intanda-bulumko kaPlato nobuKristu?
15, 16. Ngaba umdla owawukho kwiimfundiso zika-Aristotle owawugquba ngenkulungwane ye-13 waba nento oyitshintshayo kwindlela icawa eyijonga ngayo imfundiso yokungafi komphefumlo?
17, 18. (a) Ngaba iXesha loHlaziyo lenkulungwane ye-16 layitshintsha imfundiso engomphefumlo? (b) Amahlelo amaninzi eNgqobhoko anayiphi imbono ngokungafi komphefumlo?
19. Baqala nini ubuSilamsi, yaye baqalwa ngubani?
20, 21. Yintoni akholelwa kuyo amaSilamsi ngoBomi Basemva Kokufa?
22. Ziziphi iimbono ezibethabethanayo ngendawo oza kuphelela kuyo umphefumlo ezeza nezinye izithandi zobulumko zama-Arabhu?
23. UbuYuda, iNgqobhoko nobuSilamsi buyijonga njani imfundiso yokungafi komphefumlo?
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 14]
Uloyiso luka-Alesandire Omkhulu lwakhokelela ekuxutyweni kwesithethe samaGrike nesamaYuda
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 15]
UOrigen, ngasentla, noAugustine bazama ukuxuba intanda-bulumko kaPlato nobuKristu
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 16]
UAvicenna, ongasentla, wathi umphefumlo womntu awufi. UAverroës wayiphika kwathi tu loo mbono