Ngaba Zifanele Ziphehlelelwe Iintsana?
Usana alukhangeleki njengomoni konke konke. Kanti ukuhlamba izono koko le nkqubo ekudala ikho ingako. Izihlandlo ezithathu ummeli womntwana oza kuphehlelelwa ulahl’ uSathana nemisebenzi yakhe. Ngoko umfundisi uthabatha isitya esincinane aze ngokuzolileyo agalele amanzi ebunzini lomntwana izihlandlo ezithathu, esithi, “Ndiyakuphehlelela egameni loYise, neloNyana, neloMoya Oyingcwele”
PHANTSE kangangamawaka amabini eminyaka iintsana beziphehlelelwa kwinkqubo enjengale. Abazali basenokuyicacisa njengamava achukumisa ngokunzulu. Phofu ke, ngaba olu qheliselo luvela eLizwini likaThixo? Abefundisi bamaKatolika bayavuma ukuba akunjalo.—Bona iNew Catholic Encyclopedia, Umqulu 2, iphepha 69.
Zifundele ngokwakho eBhayibhileni incwadi yeZenzo, yaye ngokukhawuleza uya kubona ukuba phakathi kwamaKristu okuqala, ubhaptizo yayilolwabo babenako ‘ukuweva nokuwamkela amazwi’ ngokuqonda ‘baze baguquke.’ (IZenzo 2:14, 22, 38, 41) Ezo zizinto usana olungenakuzenza! Kuyinyaniso ukuba, iBhayibhile iyathetha ngayo yonke indlu njengebhaptizwayo, njengakwimeko kaKorneli.a Kodwa kwanangoko, ubhaptizo yayilolwabo ‘babeliva ilizwi’—ingelolweentsana.—IZenzo 10:44-47.
Ngaba Sisithethe SikaThixo Okanye Sesabantu?
Ingakwazi ukwalatha ngokweBhayibhile ukuba yinto eyayisenzeka ngapbambili, iVatican ithi, “Uqheliselo lokuphehlelelwa kweentsana lugqalwa njengomgaqo wesithethe samandulo.” Kodwa ngaba esi sithethe sasekwa nguYesu Kristu? Akunjalo, kuba uphehlelelo lweentsana lwalungaziwa de yaba lixesha elithile emva kokufa kwabapostile. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesibini, umseki wecawa uTertullian wathi, “Mabavunyelwe [abantwana] babe ngamaKristu xa benako ukumazi uKristu.”
Noko ke, umpostile uPawulos walumkisa ngelokuba ekugqibeleni kwakuya kubakho ixesha laxa abantu “babengayi kuyinyamezela imfundiso ephilileyo.” (2 Timoti 4:3) Emva kokufa kwabapostile ibe bengasenako ‘ukubambezela,’ uqheliselo olungekbo zibhalweni lwaqalisa ukuthwethwela kunqulo lwamaKristu. (2 Tesalonika 2:6) Phakathi kwezo zinto ziluqheliselo yayikukuphehlelelwa kweentsana. Kodwa uphehlelelo Iweentsana aluzange lube ngumthetho de kwaba yinkulungwane yesihlanu. Ngelo xesha kwaqhutywa ingxoxo eshushu eyathi yaguqula iNgqobhoko ngonaphakade.
Oku kwaqalisa xa imonki yaseBritani egama linguPelagius yaya eRome. Ecatshukiswe kukonakala awakubona apho phakathi kwababizwa ngokuba ngamaKristu, lo mfundisi waqalisa ukuphembelela abantu “kumgudu wokuziphatha kakuhle ngakumbi.” Umntu akanakuthi ubuthathaka bakhe bubangelwa ‘sisono sokuqala,’ watsho uPelagius. “Yonke into elungileyo nento yonke embi . . . yenziwa sithi, asizalwanga nayo.” Ngokukhawuleza imfundiso kaPelagius yaba ngundaba-mlonyeni kwiNgqobhoko.
Kodwa akuzange kube lithuba elide. Iinkokeli zecawa zakujonga oku kushiywa ‘kwesono sokuqala’ njengokuphambuka. Yaye uPelagius ngokungebobulumko wabakholisa xa wavumelana noko ngoko kwakulisiko elithandwayo—ukuphehlelelwa kweentsana. Ubhishophu ogama linguAugustine wakubona oku njengokuphikisana okucacileyo. UAugustine wabuza oku: ‘Ukuba iintsana zimele ziphehlelelwe, kuthekani ngezo zingaphehlelelwanga?’ Isigqibo esabonakala sisengqiqweni yayisesokuba ezo zinjalo zaziya kubandezeleka kumlilo wesihogo ngenxa yokuba zingaphehlelelwanga. Kwakubonakala ukuba le ngongoma imiselwe, uAugustine waphakamisa lo mbuzo watsho kwathi tu: Ekubeni iintsana ezingaphehleleIwanga okunene zisiva ukubandezeleka kokugwetywa okungunaphakade, yintoni enye ebinokuba ngunobangela woku ngaphandle ‘kwesono sokuqala’?
Imfundiso kaPelagius yafa. Kamva icebiso lecawa eCarthage lazivakalisa iimfundiso zikaPelagius njengeenkolelo ezitenxileyo. ‘Isono sokuqala’ saba yinxalenye yobuKatolika njengokuvuma izono. Yaye ngoku icawa yalathiselwa kwikhondo lokukhulisa ukuguqulwa kwabantu abaninzi—okwakudla ngokunyanzeliswa—ukuze kusindiswe abantu ‘kumlilo wesibogo.’ Ukuphehlelelwa kweentsana kwayeka ukuba lisiko elithandwayo kwaza kwaba sisixhobo esisemthethweni sosindiso, isixhobo amaProtestanti awayeya kusamkela njengelifa.
‘Kumda Wesihogo’
Imfundiso ka-Augustine yaphakamisa eminye imibuzo enzima gqitha: UThixo wothando unokuzibangela njani iintsana ezimsulwa ukuba zive ubuhlungu esihogweni? Ngaba iintsana ezingaphehlelelwanga beziya kufumana isohlwayo esifanayo nesaboni abaqaqadekileyo? Ukuphendula le mibuzo akuzange kube yinto elula kubefundisi. Umfundisi ongumKatolika uVincent Wilkin uthi: “Bambi baye bagwebela iintsana ezingaphehlelelwanga kubushushu obupheleleyo bamalangatye esihogo, bambi bakholelwa kwelokuba azitshiswa ngamalangatye kodwa zifudunyezwa ukusa kwiqondo lobushushu elingonwabisiyo; bambi bathi oku kukungonwabi okuncinane kunene esihogweni . . . Bambi bebeya kuthi ezi ntsana ziya kwiparadisi yasemhlabeni.”b
Noko ke, eyona ngcamango ithandwa kakhulu kunazo zonke, ingqineke ikukuba imiphefumlo yeentsana ezingaphehlelelwanga igcinwa kwilimbo. Eli gama ngokoqobo lithetha “umda” (njengomqukumbelo wesambatho) yaye lichaza ummandla othelekelelwa umi kwimida yesihogo. Kubefundisi, ilimbo yingcamango eyamkeleka kunene. Ubuncinane liwenza ungabi mbi kangako umbono owoyikekayo weentsana eziva ubuhlungu.
Kodwa njengayo nayiphi na ingcamango eyenziwe ngumntu, ilimbo nayo inezayo iingxaki. Kutheni le nto ingakhankanywa eZibhalweni? Ngaba iintsana zinako ukuphuma kwilimbo? Yaye kutheni iintsana ezimsulwa zifanele ziye kwaukuya apho? lyaqondakala into yokuba, icawa ithi ilimbo “asiyomfundiso isemthethweni yamaKatolika.”c—New Catholic Encyclopedia.
Ingxoxo lyafudumala Kwakhona
Ngokusisiseko kangangeenkulungwane amaKatolika aye abambelela kwimbono kaAugustine yaye ‘abasindisa kwilimbo’ abantwana babo ngokubaphehlelela. Noko ke, ukususela ngeyee-1950 ingxoxo engokuphehlelelwa kweentsana yavuka ngokuphawulekayo. Abaphengululi abangamaKatolika baye baqalisa ukuvakalisa ukuthandabuza okunzulu ukuba olu qheliselo lungokweBhayibhile. Bambi bayavuma ukuba abanakuzamkela iingcamango ezingomlilo wesihogo zika-Augustine okanye ilimbo.
Phofu ke, ekuqaleni, iinkokeli zecawa ezingoontamo-lukhuni zakwala ukuguquka. Ngowe-1951 uPopu Pius XII wanikela intetho kwiqela labazalisikazi. Ebethelela kwakhona inkolelo yokuba “imeko yokuzukiswa ngexesha lokufa ifuneka gqitha ukuze usindiswe,” wakhuthaza abazalisikazi ukuba baphehlelele ngokwabo ukuba mhlawumbi kuyabonakala ukuba usana olusandul’ ukuzalwa luza kufa. Wababongoza esithi, “Ngoko, musani ukusilela ukuphumeza le nkonzo yobubele.” Ngokufanayo, ngowe-1958 iVatican yakhupha umyalelo ongqongqo wokuba “iintsana zimele ziphehlelelwe kwakamsinya kangangoko kunokwenzeka.”
Sekunjalo, impikiswano yaqhambuka kwakhona emva kwebhunga elaziwayo laseVatican II. Ngenyathelo elimangalisayo, icawa yazama ukwamkela iimbono zababambelele kwizithethe. Ibhunga lathi, ‘Uphehlelelo lufuneka ngokupheleleyo ukwenzela usindiso.’ Noko ke, ngokumangalisayo, usindiso kwakhona lwalunokwenzeka nakwabo “bathi kungengatyala labo bangayazi ivangeli kaKristu.”d
Ngokulandelayo, icawa yathi yayihlaziya inkqubo yokuphehlelelwa kweentsana. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, abefundisi ngoku babenalo ukhetho lokulwala uphehlelelo ukuba abazali bomntwana abavumi ukuthembisa ukumkhulisa umntwana njengomKatolika. Ngaba ekugqibeleni icawa yazishiya ngokupheleleyo iimfundiso zika-Augustine? Bambi bacinga ngolo hlobo baza baqalisa ukuthandabuza imfuneko yokuphehlelelwa kweentsana.
Ngoko iVatican yakhupha owayo “Umyalelo Ongokuphehlelelwa Kweentsana,” owawusithi: “ICawa . . . ayazi ndlela yimbi ngaphandle kokuphehlelelwa ukwenzela ukuqinisekisa ukungena komntwana kulonwabo lukanaphakade.” Oobhishophu bayalelwa ukuba “babuyisele kuqheliselo Iwezithethe abo . . . babelushiyile.” Kodwa kuthekani ngeentsana ezifa zingaphehlelelwanga? “Kuphela icawa inokuziyekela kwinceba kaThixo.”
Ukuphehlelelwa Kweentsana Nomntwana Wakho
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, amaKatolika amaninzi anyanisekileyo adideke ngokwenyaniso kuko konke oku. Sekunjalo, bambi basenokuvakalelwa kukuba, phezu kwayo nje imfundiso yamaKatolika, ubuncinane uphehlelelo lunika umntwana isiqalo esilungileyo kwezonqulo. Kodwa ngaba kunjalo? Omnye umama ongumKatolika wathi: “Ndinabantwana ababini abaselula kakhulu, bobabini baphehleleIwa beseziintsana, yaye andiboni nentwana yobungcwele kubo, eneneni ndibona okwahluke mpela.”
Ukuphehlelela umntwana omncinane akumncedi avelise ukholo. Enyanisweni, kwaphula umyalelo kaYesu othi: ‘Hambani ngoko niye kuzenza abafundi zonke iintlanga nibabhaptize.’ (Mateyu 28:19) Ubhaptizo okanye uphehlelelo alunantsingiselo de ubani abe mdala ngokwaneleyo ukuba abe ngumfundi. Kuyinyaniso ukuba, kukho “isithethe samandulo” sokuphehlelelwa kweentsana. Kodwa ngaba uYesu akazange abagwebe abo ‘babewuphanga igunya umthetho kaThixo ngenxa yesithethe sabo’?—Mateyu 15:6.
Ngokomphumo, iBhayibhile ikhuthaza abazali ukuba baqeqeshe abantwana babo kwimicimbi yokomoya “kwasebuntwaneni.” (2 Timoti 3:14-17) Ngaloo ndlela amaNgqina kaYehova asithabatha nzulu isiluleko seBhayibhile sokukhulisa abantwana bawo “ekuqeqesheni nasekululekeni kweNkosi.” (Efese 6:4) Oko kudla ngokwenziwa ngokuphumeza ucwangciso oluthe rhoqo lwesifundo seBhayibhile sentsapho. Abazali abanjalo bafundisa abantwana babo ukuba babekho baze babe nesabelo kwiintlanganiso zamaKristu. (Hebhere 10:24, 25) Bakhuthaza abantwana babo ukuba benze “uvumo lwasekuhleni” lokholo lwabo. (Roma 10:10, NW) Exesheni, abantwana basenokushukunyiselwa ukwenza okwabo ukuzahlulela kuYehova uThixo baze bakufuzisele oko ngokubhaptizwa emanzini. Oku kungokweZibhalo yaye kunentsingiselo kunene ibe kuyanelisa kunokuqwalasela inkqubo esisithethe ephunyezwa kusana olungazi nto.
Ukuba umntwana womKristu unokufa ngaphambi kokubhaptizwa, abazali akufuneki boyike ukuba utsha esihogweni okanye ulinde kwilimbo. IBhayibhile ifundisa ukuba abafileyo abazi lutho. (INtshumayeli 9:5, 10) Ngaloo ndlela abazali banokufumana intuthuzelo kwisithembiso sikaYesu sokuba “kuza ilixa abaya kuthi ngalo bonke abasemangcwabeni balive ilizwi lakhe; baphume ke” benethemba lobomi kwiParadisi ebuyiselweyo. (Yohane 5:28, 29; Luka 23:43) Eli themba lisekelwe eBhayibhileni lithuthuzela gqitha kunezithethe zabantu—ezididayo—neziguqukayo.
[Imibhalo esemazantsi]
a Maxa wambi igama elithi “indlu” eBhayibhileni ngokucacileyo liyazishiya iintsana. Ngokomzekelo, kuTito 1:11 kuthethwa ngabawexuki “abathi izindlu ziphela bazibhukuqe.”—Bona kwaneyoku-1 kaSamuweli 1:21, 22.
b UAugustine ngokwakhe wathi iintsana ezingaphehlelelwanga “ziya kubandakanyeka kolona lugwebo lungekho qatha.”
c Xa ingqungquthela yecawa kwinkulungwane ye-18 yazama ukuvakalisa ilimbo “iyimfundiso kaPelagius eyintsomi,” uPopu Pius VI wakhupha umyalelo owawugweba ingqungquthela njengeqhekekayo. Nangona yayiyixhasa phantse ngokupheleleyo imfundiso yelimbo, umyalelo wayigcina le ngcamango iphilile.
d Umfundisi ongumKatolika uTad Guzie wayibiza imbono entsha yecawa ngokuthi “kukuphambana okuhlekisayo komthendeleko oluthi uphehlelelo okanye ubhaptizo lwamanzi lube linqanaba lokuqala elifunekayo lokusindiswa kweentsana, kodwa inqanaba lokugqibela lomgaqo omkhulu ngakumbi wakhe nabani na ongomnye.”
[Itshati ekwiphepha 7]
Iimbalasane Zembali Zokuphehlelelwa Kweentsana
Umhla (C.E.) Isiganeko
malunga 193 UTertullian wathethelela ukuphehlelelwa okanye ukubhaptizwa kwabantu abakhulu
253 Ibhunga laseCarthage labhengeza ukuba ‘iintsana zimele ziphehlelelwe kwangoko’
412-417 Ingxoxo phakathi kukaPelagius noAugustine ngokuphathelele ‘isono sokuqala’
417 Ibhunga laseCarthage ligweba imbono kaPelagius njengetyekileyo. Ukuphehlelelwa kweentsana kuba yinto esisigxina kubuKatolika
1201, 1208 UPopu Innocent III ubhala ngokukholana nokuphehlelelwa kweentsana
1545-1563 Ibhunga laseTrent livakalisa “isiqalekiso” phezu kwakhe nabani na ongavumiyo ukuba iintsana ziphehlelelwe
1794 Umyalelo kaPopu oyiAuctorem Fidei uyayigweba iNgqungquthela yaseJansenist, eyathi ilimbo yimfundiso engamkelekanga ecaweni
1951 UPopu Pius XII ubethelela imfuneko yokuphehlelelwa kweentsana ngokukhuthaza abazalisikazi ukuba benze oko kwiimeko zongxamiseko
1958 IVatican yayalela ukuba ‘iintsana ziphehlelelwe msinya kangangoko kunokwenzeka’
1963-1965 IBhunga Lesibini laseVatican lamisela ukuba usindiso lunokwenzeka ngaphandle kophehlelelo okanye ubhaptizo. Layalela ukuba inkqubo yokuphehlelelwa kweentsana ihlaziywe
1980 IVatican yaqinisela isiko lokuphehlelelwa kweentsana, isithi ‘ayazi ndlela yimbi yokuba abantwana bangene kulonwabo lukanaphakade’