Ukuqalisa Kwamajingi-qhiwu OHlaziyo

“NGESIQUPHE ndeva esinye isandi, ngathi sisandi seendudumo, sivakala ngakwicala lethu. Intsapho yakowethu . . . yaqalisa ukubaleka ngokubhuduzela ibalekela kwinduli eyayikufuphi. Amanzi awayelephuza amagwebu asigubungela. Sadada ngendlela esingazange sadada ngayo ngaphambili. Nangona sasiginya amanzi amaninzi olwandle . . . , sasinda.”

Le yindlela omnye ummi wakwiiPhillipines awawabalisa ngayo amava oyikisayo awathi aguqula indlela yakhe yokuphila. Mhlawumbi akuzange ukhe uthwaxwe yintlekele yokwemvelo—yamanzi okanye yolunye uhlobo. Kodwa xa sikhangela embalini sibona ukuba ubomi bezigidi ngezigidi zabantu buye baguqulwa ziintlekele ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Nonqulo luye lwanothotho lweziphendu ezikhulu, eziguqule imeko yemihla ngemihla yabantu abayinkungu nelanga. Aba bantu baye baquka amaHindu, amaBhuda, amaSilamsi, amaYuda namaKristu. Ngaba ubomi bakho buye bachatshazelwa sisidubedube esilolo hlobo? Phantse ngokuqinisekileyo buye bachatshazelwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uhlala phi na. Oku masibonise umzekelo wako ngokubuyela emva kwiminyaka enokuba ngama-400 eyadlulayo ngexesha lenkulungwane ye-16. Okokuqala ingqalelo yethu siyalathisela eYurophu, ngelo xesha eyayinezidubedube yaye abantu beneembono ezahlukeneyo, njengamanzi elatyuza.

Ulwando Olukhulayo

Kangangeenkulungwane, ukuya kutsho koko sikubiza ngokuba luHlaziyo, iCawa yamaRoma Katolika nabalawuli baseYurophu babesukuzana, ngamnye efuna ukuba negunya komnye nakubantu. Abantu baseYurophu bagwayimba ngokuchasene noko babekubona kuzizinto ezimbi ezazisenziwa yicawa.

Luhlobo luni lwezinto ezimbi ezazisenziwa abazibonayo? Babona ukubawa, ukuziphatha okubi gqitha nokugxuphuleka kwiipolitiki. Abantu nje abaqhelekileyo babecatshukiswa ngabantu ababesithi bafune amalungelo akhethekileyo ngenxa yezibhambathiso zabo zokuba ngamahlwempu nokuba nyulu kodwa ababesithi kwangaxeshanye bawugqithe umthetho ngokubonakalisa ekuhleni ukonakala kwabo nangokuziphatha okubi. Izidwangube zaseNgilani zazicatshukiswa yimeko eyayingaqhelekanga yokuba kufuneke zihlonele upopu owaye ngelo xesha ehlala eFransi yaye esebenzisana nayo, eyayilutshaba lweNgilani emfazweni.

Ukonakala kwiCawa yamaKatolika kwaya kusiba mandundu. Kwincwadi yakhe iThe March of Folly umbhali-mbali uBarbara W. Tuchman ubonisa ukuba oopopu abathandathu ababesezikhundleni ukususela ngowe-1471 kuse phambili “babenyoba, beziphethe kakubi, bebawela imali yaye bebandakanyeke kwiipolitiki ngendlela eyingozi gqitha.” UBarbara Tuchman uhlabela mgama echaza ngeenzame zikapopu Sixtus IV zokuba ayibeke kumanqwanqwa aphezulu nokuze ayenze ifume intsapho yakowabo esahlwempuzekileyo unangoku, wamisela abatshana bakhe abahlanu nomntwana womtshana wakhe njengeekhadinali, omnye umntwana womtshana wakhe njengobhishophu, waza ezinye izalamane zakhe ezithandathu wazitshatisela kwiintsapho ezazinelungelo lokulawula. Xa wathi waba ngupopu, uAlexander VI wathi waziwa njengonamashweshwe aliqela nabantwana abasixhenxe. Kuzimiselo lwakhe lokuba anyulwe ukuba abe sesikhundleni, wabanyoba abantu ababini ababezigqatse kunye naye, omnye wabo efumana “amatye egolide nawesilivere anokuthwalwa ziimeyile ezine,” ubhala njalo uBarbara Tuchman. Kamva wathi wongamela umgidi owawuseVatican owathi “waduma kwimbali yemifanekiso ebonisa amanyala.” Le ncwadi ikwanye ithi ke ichaze indlela umkroli odumileyo uMichelangelo awathunywa ngayo nguPopu Julius II ukuba akrole umfanekiso wakhe. Xa wabuzwa ngulo mkroli enoba wayengathanda ukuba umfanekiso awubone uphethe incwadi, lo popu ungumlwi waphendula wathi: “Krola ikrele kuloo mfanekiso. Andazi nto ngeencwadi mna.”

Ingozi Yohlaziyo

Abantu abaqhelekileyo baseYurophu babesalufuna ukhokelo lokomoya. Bebona indlela amaqela awahlukahlukeneyo abantu abasemaqhuzwini ababezanelisa ngayo ngempambano, aba bantu bakumgangatho ophantsi baphethukela komnye umthombo wegunya, lowo bawujonga ungowona wongamileyo kunayo yonke eminye—iBhayibhile. Ngokutsho kombhali uJoel Hurstfield, uHlaziyo “ngokukakhulu lwaluyinguqulelo kulawulo.” Bekhwankqiswe kukonakala okwakusecaweni, abashumayeli nabazalwana baseltali baqalisa ukuthetha ekuhleni ngemfuneko yohlaziyo. Kodwa ayikho enye indawo apho lo moya wokunganeliseki wawubalasele kuyo ngokoyikekayo kunaseJamani.

Kumaxesha obuhedeni, iintlanga zamaJamani zazinesithethe sokuba abantu bahlawule imali ukuze kurhoxiswe izohlwayo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokwanda kokholo lwamaRoma, eli siko lathi labakho ecaweni ngokuthi abantu bahlawuliswe ngenxa yokuxolelwa kwezono ngupopu. Oku kwabangela ukuba umoni athenge kupopu ixabiso leengenelo zobulungisa “beengcwele” ezifileyo aze eli xabiso alisebenzise kwizohlwayo zasemhlabeni ngenxa yezono azenzileyo. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali, okwabangelwa ziimfazwe ezazisiliwa neFransi nemisebenzi emininzi yokwakha eRome, uPopu Leo X wagunyazisa ukuba abantu bahlawuliswe ngenxa yokuxolelwa izono ngupopu, ethembisa ukuzirhoxisa ngokupheleleyo izohlwayo zasemhlabeni ngenxa yesono. UMartin Luther owayecaphukile wavakalisa iingongoma zakhe ezidumileyo ngoku ezingama-95 ezazingeemfundiso zobuxoki zecawa. Inyathelo elisa kuhlaziyo nelaqalisa kancinane kwiinkulungwane ezithile ngaphambili, lathi laba likhulu njengoko abantu abangakumbi nangakumbi babelixhasa.

Ngenkulungwane ye-16 abantu abanjengoLuther waseJamani, uZwingli noCalvin baseSwitzerland noKnox waseSkotlani bathi baba ngabo kwakusiyiwa kubo ngabantu abaninzi ababebona ithuba lokucoca ubuKristu nelokubuyela kwimilinganiselo yantlandlolo yeBhayibhile. EJamani kwaqanjwa igama elitsha ababeya kubizwa ngalo abo babengavumi ukwamkela imiqathango eyayimiselwe elukholweni ngabefundisi bamaRoma Katolika, nababekuvuma ekuhleni ukunyaniseka kuThixo kunakomnye umntu. Kamva eli gama lathi lasetyenziswa kubo bonke ababexhasa uHlaziyo. Eli gama lalisithi “Protestant.”

UbuProtestanti batyhutyha lonke elaseYurophu ngesantya esothusayo, bulungelelanisa imekobume yonqulo, bumisela iingcamango ezintsha zemfundiso yezakwalizwi. IJamani neSwitzerland zavul’ indlela, yaye ngokukhawuleza zilandelwa siSkotlani, yiSweden, yiNorway nayiDenmark. Kwakukho imibutho yohlaziyo eOstriya, eBohemia, ePoland, eTransylvania, eNetherlands naseFransi.

ENgilani kwakukho ukunganeliseki ithuba elingaphezu kwenkulungwane, ukususela ngemihla kaJohn Wycliffe namaLollard. Kodwa xa kwathi ekugqibeleni kwakho ukuqhekeka kwiCawa yamaKatolika, oko kwakungenxa yezizathu ezingakumbi eziqhelekileyo. Ukumkani wagqiba kwelokuba atshintshe umfazi wakhe kungekhona unqulo lwakhe. Ngowe-1534 uHenry VIII wavakalisa ukuba yena uyintloko yeCawa entsha yaseRhabe. Okwamqhubela ekubeni enjenjalo kwakwahlukile koko kwabakreqi baseYurophu, kodwa sekunjalo inyathelo awalithabathayo lavulel’ indlela inguqulelo yonqulo eBritani. Kulo lonke elaseYurophu, le nguqulelo yatsho kwalijaja ligazi lamawakawaka abantu ababebulawa ngenxa yokuba besilwa macala omabini onqulo.

Kuyo yonke indawo ekwakufuneka kwenziwe uhlaziyo kuyo, into eyayixhokonxa abantu yayiba zizinto ezisecaweni nomhlaba wayo. Kwithuba nje leminyaka emine, ukumkani waseNgilani wathimba imizi yoonongendi engama-560 eminye yayo eyayingenisa imali eninzi gqitha. Kwamanye amazwe ookumkani nabantu nje babethimba imihlaba yecawa. Xa iRome yathi ngokwayo yaphangwa, inkohlakalo yayingasabhuqeli ukuba kuhlekwe. UBarbara Tuchman ukuchaza ngolu hlobo oku: “Ubundlobongela nokunxanelw’ igazi kwabahlaseli ‘kwakwesamele gqitha.’ Izikhalo nokugcuma kwabantu zazalisa yonk’ indawo; kumlambo iTiber kwakudada izidumbu zabantu.” Abantu ababejongelwe phantsi, abangamaKatolika nabangamaProtestanti babetshutshiswa ngenkohlakalo. EBohemia amaProtestanti ayephangwa, ngoxa eIreland yayingamaKatolika ekwakusenziwa oko kuwo. AmaHuguenots aseFransi angamaProtestanti ayekhathazwa, njengokuba kwakunjalo ngamaRhabe aseSkotlani namaPuritan aseNgilani. Kubonakala ngathi kwakubulawana nje ngokungekho ngqiqweni, yaye unqulo lwalungunobangela osisiseko wokubulalana okunjalo. Ngaba le nkohlakalo yayingenakuze iphele?

Icawa yayingazimiselanga kwenza luxolo. Kodwa abalawuli, bedikwe yeyokosa lizothe lemfazwe yamakhaya, bafikelela kwizivumeIwano ezathi zamisela imida engokwasemthethweni eyahlula ezi nkonzo zimbini ziphikisanayo. ISivumelwano Soxolo esenziwa eAugsburg ngowe-1555 neSivumelwano Soxolo esenziwa eWestphalia ngowe-1648 zayiphelisa imida yonqulo neyobuhlanga, zinik’ ithuba inkosi ephetheyo ukuba igqibe ukuba abantu ebalawulayo babenokulandela yiphi na inkonzo. Ngaloo ndlela iYurophu yatyhila kwelinye iphepha, nto leyo yayiya kuqhubeka ikho kangangeminyaka enokuba ngama-300. Impembelelo yaseYurophu yaqhubeka de kwasekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II xa yathi yaguqulwa ngokupheleleyo ngamaGunya awayemanyene neMerika awayoyisile ngoko.

Ukulangazelela inkululeko engokonqulo nohlaziyo zathi zabangela abantu bafukama ingqumbo ngenxa yemiqathango yecawa. Emva kokuba babezibambile bengade bayikhuphe le ngqumbo kangangeenkulungwane ekugqibeleni babhavuma, kwaza oko kwachaphazela iindawo zaseYurophu kuzishiya zimpatshampatsha. Ekudambeni kwabo, abefundisi babesele beyekile ukukhokela kwimicimbi yokholo kumazwe anamaProtestanti yaye ukhokelo lwalusele lusezandleni zamagunya oburhulumente. Noko ke, iYurophu yayisenonqulo olwalusenza izinto ezinganyamezelekiyo yaye iimbacu zakhona zasaba ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye. Eli lizwe lalingasenako ukuzigcina zilungelelene izinto. Kungekudala yapatyalaka ibhobhile. Le meko yadlulela kwinkulungwane ye-17. Ngelo xesha Amazwe AseNtshona ayesenziwa amathanga.

Ukupatyalaka Kwebhobhile Kuchaphazela Nelaphesheya

KwiChurch and State in the United States, uA. P. Stokes ubhala oku: “Omnye woonobangela abaphambili bokuba kufudukelwe eMerika yayikukunqwenela inkululeko yonqulo.” Abantu babediniwe kukuxhatshazwa. AmaBhaptizi, amaQuaker, amaRoma Katolika, iiHuguenots, amaPuritan, amaMennonite nabanye bonke babekulungele ukuzinyamezela iimeko ezinzima zohambo lwaselwandle besiya kwindawo abangayaziyo. Lo kaStokes ucaphula omnye esithi: “Ndandinqwenela ukuba kwilizwe apho ndinokukhululeka ukuba ndinqule uThixo ngokwendlela iBhayibhile endifundisa ngayo.” Umlinganiselo wokunganyamezeleki kwezinto aba bafuduki ababezishiye ngasemva unokubonwa ngobunzima ababezimisele ukubunyamezela. Ngokutsho kombhali-mbali uDavid Hawke kwiThe Colonial Experience, imfuduko elusizi yokusuka kwilizwe lokuzaIwa kwakunokwenzeka ukuba ilandelwe “ziinyanga ezimbini, ezintathu okanye ezine zaxa mihla le ulindele ukutshona kumaza nokuhlaselwa ngabaphangi abakhohlakeleyo elwandle.” Ngemva koko, umhambi oxhwalwe yimozulu wayeya kufikela kumalndiya awayengachubekanga, awayedume ngenkohlakalo . . . [yaye wayeya kuhlala] ekwimeko yokungafumani nto isiwa phantsi kwempumlo kangangethuba elide.”

Abantu ngabanye babefuna inkululeko, amazwe awayelawula amathanga ayefuna ubutyebi. Kungakhathaliseki enoba yayiyintoni na eyayibashukumisa, abemi belizwe elitsha bafika nonqulo lwabo. IJamani, iHolland neBritani uMntla Merika zawenza inqaba yamaProtestanti. Ikakhulu yaba ngurhulumente waseBritani owafuna “ukuthintela ubuRoma Katolika . . . ekubeni bulawule kuMntla Merika.” IKhanada yathi yalawulwa yiFransi nayiBritani. Usukelo lorhulumente waseFransi lwalulolokuba “iNew France iyigcine iphantsi kobuRoma Katolika,” wade akazivumela neeHuguenots ukuba zifudukele eQuebec. UMzantsi Afrika nezinye iindawo eziseNtshona Afrika zathi zaphenjelelwa bubuProtestanti. Ekuhambeni kwexesha le mpembelelo yanda njengoko iOstreliya, iNew Zealand neziqithi ezininzi ezikwiPasifiki zathi zongezelelwa kubuProtestanti.

ISpeyin nePortugal zazisele zingenisa imfundiso yobuKatolika eMzantsi Merika nakuMbindi Merika. Abantu baseFransi namaPhuthukezi baphakamisa indwe yamaKatolika kuMbindi Afrika. Elndia, iGoa yayilawulwa ngamaPhuthukezi, ngoko ubuKatolika bamiselwa apho.

Ngenkulungwane ye-16 kwabunjwa uMbutho kaYesu (amaJesuits) ukuze uhambisele phambili iinjongo zobuKatolika. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-18, kwakukho amaJesuits angaphezu kwama-22 000 awayesebenza kulo lonke ihlabathi, yaye ade abugxininisa ubuKatolika eTshayina naseJapan.

Imbono Entsha

Amanzi agqabhukileyo anamandla amakhulu, njengoko ingqina elicatshulwe ekuqaleni kweli nqaku liye lakungqinela oko. Atsho kuthi waca yonke into ephezu komhlaba, enza iintlambo nemiwonyo, adudula konke okusendleleni yawo. Isikhukula esinamandla sinjengenkom’ enotshoba, asinakulawulwa okanye salathiswe. Kwakunjalo ke ngesikhukula soHlaziyo.

KwiThe Reformation Crisis uG. R. Elton uthi, “Ngoko ke okwenzekayo . . . asikokuphumelela konqulo olutsha lwabaqhekeki kunoko iNgqobhoko yahlulelana nto leyo ekungekho bani wayeyilindele.” INgqobhoko yayahlulelene, yayithwaxekile yaye iphelelwe ngamandla. Abantu bathi banyaniseka ngakumbi kubalawuli ababelawula amazwe abakuwo nakwiicawa ezincinane zamazwe. Ulawulo olwalusele lunethuba elide lumiselwe eRome lwathi lwajongelwa phantsi. KubuProtestanti kwathi kwaqalisa ukubakho ubuhlanga. IBritani neUnited States, ezazilawulwa ngamandla ziinkokeli zobupolitika ezingamaProtestanti, zombini zayila igunya lesixhenxe lehlabathi lembali yeBhayibhile, elaqalisa ukulawula ngenkulungwane ye-18.

Phofu ke, uHlaziyo aluzange luyenze into kanye abantu ababenethemba lokuba lwaluya kuyiphumeza. Yayiyintoni leyo? Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iimfundiso ezisisiseko zeecawa zamaProtestanti, enoba zaziziicawa zohlanga okanye ezinye, zathi ngokukakhulu zavisisana nezaseRome. Abahlaziyi bangaphambili babecinge ngokubuyela kwimilinganiselo yeBhayibhile, yokubuyela kubuKristu obububo. Njengoko abantu ababexhasa babesanda ngokukhawuleza, ukudideka ekwalathiseni imicimbi kwasuka nje kwazigalel’ amanzi ezo ngcinga.

Umphumo woHlaziyo uye wachaphazela kwanenkulungwane yethu yama-20. Ngaba unokuzibona ezinye izinto ezibonisa oko? Kanti okubaluleke ngakumbi kukuba, sisemgubasini wesidubedube sokugqibela esingokonqulo zwenibanzi. Imbali yonqulo sele iza kufunyanwa sesi sidubedube. Ngaba ke uya kusinda ukuze ubone inguqulelo entsha? Le mibuzo iya kuphendulwa kwinkupho kaNovemba yeli phephancwadi.