Bushe Ubuntungwa bwa Mipepele—Busuma Nelyo Bubi?

Imfundo ya buntungwa bwa mipepele yatendeke no bucushi bukalamba mu Kristendomu. Kwali ukushomboka ne fifundisho, impatila, no kukaanya. Abengi balifwile mu nkondo sha mipepele isha bukalushi. Cinshi ili lyashi lya kale ilya bucushi litusambilisha?

MU CITABO ca Pagans and Christians, Robin Lane Fox alembo kuti: “Ukupakasa Abena Kristu kwa kale na kale.” Abena Kristu baishibikwe nge cakaniko kabili bapeelwe umulandu wa kufundaula ubwikashi. (Imilimo 16:20, 21; 24:5, 14; 28:22) E ico, bamo balicushiwe no kwipaiwa ku fiswango mu fibansa fya mu Roma. Mu kupakaswa kwakaluka ukwa musango yo, bamo, pamo nga Tertullian uwasoma ifya mipepele (moneni icikope pe bula 8), balombele ubuntungwa bwa mipepele. Mu 212 C.E., alembele ukuti: “Ni nsambu shikalamba isha bantu, kabili lishuko lya cifyalilwa, ukuti umuntu onse alepepa ukulingana ne fisumino fyakwe.”

Mu 313 C.E., ilyo Icipangano ca Milan capeele ubuntungwa bwa mipepele ku Bena Kristu na ku basenshi, abena Roma balilekele ukupakasa Abena Kristu mu buteko bwa kwa Konstantino. Lintu “UbuKristu” bwasuminishiwe mu Buteko bwa ciRoma ukupakasa kwalipwile. Nangu cibe fyo, mupepi na 340 C.E., kalemba uwaleitunga ubuKristu akambishe ukuti abasenshi bapakaswe. Mu 392 C.E., ukupitila mu Cipangano ca Constantinople, Kateka Theodosius I abindile ubusenshi mu calo cakwe, ica kuti no buntungwa bwa mipepele bwalipwile. Apantu “UbuKristu” mu Roma bwasangwike imipepele ya Buteko, Icalici no Buteko fyabuushishe ukupakasa ukwasendele imyaka iingi, kabili ukwabipishe lintu kwali Nkondo sha BuKristu ishalofeshe iminshipendwa mu myaka ya ba 1000 ukufika muli ba 1200 na lintu kwali ubukalushi bwa Kulubulwisha, ubwatendeke muli ba 1100. Abalesuusha ifisumino, ne fifundisho fye calici, balemonwa nga bacisanguka kabili balelungwa no kupakaswa. Cinshi calengele balecita ifya musango yo?

Abalekaanya imipepele batungile ukuti ukwikatanya imipepele kulakosha Ubuteko e lyo ukupusana kwa mipepele kulafundaula ubwikashi. Mu England, mu 1602, cilolo umo uwa kwa Queen Elizabeth mu England, asosele ukuti: “Ubuteko tabwingacingililwa nga bwasuminisha imipepele ibili.” Lelo, calyangwike ukubinda bacisanguka ba mipepele ukucila ukufwailisha nampo nga cine cine baliletele icintiinya ku Buteko atemwa ku mipepele yasuminishiwa. Icitabo ca The Catholic Encyclopedia citila: “Ubuteko ne calici tafyalelekanya bacisanguka babipa ku basuma.” Nangu cibe fyo, ukwaluka kwali no kwisa mu kwangufyanya.

Ukusuminisha Imipepele Kwatendeka no Bucushi

Icakaniko ca Protestanti e caletele ukwaluka mu Bulaya, kabili calitwalilile. Ukwaluka kwa buProtestanti ukwalepya ngo mulilo kwalipaatukenye imipepele mu Bulaya, kabili kwaletele imfundo ya buntungwa bwa kampingu. Ku ca kumwenako, mu 1521, Martin Luther uwaletele ukwaluka, alungamike imitontonkanishishe yakwe ati: “Kampingu wandi alitekwa ku Cebo ca kwa Lesa.” Na kabili ukupaatukana kwabalamwine Inkondo ya Myaka 30 (1618-48), ishi shali ni nkondo sha mipepele isha bukalushi ishatebelele Ubulaya.

Nangu cibe fyo, ilyo inkondo yalelwikwa, abengi baliilwike kuti ukulwa takuleta ubuyantanshi. E ico, ifipangano ifyakonkana, pamo nga Icipangano ca Nantes mu France (1598), calyeseshe ukupwisha inkondo mu Bulaya lelo califililwe. Pali ifi fipangano e patendekele imfundo sha muno nshiku isha kusuminisha imipepele. Pa kubala, abantu tabatemenwe ishiwi ilya kutila “ukusuminisha imipepele.” Mu 1530, uwasoma ifya bantunse Erasmus, alembele ukuti: “Nga ca kuti twalisuminishe ifyakaniko . . . , kuti cabipa sana lelo tacingabipa ukucila inkondo.” Iyi mitontonkanishishe yalubana yalengele ukuti mu 1561, bamo, pamo nga umwina France Paul de Foix basalepo ukulanda pa lwa “buntungwa bwa mipepele,” ukucila ukulanda pa lwa “kusuminisha imipepele.”

Nangu cibe fyo, mu kupita kwa nshita, ukusuminisha imipepele kwatendeke ukumonwa nge cintu icishabipa, lelo kwatendeke ukumonwa ngo bucingo bwa buntungwa. Takwalemonwa na kabili ngo bunake lelo kwatendeke ukumonwa ngo bucingo. Lintu ukusuminisha ifisumino fyalekanalekana ne nsambu sha kuitontonkanishisha kwatendeke ukuteeswa nge shintililo lya bwikashi bwa muno nshiku, bumpelwa mano bwalipatikishiwe ukufubalila.

Ku mpela ya ba 1700, ukusuminisha imipepele kwatendeke ukwendela pamo no buntungwa no mulinganya. Ici calangililwe ukupitila mu mafunde ne mpapulo, pamo ngo lupapulo lwalumbuka ulwa Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789), mu France, nelyo Bill of Rights (1791), mu United States. Ilyo ishi mpapulo shatendeke ukwambukila ubuntungwa bwa kuitontonkanishisha ukufuma muli ba 1800 ukuya ku ntanshi, ukusuminisha imipepele no buntungwa kwatendeke ukumonwa ngo kushabipa lelo kwatendeke ukumonwa ngo kusuma.

Ubuntungwa Ubwakwata Umwa Kupelela

Nangu cingati ubuntungwa bwalicindama bwalikwata umwa kupelela. Pa kufwaya ukupeela ubuntungwa kuli bonse, Ubuteko bulapanga amafunde ayacincintila ubuntungwa bumo ubwa bantu. Imilandu imo iilelandwapo pali ndakai mu fyalo ifingi mu Bulaya ni yi: Bushe amafunde ya buteko yalingile ukupelela mwi pa kulama imikalile ya muntu? Bushe yalabomba bwino? Bushe yambukila shani ubuntungwa?

Ifya kusabankanishishamo amalyashi fyalilandapo sana pa buntungwa bwa cintubwingi no bwa muntu umo umo. Amabumba yamo aya mipepele yalitunganishiwa ukusensenuna abantu, ukwibe ndalama, ukucenda abana, no kucita imilandu imbi iikalamba, ilingi line takuba bushininkisho bwine bwine. Ifya kusabankanishishamo amalyashi fyalilandapo sana pa mabumba yanono aya mipepele. Amashina ya musaalula pamo nga “imipepele ya bufi” nelyo “icakaniko” nomba yabomfiwa cila bushiku. Limo limo imitontonkanishishe ya bantu ilalenga amabuteko ukutantika fye na mashina ya mipepele batila yalibipa.

Icalo ca France calikwata icishilano ca kusuminisha imipepele no kulekanya imipepele ku Buteko. Cilaitakisha ukuti caba calo ca “Buntungwa, Umulinganya, no Bwananyina.” Lelo, ukulingana ne citabo ca Freedom of Religion and Belief—A World Report, cilya calo calikoselesha “kampeni wa kusambilisha mu masukulu ku kulundulula ukukaanya amabumba ayapya aya mipepele.” Nangu cibe fyo, abengi batila, ukucite ca musango yo kulaleta icintiinya ku buntungwa bwa mipepele. Mu nshila nshi?

Icintiinya ku Buntungwa bwa Mipepele

Ubuntungwa bwa mipepele ubwa cine cine kuti bwabako fye nga ca kuti Ubuteko bulecito mulinganya ku mabumba yonse aya mipepele ayacindika no kubaka amafunde. Tacibe fyo lintu pa mabumba ya mipepele Ubuteko bwapingulo kuti ibumba limo tayaba mipepele, muli fyo ukukanaitangata bwino nga filya Ubuteko butangata imipepele. Magazini wa Time asosele ukuti: “Imfundo yakatama iya buntungwa bwa mipepele taicindama lintu ubuteko bwapokolola insambu sha kusuminisha imipepele kwati ni filya bucita pa kupeela balaisenshi kuli bakensha.” Nomba line icilye cimo ica apilu mu France cabilishe ukuti ukucite fyo “mu kwishiba nelyo mu kukanaishiba kuletako buculukusu.”

Ubuntungwa bukabilwa na bo bwine bulatiinishiwa nga ca kuti ibumba limo fye e lyangalila ifya kusabankanishishamo amalyashi. Ku ca bulanda, ici e ciseekele mu fyalo ifingi. Ku ca kumwenako, pa kufwaya ukulondolola imipepele yalungama, utubungwe utulwisha imipepele ya bufi twaliipeela amaka ya kupeela imilandu, ukupingula, no kuputula imilandu kabili lyene twalyesha ukupatikisha abantu ukusumina imitontonkanishishe yalubana ukupitila mu fya kusabankanishishamo amalyashi. Nangu cibe fyo, inyunshipepala ya ku France Le Monde yalandile ukuti pa kucite fyo, utu tubungwe limo limo tuletako “amalekano yamo yene ayo tutunga ukulwisha kabili kuti twaletako imibele ya kufwailisha no kupakasa aba fisumino fyaibela.” Uyu nyunshipepala aipwishe ati: “Bushe ukusaalula amabumba yanono aya mipepele . . . takuleta icintiinya ku buntungwa bwakatama?” Martin Kriele, uwalembele muli magazini wa Zeitschrift für Religionspsychologie (Magazini wa Psychology of Religion), atile: “Ukufwailisha no kupakasa ifyakaniko kulasakamika sana ukucila icinabwingi ca ‘fyakaniko na mabumba ya bacipena.’ Kuti twatila fye: Abekashi abashitoba amafunde tabalingile ukucushiwa. Imipepele ne fifundisho filingile ukulubuka no kutwalilila ukuba ifyalubuka, na mu Germany mwine.” Natubebete ica kumwenako cimo.

“Abekashi Mwingapashanya”—Bashimikwo Kuba Ababipa

Mipepele nshi yashimikwe ukuba “iyabipisha pa fyakaniko fyonse” ukulingana ne mitontonkanishishe ya balashi ba ciKatolika abayambwilwe mu nyunshipepala yalumbuka iya ABC iya ku Spain? Ico mwingapapako fye ca kuti ABC yalelanda pa Nte sha kwa Yehova. Bushe muli umulinganya no kufumaluka mu kulanda ica musango yo? Moneni ifyakonkapo ifyo bambi basosa:

Sergio Albesano, muli Talento uwa November-December 1996 atile: “Inte sha kwa Yehova shisambilisha abantu ukulipila imisonko mu bufumacumi, ukukanalwako inkondo nelyo ukukanapekanisha inkondo, ukukanaiba kabili, kuti twatila fye, ukukonka imikalile iyo nga ca kuti bambi baliipokelele kuti yalenga abantu ukwikala capamo.”

Cilolo wa mu ng’anda ya mafunde ku Belgium atile: “Ukupusanako ne fyo abantu balanda limo limo, kuli ine [Inte sha kwa Yehova] tashingaletela Ubuteko ubwafya ubuli bonse. Bekashi abatemwa umutende, abafumaluka, kabili abacindiko buteko.”

Inyunshipepala ya ku Germany Sindelfinger Zeitung yatile: “Inte sha kwa Yehova shalishibikwa nga bantu abakwatisha ubufumacumi mu Federal Republic of Germany.”

Inyunshipepala ya ku United States San Francisco Examiner yatile: “Kuti mwamona [Inte sha kwa Yehova] nga abekashi mwingapashanya. Lyonse balalipila imisonko, balateensha abalwele, balatukuta ukupwisha ubwafya bwa kukanaishiba ukubelenga no kulemba.”

Magazini wa American Ethnologist atile: “Inte sha kwa Yehova shalikwata ifyupo ifyakosa ukucila aba mipepele imbi.”

Dokota Bryan Wilson, uwa ku Oxford University atile: “Inte sha kwa Yehova shaba pa bekashi abacilapo ukulungama no kucincila mu fyalo fya mu Afrika.”

Muli Free Speech for Me—But Not for Thee, Nat Hentoff, atile: “Ababa muli ico cisumino pa myaka iingi balibombesha ku kukusha ubuntungwa bwa kampingu.”

Mu citabo ca These Also Believe Profesa C. S. Braden atile: “Balilengo kuti . . . ifintu fimo ifyakatamisha mu buteko bwesu ubwa maisosele ficingililwe.”

Nga fintu ukwambula ukuli pa muulu kulelangilila, Inte sha kwa Yehova shalishibikwa mwi sonde lyonse nga bekashi abakwata ica kumwenako cisuma. Na kabili, shalishibikwa ku mulimo wa kusambilisha Baibolo apa fye no kulundulula imibele ya lupwa iyakatama. Amakalasi ya Nte aya kusambilisha ukubelenga no kulemba yalyaafwa abengi, kabili pa myaka iingi umulimo wa Nte uwa kukumbusuka walyaafwa abengi, maka maka mu Afrika.

Ubucindami bwa Kufumaluka

Mu bwikashi mwaliba incenjeshi ishingi sana ishicenjesha aba kaele. E mulandu wine, tulingile ukucenjela na bantu abaitungo kupepa. Lelo bushe kufumaluka kwa musango shani kabili ubuntungwa bwa mipepele kuti bwabako shani lintu bamo bakalemba ba lyashi, mu cifulo ca kwipusha incenshi shafumaluka, baleumfwa fye ku filelandwa na macalici ayamona abantu babo balecepelako nelyo lintu baleumfwa ku filelandwa no tubungwe utushafumaluka utulwisha ifyakaniko? Ku ca kumwenako, inyunshipepala iyatile Inte sha kwa Yehova “balibipisha pa fyakaniko fyonse” yalisumine ukuti “incenshi she Calici [lya Katolika]” e shabebele. Na kabili, magazini umo wa ku France alandile ukuti ifipande ifingi ifilanda pa mipepele iitunganishiwa ukuba ifyakaniko fifuma ku tubungwe utulwisha ifyakaniko. Bushe iyi ni nshila ya mulinganya iya kusangilamo ifyebo fyafumaluka?

Ifilye fya mwi sonde no tubungwe utwayangwako ku nsambu sha bantu ishikabilwa, pamo nga UN, fitila “ubupusano bwaba pa mipepele ne cakaniko bunono sana ica kuti tabwingapokelelwa.” Lyene mulandu nshi bamo bapampamina pa kubomfya ishiwi lya musaalula ilya “icakaniko”? Ici na co cilangililo kuti ubuntungwa bwa mipepele buletiinishiwa. Ni shani, lyene, ubuntungwa bwakatama bwingacingililwa?

[Akabokoshi ne Fikope pe bula 8]

Bakacingilila ba Buntungwa bwa Mipepele

Ukuilishanya kwine kwine pa buntungwa bwa mipepele kwatendeke muli ba 1500 ilyo ku Bulaya kwali inkondo sha mipepele isha bukalushi. Uku kuilishanya kucili kulabomfiwa mu kulanshanya pa fya buntungwa bwa mipepele.

Sébastien Chateillon (1515-63) atile: “Bushe nani cisanguka? Nshamonapo nangu umo kano fye ukuti tumona bonse abashisuminisha imitontonkanishishe yesu nga bacisanguka. . . . Nga ca kuti muli uno musumba nelyo muli cino citungu bakumona ngo wasumina icine cine, nga waya kumbi bakalakumona nga cisanguka.” Chateillon, kapilibula wa Baibolo umwina France walumbuka kabili kacingilila wa kusuminisha imipepele alumbwile cimo pa fintu ifikalamba mu kulanshanya pa fya buntungwa bwa mipepele icitila: Nani afwile ukulondolola ifyo cisanguka aba?

Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert (1522-90) atile: “Tubelengo kuti akale . . . na Kristu wine mu Yerusalemu ukusanshako fye na bafwilile icisumino mu Bulaya . . . balifundawile [ubwikashi] ku fyebo fyabo fya cine. . . . Ishiwi ‘ukufundaula’ lilekabila ukulondololwa mu kulungika kabili bwino bwino.” Coornhert apaashishe ukuti ukupusana kwa mipepele takwendela pamo no kufundaula ubwikashi. Aipwishe ati: Bushe icine cine abomfwila no kucindika amafunde mu bufumacumi kuti bafundaula ubwikashi?

Pierre de Belloy (1540-1611) atile: “Ukukanaishiba e kulenga abantu balesumina ukuti ukupusanapusana kwa mipepele kuletako no kukusha icimfundawila mu Calo.” Uyu loya umwina France Belloy uwalembele ilyo kwali Inkondo sha Mipepele (1562-98), apaashishe ukuti ukwikatana kwa mipepele takwikatanya Icalo, kano fye nga ubuteko bwalinakila imipepele.

Thomas Helwys (c. 1550-c. 1616) atile: “Nga ca kuti abantu [ba mfumu] balinakila kabili bacishinka ku mafunde yonse aya buntunse, imfumu taifwile ukubapinda na fimbi.” Hewlys, uwali ni umo uwa bantu batendeke icalici lya English Baptists, alembele ukuti Icalici no Buteko filingile ukupaatukana, kabili akoseleshe imfumu ukupeela ubuntungwa bwa mipepele ku macalici yonse ne fyakaniko fyonse no kuti imfumu ibe iyaikushiwa ku kuteka abantu ne fikwatwa fyabo. Ukulemba kwakwe kwaimishe icipusho ca pali ndakai icitila: Bushe Ubuteko bulingile ukupelela mwi pa kulama bumupashi bwa bantu?

Kalemba ushaishibikwa (1564) atile: “Pa kuti ubuntungwa bwa kampingu bwingabako, tamulingile fye ukukaanya umuntu ukupepa uko umwine ashilefwaya, nga ca kuti pa nshita imo ine mulemukaanya ukupepa uko umwine alefwaya.”

[Ifikope]

Tertullian

Chateillon

De Belloy

[Abatusuminishe]

Ifikope fyonse fya: © Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris