Ɣeyiɣi Si Me Agbe Nyui Nɔnɔ Yi To Keŋkeŋ
ƔEKAƔIE nàgblɔ be agbe nyui nɔnɔ va te toyiyi wòɖe dzesi? Le wò agbenɔɣia? Alo tɔwò, alo tɔgbuiwò ŋɔli ke yea? Ame aɖewo gblɔna be, tso Xexemeʋa Gbãtɔ si dze egɔme le ƒe 1914 me dzie agbe nyui nɔnɔ te toyiyi le xexea me, eye wòva gblẽ ɖe edzi le mía ŋɔli. Ŋutinyafialagã Robert Wohl ŋlɔ ɖe eƒe agbalẽ aɖe me be: “Ame siwo nɔ agbe ɣemaɣi la xɔe se vevie be xexe aɖe wu enu, eye bubu dze egɔme le August 1914 me.” (The Generation of 1914)
Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Norman Cantor gblɔ be: “Hadomegbenɔnɔ si nɔ to yim vivivi do ŋgɔ na ɣemaɣi la va gblẽ keŋkeŋ. Dunyahelawo kple asrafomegãwo wɔ nu ɖe ame miliɔn geɖe siwo le wo te la ŋu abe lã siwo wokplɔ yina wuwu ge ene. Amewo mekpɔe be ehiã be yewoawɔ ɖe mawusubɔsubɔ alo agbe nyui nɔnɔ ŋuti se aɖeke dzi o, eye esia na wosẽ ŋuta le wo nɔewo ŋu abe ale si gbemelãwo wɔnɛ ene. . . Ale si wowu ame geɖe le Xexemeʋa Gbãtɔ me [tso ƒe 1914-18 me] ŋutasesẽtɔe la wɔe be amewo megava dea asixɔxɔ aɖeke amegbetɔ ƒe agbe ŋu kura o.”
Ŋutinyaŋlɔla aɖe si tso England, si ŋkɔe nye H. G. Wells, gblɔ le eƒe agbalẽ aɖe me be, tso esime ame geɖe va xɔ amedzɔtsolãme ƒe nufiafiaa dzi se ye “agbe nyui nɔnɔ va yi to keŋkeŋ.” (The Outline of History) Nu ka tae? Elabe ame aɖewo va xɔe se be, lãwo koe amegbetɔwo hã nye, ɖeko wode ŋgɔ wu lã bubuwo viẽ. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Wells ŋutɔ hã xɔ amedzɔtsolãme ƒe nufiafiaa dzi se, eye wòŋlɔ le ƒe 1920 me be: “Wobua amegbetɔwo be wole ko abe lã siwo nɔa ha me ene, abe Indiatɔwo ƒe avu siwo wokplɔna yia adegbe ene . . . , eya ta, abe ale si avuwo wɔnɛ enea, esɔ be amegbetɔ siwo sesẽ la nasẽ ŋuta le wo haviwo ŋu ale be woabɔbɔ ɖe wo te.”
Nyateƒee, abe ale si Cantor gblɔe enea, xexemeʋa gbãtɔ wɔe be agbe nyui nɔnɔ yi to kura. Eɖe eme be: “Wova bua ale si dzidzime siwo do ŋgɔ la wɔa nui, le kpɔɖeŋu me, woƒe dukplɔɖoɖowo, awudodo kple ale si wobua gbɔdɔnuwɔnawoe la be womegasɔ o.” Sɔlemehawo hã ƒe asi le eme be agbe nyui nɔnɔ yi to, elabe wova tsɔ amedzɔtsolãme ƒe nufiafiaa tsaka Kristo ƒe nufiafia, eye wode dukɔ siwo ƒo wo ɖokui ɖe aʋaa me la dzi. Britaintɔwo ƒe Aʋafiagã aɖe si ŋkɔe nye Frank Crozier gblɔ be: “Sɔlemeha siwo gblɔna be Kristotɔwoe yewonye lae bi ɖe ʋukɔkɔɖi me wu le mía dome, eye wolɔ̃na wɔa dɔ sia na mí faa.”
Woɖe Asi Le Agbe Nyui Nɔnɔ Ƒe Dzidzenuwo Ŋu
Le Xexemeʋa Gbãtɔ megbea, nuwo trɔ le xexea me ale gbegbe. Esia wɔe be amewo va ɖe asi le dzidzenu kple agbe nyui nɔnɔ ŋuti se siwo nɔ anyi tsã ŋu, eye ɖe-sia-ɖe-nyo ƒe nɔnɔme va xɔ aƒe ɖi. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Frederick Lewis Allen gblɔ be: “Esi xexemeʋa evelia ke vɔa, agbe baɖa nɔnɔ va do fievo ɖe edzi le ƒe ewo siwo kplɔe ɖo me ŋutɔ. . . . Ale si nuwo nɔ tsã, kple dzidzenu siwo na agbea vivi eye amewo ƒe dzi dze eme la nu yi, eye womete ŋu kpɔ dzidzenu bubuwo ɖo wo teƒe bɔbɔe o.”
Le ƒe 1930-awo mea, ganyawo yi to eye amewo da ahe kolikoli; esia na ame geɖe va te ŋugbledede le agbea ŋu. Gake kaka ƒe mawo nava yia, aʋa bubu gafe ati, si nye Xexemeʋa Evelia. Eteƒe medidi o, dukɔwo va nɔ aʋawɔnu gãgã siwo tsrɔ̃a ame geɖe ɖa enumake la wɔm. Esia wɔe be tsɔ kpe ɖe ganyawo ƒe toyiyi ŋua, fukpekpe, ŋutasesẽ kple ʋukɔkɔɖi hã va xɔ aƒe ɖi. Kaka aʋaa nakea, du alafa geɖe zu aƒedo; wozã atɔmik-bɔmb ɖeka pɛ tsɔ tsrɔ̃ du blibo le Japan, eye du eve sɔŋ ye wotsrɔ̃ nenema le Japan! Ame miliɔn geɖe ku le fuwɔamesaɖawo me. Le wo katã mea, ŋutsu, nyɔnu, kple ɖevi siwo de miliɔn 50 ye wowu le aʋaa me.
Le Xexemeʋa Evelia ƒe ɣeyiɣi ɖivɔvɔ̃ ma mea, amewo nɔ nu siwo woawo ŋutɔwo di la wɔm, le esi teƒe be woawɔ ɖe agbe nyui nɔnɔ ƒe se siwo nɔ anyi xoxoxo la dzi. Agbalẽ aɖe gblɔ be: “Edze abe amewo va dzudzɔ wo ɖokui dzi ɖuɖu le gbɔdɔnyawo me le aʋaa ŋɔli ene, eye ame siwo meyi aʋa o la hã va srɔ̃ aʋawɔlawo ƒe ɖokuidzimaɖumaɖu ƒe nɔnɔmea. . . . Eteƒe medidi o, ame siwo meyi aʋa o la hã va ƒo wo ɖokui ɖe agbe ƒaƒã nɔnɔ ƒe nuwɔnawo me, elabe wonyae be yewoate ŋu ava ku, abe ame siwo yi aʋa la ke ene.” (Love, Sex and War—Changing Values, 1939-45)
Vɔvɔ̃ si nɔ amewo me ɣemaɣi be yewoate ŋu aku bɔbɔe la nyɔ dzodzro sesẽ ɖe amewo me be yewoadi ame aɖe si lɔ̃ yewo, ne ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe koe lɔlɔ̃ ma anɔ anyi gɔ̃ hã. Esi srɔ̃nyɔnu aɖe si tso Britain la nɔ nu ƒom tso nu si tae wòsusui be esɔ be woɖe mɔ ɖe gbɔdɔnuwɔna ɖe sia ɖe ŋu ɣemaɣi ŋua, egblɔ be: “Menye agbe gbegblẽ nɔlawoe míenye hafi o; aʋa si nɔ edzi yim tae.” Amerika-srafo aɖe lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be: “Ame geɖe bua mí be míenye agbe gbegblẽ nɔlawo, gake nya lae nye be, ɖekakpuiwoe míenye, eye míate ŋu aku ɣesiaɣi faa.”
Nu dziŋɔ siwo teƒe agbetsilawo kpɔ le aʋa ma mea ɖe fu na wo dometɔ geɖe, eye wo dometɔ aɖewo, esiwo nye ɖeviwo dzaa ɣemaɣi gɔ̃ hã, gate ŋu ɖoa ŋku nudzɔdzɔawo dzi vevie abe egbee wole dzɔdzɔm ene. Ame geɖe megava xɔ Mawu dzi se o, eye agbe nyui nɔnɔ ŋuti se aɖeke megakplɔa wo le agbe me o. Esi amewo megadina be ame aɖeke naɖo nu na yewo o taa, wodina be yewoatso nya me le nu si nye nyui alo vɔ̃ ŋu na yewo ɖokui.
Wova Ðo Hadomedzidzenu Yeyewo
Le Xexemeʋa Evelia megbea, wota agbalẽwo ku ɖe gbɔdɔnuwɔnawo ŋu. Agbalẽ siawo dometɔ ɖekae nye esi Amerikatɔ aɖe si ŋkɔe nye Kinsey ta le ƒe 1940-awo me; agbalẽa ƒe axawo wu 800. Esia na be ame geɖe va tea ŋu ƒoa nu tso gbɔdɔnyawo ŋu faa, evɔ menɔ alea tsã o. Togbɔ be wova lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be ŋutsu kple ŋutsu alo nyɔnu kple nyɔnu gbɔ dɔlawo ƒe xexlẽme, kpakple ame siwo wɔa gbɔdɔnuwɔna siwo mele dzɔdzɔme nu o hã ƒe xexlẽme si dze le Kinsey ƒe agbalẽa me la sɔ gbɔ wu ale si tututu wònɔ hãa, agbalẽa ɖee fia be tso esime aʋaa kea, agbe nyui nɔnɔ yi to ŋutɔ.
Wodze agbagba ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe be woado yeaɖi agbe nyui nɔnɔ aɖe ƒomevi ɖe ŋgɔ. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, woxe mɔ ɖe agbe gbegblẽ nuwɔnawo ɖeɖe fia le filmwo, kpakple radio kple television dzi wɔnawo me nu. Gake menɔ anyi eteƒe didi o. William Bennett, si nye Amerika ƒe agbalẽsrɔ̃nyawo dzi kpɔla va yi la, ɖe eme be: “Kaka ƒe 1960-awo naɖoa, Amerika va nyrɔ eɖokui ɖe nu si míate ŋu agblɔ be enye ŋkumaʋumaʋu me vĩi megbemakpɔmakpɔe.” Eye nu sia tɔgbi yi edzi le dukɔ bubu geɖewo hã me. Nu ka tae agbe nyui nɔnɔ gava yi to ɖe edzi nenema gbegbe le ƒe 1960-awo me?
Ƒe mawo ke mee nyɔnuwo ƒe ɖokuisinɔnɔ ta ʋiʋli kple mɔɖeɖe ɖe gbɔdɔnuwɔnawo ŋu faa ƒe susuwo hã dze egɔme. Wova wɔ atike siwo wotea ŋu zãna tsɔ xea mɔ ɖe fufɔfɔ nu hã. Esi vɔvɔ̃ megali be gbɔdɔdɔ ana woafɔ fu kokoko o taa, eva bɔ be amewo nadɔ kple ame sia ame si wodi, evɔ womeɖoe be yewoaɖe yewo nɔewo hafi o.
Le ɣeyiɣi ma ke mea, nyadzɔdzɔŋlɔlawo, filmwɔlawo, kple television dzi wɔnawo dzi kpɔlawo hã va nɔ mɔ ɖem ɖe gbɔdɔnuwɔnawo ŋu vivivi. Zbigniew Brzezinski, si nye Amerikatɔwo ƒe Dedienɔnɔdaŋudetakpekpe ƒe ŋgɔnɔla tsã la, va gblɔ emegbe tso nu siwo ƒomevi woɖena fiana le television dzi wɔnawo me ŋu be: “Edze ƒãa be wodea dzi ƒo na amewo be woado dzidzɔ na wo ɖokui, woaƒo wo ɖokui ɖe gbɔdɔdɔ me vivivo, eye woabu ŋutasesẽ kple tagbɔsesẽ le wo haviwo ŋu be esɔ.”
Kaka ƒe 1970-awo naɖoa, kasɛtɖemɔ̃ va le ame geɖe si. Eya ta, amewo te ŋu nɔa aƒe me henɔa gbɔdɔnuwɔnawo kpɔm le adzame, evɔ womadi be yewoavae kpɔ film mawo ƒomevi le sinima hafi o, le esi amewo akpɔ wo ta. Fifia si Internet vaa, ewɔe be amewo tea ŋu kpɔa gbɔdɔnuwɔna nyɔŋu siwo nyɔa gbɔdɔdɔ ƒe dzodzro ɖe ame me la le kɔmpiuta dzi le afi sia afi si wole.
Nu siawo le nu gblẽm eteƒe mekɔ o. Amerikatɔwo ƒe gaxɔdzikpɔla aɖe gblɔ nyitsɔ laa be: “Ƒe ewo va yia, ne wokplɔ sɔhɛwo tso kpɔdomee va gakpɔa mea, metea ŋu xlɔ̃a nu wo tso nyui kple vɔ̃ ŋu. Gake sɔhɛ siwo wokplɔna vɛ fifia ya menyana nya ka wònye gblɔm mele o.”
Afi Kae Míatrɔ Ðo?
Míate ŋu aɖo ŋu ɖe sɔlemehawo ŋu be woafia nu mí tso agbe nyui nɔnɔ ŋu o. Elabe womeléna ɖe mɔfiame nyuiwo ŋu abe ale si Yesu kple eyomedzelawo wɔe le ƒe alafa gbãtɔ me ene o, ke boŋ woƒoa wo ɖokui ɖe xexe sia ƒe nu vɔ̃ɖi wɔwɔ me. Agbalẽŋlɔla aɖe bia be: “Aʋa kae wowɔ kpɔ, si me akpa evea siaa megblɔ le be yewo dzie Mawu le o?” Ƒe aɖewoe nye esiaa, sɔlemeha aɖe si le New York la ƒe ŋgɔnɔla gblɔ tso Mawu ƒe mɔfiame siwo ku ɖe agbe nyui nɔnɔ ŋu la ŋu be: “Sɔlemehawo koe nye habɔbɔ ɖeka kolia le xexea me si ƒe sewo le bɔbɔe ŋutɔ; se siwo dzi wòle be ʋuɖolawo nawɔ ɖo la gɔ̃ hã sesẽ wui.”
Eme kɔ keŋ be, agbe nyui nɔnɔ yi to le xexe sia me ale gbegbe be ehiã be woawɔ nane tso eŋu. Gake nu kae woawɔ? Nu kae wòhiã be woatrɔ? Ame kae ate ŋu atrɔe, eye aleke wòle ewɔ gee?
[Nya si ɖe dzesi]
“Ale si wowu ame geɖe le Xexemeʋa Gbãtɔ me [tso ƒe 1914-18 me] ŋutasesẽtɔe la wɔe be amewo megava dea asixɔxɔ aɖeke amegbetɔ ƒe agbe ŋu kura o”
[Nya si ɖe dzesi]
ALE SI NU DZEAME TO VOVO NA DZIDZENU
Tsãa, ame sia ame nya nu si nye nu dzeame. Ame aɖeke ƒe susu mewɔna eveve le nu si nye anukware, nuteƒewɔwɔ, agbe dzadzɛ, kple bubuawo ene ŋu o. Fifia, wova tsɔ nya “dzidzenu” ɖɔ li “nu dzeame.” Gake kuxi aɖe le esia ŋu, abe ale si ŋutinyaŋlɔla Gertrude Himmelfarb gblɔe le eƒe agbalẽ aɖe me ene be: “Womate ŋu agblɔ be ame sia ame ate ŋu atia nu si wòdi be yeabu nu dzeame, abe ale si ame sia ame ate ŋu aɖo eya ŋutɔ ƒe dzidzenu ene o.” (The De-Moralization of Society)
Egblɔ be dzidzenu “ate ŋu anye dzixɔse, susu, nɔnɔme, seselelãme, numame, nu siwo dzi hatsotso aɖe lɔ̃ ɖo, ame ŋutɔ ƒe didiwo, nazãbubu, alo ame bubuwo ƒe nuwɔna siwo medzɔa dzi na ame o gɔ̃ hã. Ate ŋu anye nu sia nu si ame aɖe, ƒuƒoƒo aɖe, alo habɔbɔ aɖe bu nu vevii le ɣeyiɣi aɖe me le susu aɖe ta.” Le xexe sia si me woɖe mɔ ɖe nu sia nu ŋu le mea, amewo tiaa dzidzenuwo na wo ɖokui, abe ale si ko woayi avae tia nu si wodi be yewoaƒle le fiase me ene. Gake ne ele alea ɖe, ke aleke amewo awɔ anɔ agbe nyui alo awɔ nu dzeame?
[Nɔnɔmetata]
Modzakaɖeɖe siwo me agbe maɖɔʋu dzena le la kpɔkpɔ va le bɔbɔe fifia wu