William Tyndale Owo Ikike

William Tyndale akamana ke England “ke adan̄a Wales,” ndusụk edide ke Gloucestershire, okposụkedi owo mîkemeke ndidiọn̄ọ nnennen itie ye usenọfiọn̄. Ke October 1994, England ama anam usọrọ usen emana ọyọhọ 500 eke owo oro “ọkọnọde nnyịn Bible Ikọmbakara.” Ẹkewot Tyndale ke ntak n̄wed emi. Ntak-a?

WILLIAM TYNDALE ekebe iso ke ukpepn̄kpọ usem Greek ye Latin. Ke July 1515, ke ini ekedide isua 21 ke emana, enye ama ọbọ Udiana N̄weditoro Ufọkn̄wed Ntaifiọk ke Ifiọkusọ ke Oxford University. Etisịm 1521 ẹma ẹdori enye ubọk nte oku Roman Catholic. Ke ini oro Ido Ukpono Catholic ke Germany okodu ke ndutịme ke ntak edinam Martin Luther. Edi England okosụk edi idụt Catholic tutu Edidem Henry VIII ke akpatre etre ebuana ye Rome ke 1534.

Okposụkedi Ikọmbakara ekedide ọsọ usem ke ini Tyndale, ofụri ukpep n̄wed ekedi ke usem Latin. Enye n̄ko ekedi usem ufọkabasi ye eke Bible. Ke 1546 Esop eke Trent ama afiak ọsọn̄ọ nte ke Vulgate usem Latin eke Jerome eke ọyọhọ isua ikie ition ke ẹkenyene ndikama kpọt. Nte ededi, edi mme ọfiọkn̄wed owo kpọt ẹkekeme ndikot enye. Ntak ẹkpekpande mbon England ndinyene Bible ke Ikọmbakara ye ifụre ndikot enye? Efan̄a Tyndale ekedi: “Jerom[e] n̄ko ama akabade bible esịn ke usem emana esie: ntak emi nnyịn n̄ko mîkpakabakede?”

Usio-Ukot Mbuọtidem

Ke etienede ini emi enye okodude ke Oxford ndien ndusụk ke ama ọkọbọ ukpepn̄kpọ efen efen ke Cambridge, Tyndale ama edi andikpep n̄kpri nditọiren John Walsh ke isua iba ke Gloucestershire. Ke ufan̄ ini emi enye ama ọkọri udọn̄ esie ndikabade Bible nsịn ke Ikọmbakara, ndien nte eyịghe mîdụhe ama enyene ifet ndifori usọ ukabade n̄wed esie ye un̄wam obufa uwetn̄kpọ Bible Erasmus emi ekenyenede usem Greek ye Latin ke ukem ikpehe. Ke 1523, Tyndale ama ọkpọn̄ ubon Walsh onyụn̄ anam isan̄ aka London. Uduak esie ekedi ndikọbọ Cuthbert Tunstall, bishop London, unyịme kaban̄a edikabade esie.

Unyịme Tunstall ekedi se ẹyomde ke ntak mme ibet akwa esop ufọkabasi eke 1408 oro ẹkenịmde ke Oxford, emi ẹdiọn̄ọde nte Mme Ibet Oxford, ẹkesịnede ukpan kaban̄a edikabade m̀mê edikot Bible ke usem emana owo, ibọhọke ebe ke unyịme bishop. Ke ndikọsọn̄ esịt mbiat ukpan emi, ẹma ẹfọp ediwak mme ọkwọrọikọ ẹmi ẹsan̄ade-san̄a, ẹmi ẹkediọn̄ọde nte mme Lollard, ke ikan̄ ẹwot nte mme ekpep isio ukpepn̄kpọ. Mme Lollard ẹmi ẹkesikot ẹto ẹnyụn̄ ẹsuan Bible John Wycliffe, kpa edikabade eke Ikọmbakara oro ẹkekabarede ẹto Vulgate. Tyndale ama ekere ke ini ama edikem ndikabade mme uwetn̄kpọ Christian nto usem Greek nsịn ke obufa, nnennen edikabade nnọ ufọkabasi esie ye mbon England.

Bishop Tunstall ekedi owo oro enyenede ifiọk emi akanamde ekese ndisịn udọn̄ nnọ Erasmus. Nte uyarade usọ oro enye ekenyenede, Tyndale ama akabade kiet ke otu utịn̄ikọ Isocrates, kpa uwetn̄kpọ usem Greek emi ọkọsọn̄de akan, ete Tunstall ọnọ unyịme. Tyndale ama otịm enyene idotenyịn nte ke Tunstall eyenam itie ufan atara onyụn̄ an̄wam onyụn̄ onyịme eben̄e imọ ndikabade N̄wed Abasi. Nso ke bishop emi akanam?

Esịn—Ntak-a?

Okposụkedi Tyndale ama ekenyene leta oro akanamde ẹdiọn̄ọ enye, Tunstall ikenyịmeke enye okụt imọ. Tyndale ke ntre ekenyene ndiwet leta oyomde ẹdụn̄ọde ẹse m̀mê imodot. M̀mê Tunstall ke akpatre ama onyịme ndisobo ye Tyndale owo idiọn̄ọke, edi ibọrọ esie ekedi, ‘Ufan̄ idụhe ke ufọk mi.’ Ntak emi Tunstall okokoide-koi ofụmi Tyndale ntre?

Utom edinam ukpụhọde emi Luther akanamde ke Europe ekedi akwa n̄kpọ udọn̄ ọnọ Ufọkabasi Catholic, ye mme utịp esie ke England. Ke 1521, Edidem Henry VIII ama osio okopodudu edumbet adade ye pope an̄wana ye Luther. Ke ndiwụt esịtekọm pope ama ọnọ Henry udorienyịn̄ oro “Andin̄wana Nnọ Mbuọtidem.”a Cardinal Wolsey emi ekedide udiana Henry ama okop odudu n̄ko, abiatde mme n̄wed emi Luther okotobode ke ndịbe. Nte bishop Catholic emi adade ye pope, ama obiomo edidem, ye udiana esie, Tunstall ndibiọn̄ọ owo ekededi emi edidade ye ọsọn̄ibuot Luther. Tyndale ekedi akpan owo emi ẹkenyenede ke ekikere. Ntak-a?

Ke ufan̄ ini emi enye okodude ye ubon Walsh, Tyndale ama esitịn̄ ikọ uko uko aban̄a unana ifiọk ye idaha ekikere mme ọkwọrọ ederi n̄kann̄kụk. Owo kiet ke otu mmọ ekedi John Stokesley emi ọkọdiọn̄ọde Tyndale ke Oxford. Enye ke akpatre ama ada itie Cuthbert Tunstall nte bishop eke London.

Ẹkeme ndikụt ubiọn̄ọ oro ẹkebiọn̄ọde Tyndale ke ntuaha oro enye ekenyenede ye ọwọrọetop ọkwọrọ ederi kiet emi ọkọdọhọde ete: “Ọkpọfọn ye nnyịn nditre ndinyene ibet Abasi akan nditre ndinyene ibet pope.” Ke mme ikọ oro owo mîdifreke, ibọrọ Tyndale ekedi: ‘Mmọbiọn̄ọ Pope ye kpukpru ibet esie. Edieke Abasi onịmde mi uwem, mbemiso ediwak isua ẹbede, nyenam ekpri eyeneren oro awatde n̄kpọ ufụn̄isọn̄ ọfiọk ekese n̄kpọ aban̄a N̄wed Abasi akan nte afo ọfiọkde.’

Tyndale ekenyene ndida ke iso esenyịn ikpehe ufọkabasi n̄kan̄ Worcester ke nsunsu edori ikọ isio ukpepn̄kpọ. “Enye ama edịghe mi uwem idiọk idiọk, onyụn̄ osụn̄i mi,” ntre ke Tyndale eketi ke ukperedem, adiande ete ke ẹkenam n̄kpọ ye imọ nte ẹnam ye “ebua.” Edi uyarade ndomokiet ikodụhe ndibiom Tyndale ikpe ukpep isio ukpepn̄kpọ. Mme ewetmbụk eset ẹnịm ke akpanikọ ẹte ke ẹketịn̄ kpukpru n̄kpọ ẹmi ẹnọ Tunstall ke ndịbe man ada anam ubiere esie.

Ke ama okodu isua kiet ke London, Tyndale ama eberi ete: “Ufan̄ ikodụhe ke akwa ufọkubọn̄ ọbọn̄ mi ke London ndikabade obufa Testament, edi n̄ko . . . ufan̄ ikodụhe ndinam oro ke ofụri England.” Enye ama enen. Ke ukpan ukpan idaha oro n̄wed Luther ekesịnde, ewe emịn̄n̄wed ke England ekpedede osio Bible ke Ikọmbakara? Ntre ke 1524, Tyndale ama ebe English Channel, inyụn̄ inyọn̄ke aba idi tutu amama.

Aka Europe ye Mme Mfịna Efen

Ye mme ọsọn̄urua n̄wed esie, William Tyndale ama enyene ebiet ubọhọ ke Germany. Enye akasan̄a ye £10 emi ufan esie Humphrey Monmouth, ọwọrọetop anyamurua ke London, ọkọnọde enye ke mfọnido. Enọ emi ama ekpere ndikem ke ini oro ndin̄wam Tyndale emịn̄ N̄wed Abasi Usem Greek oro enye akaduakde ndikabade. Ẹma ẹmụm Monmouth ke akpatre ke ndikan̄wam Tyndale ye ke ndikada ye Luther nte ẹkedọhọde. Ẹma ẹnam ndụn̄ọde ẹnyụn̄ ẹtop enye ẹsịn ke Tower of London, ẹsanade Monmouth ẹyak n̄kukụre ke ama ekekpe Cardinal Wolsey ubọk ete efen imọ.

Owo idiọn̄ọke nnennen itie emi Tyndale akakade ke Germany. Ndusụk uyarade ẹwụt ke ekedi Hamburg, ke ebiet emi ekemede ndidi enye okodu isua kiet. Nte enye ama osobo ye Luther? Owo idiọn̄ọke emi, idem okposụkedi ikọ oro ẹkedoride Monmouth ọdọhọde ke enye ama osobo. N̄kpọ kiet emi ẹdiọn̄ọde edi: Tyndale ama esịn idem ke ndikabade N̄wed Abasi Usem Greek. M̀mọ̀n̄ ke enye ekemịn̄ uwetn̄kpọ esie? Enye akayak utom oro esịn Peter Quentell ke ubọk ke Cologne.

Mme n̄kpọ ẹma ẹsan̄a nte ẹfọnde tutu andibiọn̄ọ oro, John Dobneck, emi n̄ko ẹkediọn̄ọde nte Cochlaeus, ọfiọk se iketịbede. Cochlaeus ama ọsọsọp ọtọt se enye okokụtde ọnọ n̄kpet n̄kpet ufan Henry VIII emi ye unana ubiatini ọkọbọde odudu ndidori ukpan ke Quentell ndimịn̄ edikabade Tyndale.

Tyndale ye udiana esie, William Roye, ẹma ẹfehe kaban̄a uwem mmọ, ẹmende mme ikọn̄n̄wed Gospel Matthew oro ẹma ẹkememịn̄. Mmọ ẹma ẹsio ke akpa Rhine ẹka Worms, ke ebiet emi mmọ ẹkekụrede utom mmọ. Nte ini akakade, ẹma ẹsio idem 6,000 ke akpa nsiondi New Testament eke Tyndale.b

Unen—Kpa ye Ubiọn̄ọ

Edikabade ye edimịn̄ ekedi n̄kpọ kiet. Edida Bible ndụk Britain ekedi n̄kpọ efen. Isụn̄utom ufọkabasi ye ikpọ owo ukara ẹma ẹbiere nditre edida enye mbe English Channel, edi mme anyamurua oro ẹketiede ufan ufan ẹma ẹnyene usọbọ. Ke ẹdịpde mmọ ke mme ekpatọfọn̄ ye mme n̄kpọurua eken, ẹma ẹda ediwak ke ndịbe ẹbe ẹdọk obot mbeninyan̄ England ẹnyụn̄ ẹbe ẹdụk Scotland. Tyndale ama okop nsịnudọn̄, edi en̄wan esie akakam ọtọtọn̄ọ.

Ke February 11, 1526, Cardinal Wolsey, asan̄ade ye bishop 36 ye ikpọ owo efen ke ufọkabasi, ẹma ẹsop idem ẹkpere Akwa Ufọkederi St. Paul ke London “man ẹkụt nte ẹtopde ikpọ akpasa oro ẹkeyọhọde ye n̄wed ẹdọn̄ ke ikan̄.” Se ikodude ke otu mmọ ẹkedi ndusụk ọsọn̄urua edikabade eke Tyndale. Ke otu akpa nsiondi emi, idem iba kpọt ẹsụk ẹdu idahaemi. N̄kukụre enyeoro edide n̄kem n̄kem (oro page enyịn̄ kpọt mîdụhe) odu ke Itie Ubonn̄wed Britain. Ke edide isio, ẹkekụt enye eken, emi page 71 ẹma ẹkesop, ke Itie Ubonn̄wed Akwa Ufọkederi St. Paul. Nte enye akasan̄ade okodu do, owo ndomokiet idiọn̄ọke.

Ye unana ndịk, Tyndale ama akaiso ndisio mbufa nsiondi edikabade esie, emi mme ọkwọrọ ederi mbon England ẹkemụmde ẹnyụn̄ ẹfọpde kpukpru ke adiana ke adiana. Ekem Tunstall ama okpụhọde usụn̄ edinam. Enye ama odụk ediomi ye anyamurua kiet ekekerede Augustine Packington ndidep n̄wed ekededi emi Tyndale ewetde, esịnede New Testament, man ẹkpefọp mmọ. Ẹma ẹnam ndutịm emi ye Tyndale, emi Packington okodụkde ediomi. Chronicle eke Halle ọdọhọ ete: “Bishop ama enyene mme n̄wed oro, Packington ama ọbọ itoro, ndien Tyndale ama enyene okụk. Ke ukperedem ke ini ẹkemịnde Obufa Testament efen efen, ekese mmọ ẹma ẹdụk ẹdi England usọp usọp.”

Ntak emi mme ọkwọrọ ederi ẹkebiọn̄ọde edikabade Tyndale idiọk idiọk ntre? Ke adan̄aemi Vulgate usem Latin okoyomde ndifụk edisana uwetn̄kpọ, edikabade oro Tyndale akakabarede oto akpasarade usem Greek ke akpa ini ama ọnọ mbon England etop Bible ke in̄wan̄în̄wan̄ usem. Ke uwụtn̄kpọ, Tyndale ekemek ndikabade ikọ Greek oro, a·gaʹpe, nte “ima” utu ke “mfọn” ke 1 Corinth ibuot 13. Enye ama ọsọn̄ọ eyịre ke “esop” utu ke “ufọkabasi” ndisọn̄ọ ntịn̄ mban̄a mme andituak ibuot, idịghe mme ufọk oro ẹbọpde. Akpatre n̄kpọ oro mme ọkwọrọ ederi mîkekemeke ndiyọ, nte ededi, ekedi ke ini Tyndale akadade “ebiowo” ke itie “oku” onyụn̄ ada ikọ oro “kabade esịt” utu ke “editụhọde idem,” ke ntem ọbọde mme ọkwọrọ ederi odudu itie oku emi mmọ ẹkekerede nte inyenede. David Daniell etịn̄ aban̄a emi ete: “Purgatory idụhe do; ediyarade ndudue nnọ owo ye editụhọde idem idụhe. N̄kpọ iba ẹmi ẹkedide ibetedem ẹnọ inyene ye odudu ufọkabasi ẹma ẹduọ.” (William Tyndale—A Biography) Oro ekedi n̄kpọ-ata emi edikabade Tyndale akadade edi, ndien ifiọkn̄wed eyomfịn onyịme ọyọhọ ọyọhọ nte ke mme ikọ oro enye ekemekde ẹnen.

Antwerp, Edida Nnọ, ye N̄kpa

Ke ufọt 1526 ye 1528, Tyndale ama ọwọrọ aka Antwerp, ke ebiet emi enye ekekemede ndidu ke ifụre ke otu mme anyamurua mbon England. Do enye ama ewet The Parable of the Wicked Mammon, The Obedience of a Christian Man, ye The Practice of Prelates. Tyndale ama akaiso ke utom ukabade n̄wed esie okonyụn̄ edi akpa owo ndida enyịn̄ Abasi, Jehovah, ke edikabade N̄wed Abasi Usem Hebrew eke Ikọmbakara. Enyịn̄ oro odu awak akan utịm ike 20.

Adan̄a nte Tyndale okodude ye ufan esie ye anamufọn nnọ enye Thomas Poyntz ke Antwerp, ẹma ẹnyan̄a enye ẹsio ke edidọk Wolsey ye mbon uyep esie. Ẹma ẹtịm ẹdiọn̄ọ enye nte enyeoro esikerede aban̄a mbon udọn̄ọ ye mme ubuene. Ke akpatre, owo England oro, Henry Phillips ke n̄kari ama ọbọ Tyndale ikọ esịt idịbi. Nte utịp, ke 1535, ẹma ẹmụm Tyndale ẹnyụn̄ ẹda enye ẹka Akwa Ufọk Ubọn̄ Vilvorde, kilomita duop ke edem edere Brussels. Do ẹma ẹkọbi enye ke ọfiọn̄ 16.

Owo ikemeke nditịm ndiọn̄ọ owo oro ekekpede Phillips esịn, edi owo oro ẹkerede edi Bishop Stokesley, emi ke ini oro ekesịnde idem ke ndifọp “mme ekpep isio ukpepn̄kpọ” ke London. Ke nna n̄kpa esie ke 1539, Stokesley “ama okop idatesịt nte ke eyouwem imọ ima ifọp mme ekpep isio ukpepn̄kpọ aba ye duop,” ntre ke W. J. Heaton ọdọhọ ke The Bible of the Reformation. William Tyndale, emi ẹkeyịrede-yịri ẹwot mbemiso ẹfọpde okpo esie an̄wan̄wa ke October 1536, ama esịne ke otu ibat oro.

Mme ọwọrọetop nta mme ekpep ukpepn̄kpọ ido ukpono ita ẹmi ẹketode Catholic Louvain University, emi Phillips ekesịnde enyịn̄, ẹma ẹdu ke otu esop oro ekekpede ikpe Tyndale. Mme ọkwọrọ ederi ita ẹketode Louvain ye bishop ita ọkọrọ ye ikpọ owo efen ẹma ẹdu do n̄ko ndikụt ẹbiomde Tyndale ikpe ukpep isio ukpepn̄kpọ ẹnyụn̄ ẹbọde enye itieutom oku esie. Kpukpru mmọ ẹma ẹdat esịt ke n̄kpa esie ke edide n̄kpọ nte isua 42 ke emana.

Ewetmbụk eyouwem owo, Robert Demaus, ọkọdọhọ ke se iwakde ikan isua ikie ẹmi ẹkebede ete, “Ẹma ẹdiọn̄ọ Tyndale kpukpru ini ke ntak uko uko edinam akpanikọ esie.” Kaban̄a John Frith, nsan̄a esie emi Stokesley ọkọfọpde ke London, Tyndale ekewet ete: “Akananam n̄kokpụhọke ndomo ikpehe kiet ke ikọ Abasi oro ọbiọn̄ọde ubieresịt mi, ndinyụn̄ nnamke oro mfịn, idem ọkpọkọm ẹkpenọ mi kpukpru se idude ke isọn̄, edide inemesịt, ukpono, m̀mê inyene.”

Ke utọ usụn̄ oro ke William Tyndale akawa uwem esie kaban̄a ifet edinọ mbon England Bible emi edikemede ndin̄wan̄a mmọ mmemmem mmemmem. Nso ekọmurua ke enye ekekpe ntem—edi nso ọsọn̄urua enọ ke emi ekedi ntem!

[Mme Ikọ idakisọn̄]

[Ekebe ke page 29]

MME AKPA EDIKABADE

EBEN̄E oro Tyndale ekesịnde nte yak ikabade Bible isịn ke usem mme ọsọ owo ikowụtke unana eti ibuot m̀mê ndinana mbiet. Ẹma ẹnam edikabade nsịn ke usem Anglo-Saxon ke ọyọhọ isua ikie duop. Ẹma ẹsuan mme Bible oro ẹkemịn̄de, ẹmi ẹkekabarede ẹto usem Latin ifụre ifụre ke Europe ke utịt utịt ọyọhọ isua ikie 15: German (1466), Italian (1471), French (1474), Czech (1475), Dutch (1477), ye Catalan (1478). Ke 1522, Martin Luther ama osio Obufa Testament esie ke German. N̄kukụre se Tyndale okobụpde ekedi ntak owo mîkpenyịmeke England anam ukem oro.

[Ebiet Ẹdade Ndise Ẹto ke page 26]

Bible ke edem edem: © The British Library Board; William Tyndale: Ẹbọ ẹto ima ima unyịme Principal, Fellows and Scholars of Hertford College, Oxford