Complutensian Polyglot—Enịm-Mbụk N̄kpọutom Ukabade Bible

KE N̄KPỌ nte 1455, akwa ukpụhọde ke edisio Bible ama ada itie. Johannes Gutenberg ama ada ukwak umịn̄n̄wed oro ẹtan̄de-tan̄ mme abisi ẹdọn̄ emịn̄ akpa Bible oro akanam ẹmịn̄de ke ukwak umịn̄n̄wed. Mmọdo, Bible ikananake aba nte ekesinanade ke ini ẹkesidade ubọk ẹwet. Ke akpatre, ẹma ẹkeme ndida esisịt okụk nsion̄o ediwak Bible. Ikebịghike, Bible ama akabade edi n̄wed oro ẹsuande atara akan ke ererimbot.

Gutenberg okosio Bible esie ke usem Latin. Edi ke mîbịghike, nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ Europe ẹma ẹdikụt ke mmimọ imoyom uwetn̄kpọ Bible oro ẹkemede ndiberi edem ke mme akpasarade usem oro ẹkedade ẹwet mmọ—Hebrew ye Greek. Ufọkabasi Catholic akada Vulgate usem Latin nte n̄kukụre nsiondi Bible oro ẹnyịmede, kpa ye oro, mfịna iba ẹma ẹdu. Ke ọyọhọ isua ikie 16, ekese owo ikọdiọn̄ọke usem Latin. N̄ko-n̄ko, ke se ibede isua tọsịn kiet, mme andision̄o Vulgate n̄wet ke ubọk ẹma ẹnam ekese ndudue.

Mme akabade n̄wed ye nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ẹma ẹyom Bible ke mme akpasarade usem, ọkọrọ ye eke usem Latin oro ẹtịmde ẹfọn. Ke 1502, cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros, andinọ Ọbọn̄ An̄wan Isabella I eke Spain item ukara ye item n̄kpọ eke spirit, ama ebiere ndida n̄wed kiet kpọt nnọ se mmọ ẹkeyomde. Ẹkedi ẹdidiọn̄ọ enịm-mbụk n̄kpọutom ukabade Bible emi nte Complutensian Polyglot. Cisneros akaduak ndisio Polyglot, emi ọwọrọde Bible ediwak usem, esịnede ata nti uwetn̄kpọ ke usem Hebrew, Greek, ye Latin, ọkọrọ ye ndusụk ikpehe ke Aramaic. Umịn̄n̄wed okosụk ọwọrọ edi obufa ini oro, ntem ndinam oro ekedi n̄wọrọnda n̄kpọ ke utom umịn̄n̄wed.

Cisneros ọkọtọn̄ọ akwa utom esie ke ndidep n̄kani uwetn̄kpọ usem Hebrew oro ẹkewakde etieti ke Spain. Enye ama edep n̄ko ediwak uwetn̄kpọ usem Greek ye eke Latin. Ẹkeda mme uwetn̄kpọ emi ẹsio Polyglot. Cisneros akayak utom editịm Polyglot ọnọ otu nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ emi enye ekemekde ke obufa Ufọkn̄wed Ntaifiọk Alcalá de Henares, Spain. Owo kiet ke otu nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ emi ẹkedọhọde etiene anam utom emi ekedi ata usem oro, Erasmus eke Rotterdam, edi enye ikenyịmeke.

Akada nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ emi isua duop nditịm ata akamba n̄wed emi, ndien ke oro ebede akada isua inan̄ efen ndimịn̄. Ekese mfịna ẹma ẹdu sia mme emịn̄n̄wed ke Spain ikenyeneke mme abisi usem Hebrew, Greek, m̀mê Aramaic. Ntem, Cisneros ama ada Arnaldo Guillermo Brocario, ata emịn̄n̄wed, ete anam mme abisi ke mme usem emi. Ke akpatre, mme emịn̄n̄wed ẹma ẹtọn̄ọ ndimịn̄ ke 1514. Ẹkemịn̄ eboho itiokiet oro ẹkụre ke July 10, 1517, ọfiọn̄ inan̄ kpọt mbemiso cardinal oro akakpade. Edi n̄kpọ n̄kpaidem nte ke ẹma ẹmịn̄ ofụri Bible oro ẹwakde ẹsịm n̄kpọ nte idem ikie itiokiet kpa ke ini emi Esopikpe Isio Ukpepn̄kpọ Spain ekenen̄erede ọsọn̄ ubọk.a

Nte Polyglot Etiede

Kpukpru page Polyglot ama esịne ekese ntọt. Ke eboho inan̄ emi ọdọn̄ọde N̄wed Abasi Usem Hebrew, uwetn̄kpọ Vulgate odu ke ufọt page kiet kiet; uwetn̄kpọ usem Hebrew odu ke ufien; ndien uwetn̄kpọ usem Greek ọkọrọ ye edikabade eke usem Latin ẹdu ke nnasia. Ẹwet ntọn̄ọ ikọ Hebrew ke mben. Ndien ke isọn̄ isọn̄ page kiet kiet emi edide Pentateuch, mme andiwet ẹsịn n̄ko Targum of Onkelos (edifiak n̄wet akpa n̄wed Bible ition ke usem Aramaic) ọkọrọ ye edikabade usem Latin.

Ọyọhọ eboho ition ekesịne N̄wed Abasi Usem Greek ke ikpehe iba. Ikpehe kiet esịne uwetn̄kpọ usem Greek, ndien ikpehe enye eken esịne uwetn̄kpọ usem Latin emi ẹkabarede ẹto Vulgate. Ẹkeda n̄kpri abisi oro ẹdade andikot ẹka ukem ikọ oro ke usem en̄wen ẹwụt ebuana oro odude ke ufọt usem iba emi ke ikpehe kiet kiet. Uwetn̄kpọ usem Greek oro odude ke Polyglot ekedi akpa ọyọhọ ọyọhọ N̄wed Abasi Usem Greek m̀mê “Obufa Testament” oro akanam ẹmịn̄de, ndien ikebịghike, Erasmus ama osio esiemmọ.

Nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ẹma ẹnen̄ede ẹtịn̄ enyịn ẹkot uwetn̄kpọ ọyọhọ eboho ition tutu n̄kukụre ndudue 50 oro ẹkedude ẹketo mme andimịn̄. Ke ntak akwa ntịn̄enyịn nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ emi, mme okụt ndudue eyomfịn ẹdọhọ ke enye ọfọn akan ọwọrọetop uwetn̄kpọ usem Greek eke Erasmus. Ata ndiye abisi Greek esie ẹkebiet ndiye abisi n̄kani uwetn̄kpọ. Ke n̄wed esie oro, The Printing of Greek in the Fifteenth Century, R. Proctor ọdọhọ ete: “Mme akpa abisi Greek oro ẹkenamde ke Spain ẹdi nye-n̄kan abisi Greek oro akanam ẹnamde.”

Ọyọhọ eboho Polyglot itiokiet ama esịne nsio nsio un̄wam ukpep Bible: n̄wed ukabadeikọ usem Hebrew ye Aramaic, ukabade enyịn̄ usem Greek, Hebrew, ye Aramaic, editat usem Hebrew, ye index usem Latin aban̄ade n̄wed ukabadeikọ usem Hebrew ye Aramaic. Idịghe n̄kpọ n̄kpaidem ẹkotde Complutensian Polyglot “n̄kpọ editi ido uwetn̄kpọ ye ifiọk ntaifiọk N̄wed Abasi.”

Idotenyịn Cisneros ekedi nte ke n̄wed emi “ayanam mme owo ẹfiak ẹnyene udọn̄ ndikpep n̄wed Abasi,” edi enye ikaduakke ndinam kpukpru owo ẹnyene Bible. Enye ekekere ke “ẹkenyene ndinen̄ede ndịp Ikọ Abasi mbak edisịm mme usụhọde owo.” Enye ekenịm n̄ko nte ke “ẹkpenyene ndiwet N̄wed Abasi ke n̄kani usem ita oro Abasi ekenyịmede ẹda ẹwet n̄kpọ ke enyọn̄ cross oro ẹkewotde Eyen esie.”b Ke ntak emi, owo ikakabakede ikpehe Complutensian Polyglot ndomokiet isịn ke usem Spanish.

Ndimen Vulgate Ndomo ye Mme Akpasarade Usem

Nte Polyglot etiede ama esịn mfan̄a ke ufọt nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ oro ẹkenamde enye. Ẹkedọhọ Antonio de Nebrija,c ọwọrọetop eyen ukpepn̄kpọ Spain, afiak odụn̄ọde uwetn̄kpọ Vulgate oro ẹdisịnde ke Bible Polyglot. Okposụkedi Ufọkabasi Catholic akadade Vulgate eke Jerome nte n̄kụre nsiondi oro ẹnyịmede, Nebrija ama okụt ke ọfọn ndimen nsiondi Vulgate oro ndomo ye akpasarade uwetn̄kpọ usem Hebrew, Aramaic, ye Greek. Enye okoyom ndinen̄ede se itiede nte ndudue oro ẹkenyọnide ẹdụk Vulgate oro ama okododu.

Man enen̄ede mme ukpụhọde oro ẹkedude ke ufọt Vulgate ye mme akpasarade usem, Nebrija ama ekpe ye Cisneros ete: “Fiak demede mme akpasarade usem ido ukpono nnyịn, usem Hebrew ye Greek. Nọ mbon oro ẹsịnde idem ke utom emi utịp.” Enye ama ọnọ ekikere etienede mi n̄ko: “Ini ekededi oro ẹkụtde ukpụhọde ke mme uwetn̄kpọ Obufa Testament eke usem Latin, nnyịn inyene ndimen enye ndomo ye mme uwetn̄kpọ usem Greek. Ini ekededi eke ukpụhọde odude ke ufọt nsio nsio uwetn̄kpọ Akani Testament usem Latin m̀mê ke ufọt uwetn̄kpọ usem Latin ye eke Greek, nnyịn inyene ndiyom se inende ebe ke ndidụn̄ọde uwetn̄kpọ usem Hebrew oro ẹkemede ndiberi edem.”

Cisneros akanam n̄kpọ didie aban̄a item emi? Ke ebemiso ikọ esie ke Bible Polyglot, Cisneros ama etịn̄ ekikere esie in̄wan̄-in̄wan̄. “Nnyịn isịn edikabade usem Latin eke eti Jerome ke ufọt eke Synagogue [uwetn̄kpọ usem Hebrew] ye eke Ufọkabasi Edem Usiahautịn [uwetn̄kpọ usem Greek], kpa nte ẹkekọn̄de mme inọ, kiet ke ufien ye eken ke nnasia Jesus, emi adade aban̄a Ufọkabasi Roman, m̀mê Latin.” Ntem, Cisneros ikayakke Nebrija ada mme uwetn̄kpọ akpasarade usem enen̄ede Vulgate usem Latin. Ke akpatre, Nebrija ama ebiere ndikpọn̄ utom oro utu ke enyịn̄ imọ ndisịne ke idiọk utom.

Comma Johanneum

Okposụkedi Bible Polyglot eke Alcalá de Henares ekedide ata akpan usio-ukot ke ndisio eti uwetn̄kpọ ke mme akpasarade usem oro ẹkedade ẹwet Bible, ndusụk ini ido edinam ama esikan mbufiọk. Ẹma ẹnen̄ede ẹkpono Vulgate tutu esinyịk mme ewetn̄wed ndusụk ini ndikpụhọde uwetn̄kpọ “Obufa Testament” eke usem Greek man asan̄a ekekem ye eke usem Latin utu ke ndinen̄ede eke usem Latin asan̄a ekekem ye eke Greek. Kiet ke otu mmọ edi ọwọrọetop nsunsu uwetn̄kpọ oro ẹdiọn̄ọde nte comma Johanneum.d Idụhe akani uwetn̄kpọ usem Greek ndomokiet oro esịnede ubak udịmikọ emi, emi etiede nte ẹkesịn ke ediwak isua ikie ẹma ẹkebe ke John ama ekewet n̄wed esie; enye ikonyụn̄ idụhe ke mme akpasarade uwetn̄kpọ Vulgate usem Latin. Ntre Erasmus ikesịnke nsunsu ekikere emi ke “Obufa Testament” esie eke usem Greek.

Mme andiwet Polyglot ikamaha ndisio ufan̄ikọ oro ama okododu ke akani Vulgate ke ediwak isua ikie mi mfep. Ke ntem mmọ ẹma ẹsịn nsunsu ekikere emi ke uwetn̄kpọ usem Latin ẹnyụn̄ ẹbiere ndikabade enye nsịn ke uwetn̄kpọ usem Greek man otodo ikpehe iba oro ẹkpesan̄a kiet.

N̄kpọ Ndida N̄kabade Mbufa Bible

Ke ẹsiode enye ndidọn̄ọ akpa ọyọhọ ọyọhọ nsiondi N̄wed Abasi Usem Greek ye eke Septuagint oro ẹmịn̄de-mịn̄ ẹfep, Complutensian Polyglot enyene mme ufọn en̄wen. Kpa nte “Obufa Testament” usem Greek eke Erasmus akakabarede edi “Uwetn̄kpọ Oro Ẹnyịmede Kaban̄a N̄wed Abasi Usem Greek (enye emi ẹdade ẹkabarede ẹsịn ke ediwak usem), uwetn̄kpọ usem Hebrew eke Polyglot edi akpan uwetn̄kpọ N̄wed Abasi Usem Hebrew ye Aramaic.e William Tyndale akada Polyglot emi nte akpan uwetn̄kpọ usem Hebrew emi enye akadade akabarede Bible esịn ke Ikọmbakara.

Ke ntem, utom mbufiọk otu oro ẹkesiode Complutensian Polyglot etịp ekese esịn ke ndin̄wam mme owo ẹnen̄ede ẹfiọk N̄wed Abasi. Ẹkesio enye ke ini emi mme owo ẹkenen̄erede ẹnyene udọn̄ ke Bible ke ofụri Europe ndien emi ama anam ẹtọn̄ọ ndikabade Bible nsịn ke usem oro kpukpru owo ẹsemde. Polyglot oro ekedi kiet ke otu udịm udịm edinam oro ẹketịpde ẹsịn ke edinen̄ede ye editịm uwetn̄kpọ N̄wed Abasi usem Hebrew ye eke Greek nnịm. Ofụri ukeme emi ẹsịnde mi odu ke n̄kemuyo ye uduak Abasi nte ke ‘uyo Jehovah oro ẹma ẹkedomo,’ kpa “ikọ Abasi nnyịn [edida] ke nsinsi.”—Psalm 18:30; Isaiah 40:8; 1 Peter 1:24b.

[Mme Ikọ idakisọn̄]

[Ndise ke page 29]

Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros

[Ebiet Ẹdade N̄kpọ Ẹto]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Ndise ke page 30]

Antonio de Nebrija

[Ebiet Ẹdade N̄kpọ Ẹto]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Ebiet Ẹdade Ndise Ẹto ke page 28]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid