Hebri Biblia Henɔ Ni Akɛ Niji Ŋmala

DANI aaayana Ŋshɔ ni Egbo Wolokpo lɛ yɛ 1947 lɛ, no mli lɛ mra be mli Hebri Biblia ni akɛ niji ŋmala ni ale​—yɛ efufuji kukuji fioo lɛ asɛɛ lɛ​—jɛ afii ohai 9 lɛ naagbee gbɛ kɛmiiba afii ohai 11 Ŋ.B. lɛ mli. Aaafee afii akpe pɛ ni eho nɛ. Ani enɛ tsɔɔ akɛ dani 1947 aaaba lɛ, no mli lɛ aleee akɛ Hebri ŋmalɛ lɛ ji anɔkwale loo amako nɔ mi? Ní mɛni hewɔ blema Hebri nɔ̃ ni akɛ niji ŋmala lɛ faaa kwraa lɛ?

Kɛ wɔɔsusu nakai naagbee sanebimɔ lɛ he klɛŋklɛŋ lɛ, yɛ ortodɔks Yudafoi agbɛjianɔtoo lɛ shishi lɛ, Hebri Biblia ni akɛ niji ŋmala lɛ eko fɛɛ eko ni abuɔ lɛ akɛ efee emomo ni akɛtsuuu nii dɔŋŋ lɛ, abuaa naa akɛtoɔ genizah, kpeehe lɛ fiase lɛ. Yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ, alooɔ ŋmalɛi ni akɛ niji ŋmala ni efee emomo lɛ ni ayafuɔ. Yudafoi lɛ fee nakai koni akabule amɛ Ŋmalɛi lɛ kɛmiitsɔ ekɛ nitsumɔ yɛ gbɛ ni ejaaa nɔ nɔ. Mɛni hewɔ? Ejaakɛ Tetragrammaton, ni ji Hebri niŋmaa okadii ni damɔ shi kɛha Nyɔŋmɔ gbɛi krɔŋkrɔŋ, ni afɔɔ lɛ tsɛmɔ yɛ Ŋleshi wiemɔ mli akɛ “Jehovah” (Yehowa) lɛ yɛ mli.

“Akekre” Lɛ

Atsɔɔ blema Hebri ŋmalɛi lɛ ateŋ nɔ ni fa shishi yɛ anɔkwayeli mli kɛjɛ blema bei amli. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ lɛ, Hebri ŋmalɛ ko ni akɛ niji ŋmala ni he hiaa waa ni atsɛɔ lɛ Keter, “Akekre” lɛ, ni shishijee mli lɛ Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ fɛɛ, loo “Kpaŋmɔ Momo” lɛ yɔɔ mli lɛ yɛ. Abuɔ enɛ he yɛ blema Yudafoi akuu fioo ko ni yɔɔ Aleppo, yɛ Siria, ni Muslimbii fa yɛ mli lɛ akpeehe ni etsɛ fe fɛɛ lɛ mli. Mra mli ni ashi nɛkɛ ŋmalɛ ni akɛ niji ŋmala nɛɛ aha Karaite Yudafoi ni yɔɔ Yerusalem lɛ, shi Crusaders ni kɛɛ amɛwuɔ sɛŋmɔtso he ta lɛ shɔ enɛ yɛ 1099. Yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ, nine shɛ nɔ ekoŋŋ ni akɛtee Blema Cairo, yɛ Mizraim. Eyashɛ Aleppo, aaafee afii ohai 15 lɛ mli ni abale enɛ akɛ Aleppo Codex. Abuɔ naa akɛ aŋmala enɛ, kɛ hoo lɛ, yɛ afi 930 Ŋ.B., ni abuɔ lɛ akɛ Masoretik woloŋlee akekre, taakɛ egbɛi lɛ tsɔɔ lɛ. Eji nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ kpakpa ko ni tsɔɔ bɔ ni akwɛ Biblia ŋmalɛ lɛ nɔ jogbaŋŋ aha, kɛ bɔ ni eji Hebri Biblia henɔ ni akɛ niji ŋmala diɛŋtsɛ.

Yɛ ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ beaŋ lɛ, akɛni mɛi ni buɔ ŋmalɛ ni akɛ niji ŋmala ni nɔ bɛ nɛɛ he lɛ kɛ apasa hemɔkɛyeli sheɔ gbeyei akɛ abaabule nɛkɛ nɔ krɔŋkrɔŋ nɛɛ he hewɔ lɛ, amɛŋmɛɛɛ gbɛ ni woloŋlelɔi akwɛ mli loo amɛpɛi mli. Agbɛnɛ hu akɛni ebaafa kome pɛ ana hegbɛ asha lɛ mfoniri hewɔ lɛ, anyɛɛɛ akala nɔ ni akɛ niji eŋmala lɛ henɔ pɛpɛɛpɛ aha.

Beni Ŋleshibii lɛ shi Palestina yɛ afi 1948 mli lɛ, akɛ basabasafeemɔ te shi wo Yudafoi lɛ yɛ Aleppo. Ashã amɛ kpeehe lɛ; codex loo wolokpo ni jara wa nɛɛ laaje ni asusu akɛ akpata hiɛ. Shi mɛɛ naakpɛɛ sane nɛ, akɛ yɛ afii nyɔŋma sɛɛ lɛ, aaale akɛ emlijaa ejwɛ mli etɛ je mli ni aju shi akɛje kpo kɛjɛ Siria kɛtee Yerusalem! Yɛ naagbee lɛ akala ekomekomei 600 ni ji ehenɔ pɛpɛɛpɛ yɛ esui lɛ fɛɛ mli aha yɛ 1976.

Ŋaalɔ Ko Nitsumɔ

Mɛni hewɔ ŋmalɛ ni akɛ niji ŋmala nɛɛ he hiaa waa lɛ? Ejaakɛ Aaron ben Asher, woloŋlelɔi ni atsɔse amɛ jogbaŋŋ yɛ Hebri Biblia lɛ ni akwɛɔ nɔ aŋmalaa ekomɛi ni amɛhe gbɛi lɛ ateŋ mɔ kome lɛ jaje ni esaa eshishijee niŋmaa okadii ni egbɛɛɛ lɛ ni ekɛ niŋmaa mli okadii wo mli. No hewɔ lɛ eji codex loo ehenɔ pɛpɛɛpɛ, ni ekɛ taomɔ nii kɛha ekomekomei ni woloŋmalɔi ni he esako tsɔ lɛ baafee yɛ wɔsɛɛ be mli lɛ he nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ fɔ shi.

Shishijee lɛ ehiɛ woji 380 ni lɛɛlɛɛi ni anyɛɔ adɔɔ emli enyɔ (baafai 760) ni aŋmala yɛ kooloi ahe wolo baafai ni ajara mli etɛtɛɛtɛ nɔ. Amrɔ nɛɛ efeɔ woji 294 ni lɛɛlɛɛi ni anyɛɔ adɔɔ mli enyɔ, ni Pentateuch ni feɔ Mose Woji Enumɔ lɛ babaoo bɛ mli, kɛ enaagbee fa ni feɔ Yaafo, Salomo Lalai Amli Lala, Daniel, Ester, Ezra, kɛ Nehemia lɛ. Awieɔ he akɛ “Al” yɛ New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures​—Reference Bible lɛ mli (Yoshua 21:​37, shishigbɛ niŋmaa). Moses Maimonides (ni yɔɔ biɛ lɛ), ni ji teŋgbɛ afii lɛ amli Yudanyo woloŋlelɔ ni ale lɛ waa ni hi shi yɛ afii ohai 12 Ŋ.B. lɛ mli lɛ tsɛ Aleppo Codex lɛ akɛ nɔ ni hi fe fɛɛ ni ena pɛŋ.a

Hebri ŋmalɛ ni akɛ niji ŋmala kɛjɛ afi ohai 13 kɛbashi afi ohai 15 lɛ mli lɛ jɛ Masoretik ŋmalɛi titrii enyɔ mli, Ben Asher kɛ Ben Naphtali ni afutu lɛ afee lɛ ekome. Afii ohai 16 lɛ mli ni Jacob ben Hayyim fee Hebri Biblia ŋmalɛ ni akala ni jɛ nɛkɛ blema woji enyɔ nɛɛ amli, ni etamɔ nɔ ni enɛ bafee nɔ ni Hebri Bibliai fɛɛ ni akala yɛ afii 400 ni nyiɛ sɛɛ lɛ mli lɛ damɔ nɔ.

Beni aŋmaa Biblia Hebraica (Hebri niŋmaa ni akala lɛ) nɔ ni ji shii etɛ nɔ yɛ 1937 lɛ, akwɛ Ben Asher nɔ lɛ mli, nɔ ni akɛ niji eŋmala lɛ ni abaa yi yɛ Russia, ni ale akɛ The Leningrad B 19^A lɛ. Be ni akɛŋma Leningrad B 19^A lɛ jɛ 1008 Ŋ.B. Hebrew University ni yɔɔ Yerusalem lɛ eto gbɛjianɔ akɛ amɛbaakala Aleppo Hebri ŋmalɛ lɛ fɛɛ yɛ be kpalaŋŋ ko mli, kɛ woji krokomɛi ni jɛ shishitsɔɔmɔi krokomɛi ni he hiaa ni akɛ niji ŋmala lɛ amli lɛ fɛɛ akanemɔ afata he, kɛ Ŋshɔ ni Egbo Wolokpoi lɛ hu.

Anyɛɔ akɛ he fɔɔ Biblia ŋmalɛ ni wɔkɛtsuɔ nii ŋmɛnɛ lɛ nɔ. Nyɔŋmɔ mumɔ lɛ tsirɛ eŋmaa yɛ afii ohia abɔ lɛ amli kɛtsɔ mɛi ni kwɛɔ nɔ ni ŋmalaa ekomɛi ni kɛ hesaa kɛ deŋmegbomɔ tsu he nii jogbaŋŋ lɛ nɔ. Anaa bɔ ni mɛi ni kwɛɔ nɔ amɛŋmalaa ekomɛi nɛɛ kɛ henɔkwɛmɔ jogbaŋŋ tsu nii lɛ yɛ bɔ ni kɛ akɛ Yesaia wolokpoi ni ana yɛ Ŋshɔ ni Egbo lɛ masɛi yɛ 1947 lɛ to Masoretik ŋmalɛ lɛ he lɛ, naakpɛɛ sane ji akɛ sɔrɔto-feemɔi fioo ko pɛ anaa, eyɛ mli akɛ Ŋshɔ ni Egbo Wolokpo lɛ kɛ nɔ fe afii akpe etsɛ fe Masoretik Biblia momo kwraa ni yɔɔ lolo lɛ. Agbɛnɛ hu, amrɔ nɛɛ ni woloŋlelɔi anine eshɛ Aleppo Ŋmalɛ lɛ nɔ nɛɛ, ekɛ nɔ ni abaadamɔ nɔ ana hekɛnɔfɔɔ babaoo yɛ anɔkwale ni Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ ji lɛ mli lɛ baaha. Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, “wɔ-Nyɔŋmɔ lɛ wiemɔ lɛ aaadamɔ shi kɛaatee naanɔ!”​—Yesaia 40:⁠8.

[Shishigbɛ niŋmai]

[He ni Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 28 lɛ Jɛ]

Bibelmuseum, Münster

[He ni Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 29 lɛ Jɛ]

Jewish Division / The New York Public Library / Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations