Mɛni Ji Masoretic Niŋmaa Lɛ?

EKOLƐ atsɔɔ wolo ni ji Biblia ni okaneɔ yɛ wiemɔ ko mli lɛ fã ko shishi kɛjɛ Masoretic niŋmaa lɛ ni feɔ Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ loo “Kpaŋmɔ Momo” lɛ mli lɛ tɛ̃ɛ loo yɛ gbɛ ni bɛ tɛ̃ɛ nɔ. Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, Masoretic niŋmaa fe ekome yɔɔ. No hewɔ lɛ te nɔ ni ahala lɛ, ni mɛni hewɔ? Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, mɛni ji Masoretic niŋmaa lɛ, ni te wɔfeɔ tɛŋŋ wɔleɔ akɛ anyɛɔ akɛ he fɔɔ nɔ?

Yehowa Wiemɔ Lɛ

Biblia lɛ ŋmaa je shishi yɛ Sinai Gɔŋ lɛ nɔ yɛ 1513 D.Ŋ.B. Ni 2 Mose 24:3, 4 kɛɔ wɔ akɛ: “Mose ba ni ebajaje Yehowa wiemɔi lɛ kɛ kojomɔi lɛ fɛɛ etsɔɔ maŋ lɛ. Ni maŋ lɛ fɛɛ here nɔ kɛ gbee kome ni amɛkɛɛ: ‘Wiemɔi fɛɛ ni Yehowa wie lɛ, wɔɔfee’. Ni Mose ŋma Yehowa wiemɔi lɛ fɛɛ.”

Atee nɔ akɛ nɔ ni fe afii akpe ŋma Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ ashwie shi, kɛjɛ 1513 D.Ŋ.B. aahu kɛbashi nɔ ni shɛɔ 443 D.Ŋ.B. Akɛni Nyɔŋmɔ mumɔ tsirɛ mɛi ni ŋmala lɛ hewɔ lɛ, jwɛŋmɔ yɛ mli akɛ ebaakudɔ saji koni akɛ anɔkwayeli abaa eshɛɛ sane lɛ yi. (2 Samuel 23:2; Yesaia 40:8) Shi kɛlɛ, ani enɛ tsɔɔ akɛ Yehowa baajie adesai atɔmɔi fɛɛ kɛjɛ mli koni ekaba lɛ akɛ aaatsake niŋmaa okadi kome folo po beni akwɛɔ eko nɔ aŋmalaa ekomɛi lɛ?

Agbele Gbɛ ni kɛ Mɔ Yaa Tɔ̃mɔ Mli lɛ Naa Fioo

Eyɛ mli akɛ hii ni yɔɔ bulɛ waa kɛha Nyɔŋmɔ Wiemɔ lɛ kwɛ nɔ amɛŋmala kɛjɛ yinɔ kome mli kɛtee ekroko mli moŋ, shi kɛlɛ adesai atɔmɔi komɛi bote niŋmaai lɛ amli nigii. Mumɔ lɛ tsirɛ Biblia ŋmalɔi lɛ, shi mɛi ni kwɛ nɔ kɛŋmala ekomɛi lɛ tsuuu nii yɛ mumɔ lɛ tsirɛmɔ naa.

Beni Yudafoi lɛ ku amɛsɛɛ kɛjɛ Babilon nomŋɔɔ mli amɛba yɛ 537 D.Ŋ.B. lɛ, amɛkɛ niŋmaa hee ko ni yɔɔ niŋmaa okadii ni hiɛ koji ejwɛ ni amɛkase yɛ Babilon lɛ tsu nii. Tsakemɔ wulu nɛɛ kɛ ehe naagba ni fata he lɛ ba, ni baanyɛ aha akɛ niŋmaa okadii komɛi ni je ekrokomɛi aye ekomɛi anajiaŋ yɛ gbɛ ni ejaaa nɔ. Akɛni daaŋ-gbɛɛmɔ niŋmaai akɛŋmaa Hebri wiemɔ lɛ ni nikanelɔ lɛ kɛ gbɛɛmɔ wiemɔi woɔ mli yɛ bɔ ni enuɔ wiemɔi ni fata he lɛ shishi ehaa lɛ hewɔ lɛ, tsakemɔ ni baaba daaŋ-gbɛɛmɔ niŋmaa kome mli lɛ baanyɛ atsake wiemɔ ko shishinumɔ yɛ gbɛ ni waaa nɔ. Shi kɛlɛ, yɛ bei pii amli lɛ, ayɔseɔ tɔmɔi ni tamɔ nɛkɛ ni ajajeɔ.

Yudafoi lɛ ateŋ mɛi babaoo ekuuu amɛsɛɛ kɛyaaa Israel dɔŋŋ yɛ Babilon shigbeemɔ lɛ sɛɛ. No hewɔ lɛ, kpee hei batsɔmɔ mumɔŋ henaabuamɔ hei sɔrɔtoi kɛha Yudafoi akutsei lɛ yɛ Boka Teŋgbɛ kɛ Europa fɛɛ.a Ŋmalɛi awolokpoi lɛ ekomɛi ahe miihia kpee he fɛɛ kpee he. Beni nɔ ni aŋmalaa lɛ faa lɛ, nakai nɔŋŋ mɛi ni ŋmalaa lɛ atɔmɔi hu baa mli.

Mɔdɛŋ ni Abɔ Koni Ajie Tɔ̃mɔi Lɛ

Kɛjɛ Ŋ.B. klɛŋklɛŋ afii oha lɛ shishijee mli ni woloŋmalɔi ni yɔɔ Yerusalem lɛ bɔ mɔdɛŋ akɛ amɛaato ŋmalɛ ni hi fe fɛɛ ni abaakwɛ nɔ akɛjaje Hebri Ŋmalɛ lɛ wolokpoi krokomɛi fɛɛ lɛ he gbɛjianɔ amɛma shi. Ni kɛlɛ, anaaa gbɛjianɔtoo pɔtɛɛ ko ni abaatsɔ nɔ akɛna shishijee niŋmaa lɛ kɛ nɔ ni akwɛ nɔ akɛ niji ŋmala lɛ atɔmɔi ni yɔɔ mli lɛ. Kɛjɛ afii ohai enyɔ Ŋ.B. kɛbaa lɛ, ebafee tamɔ nɔ ni akpɛlɛ Hebri Ŋmalɛi ni akɛ daaŋ-gbɛɛmɔ niŋmaai ŋmala lɛ nɔ akɛ ehi bɔ ni sa, eyɛ mli akɛ amako nɔ mi. Bei pii lɛ saji ni aŋmala kɛjɛ Hebri Ŋmalɛi amli ni pueɔ yɛ Talmud (ni aŋmala yɛ afii ohai enyɔ kɛ afii ohai ekpaa Ŋ.B. lɛ teŋgbɛ) lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ ana kɛjɛ jɛɛhe kroko ni esoro no yɛ nɔ ni abale yɛ sɛɛ mli akɛ Masoretic niŋmaa lɛ he.

Hebri wiemɔ kɛha “blema-kusum” ji ma·soh·rahʹ loo ma·soʹreth. Beni afii ohai ekpaa Ŋ.B. shɛɔ lɛ, abale mɛi ni baa kusum-nifeemɔ ni ji Hebri Ŋmalɛi ni akwɛɔ nɔ aŋmalaa eko pɛpɛɛpɛ lɛ ayi lɛ akɛ Masoretes. Atsɛɔ ekomekomei ni amɛŋmala lɛ akɛ Masoretic niŋmaai. Mɛni yɔɔ sɔrɔto yɛ amɛnitsumɔ lɛ kɛ nibii ni amɛŋmala lɛ ahe?

Hebri wiemɔ ni ji maŋ wiemɔ lɛ eba shi kwraa, ni Yudafoi pii nyɛɛɛ awie dɔŋŋ. No hewɔ lɛ, oshara eba Biblia mli niŋmaa ni akɛ daaŋ-gbɛɛmɔ niŋmaa ŋmala lɛ shishinumɔ diɛŋtsɛ he. Bɔni afee ni abaa yi lɛ, Masoretes lɛ fee gbeeŋ-gbɛɛmɔ wiemɔi ni akɛ dot [dɔt] (.) kɛ dash [—], loo point damɔɔ shi kɛhaa nomɛi. Akɛ enɛɛmɛi fɔ̃ɔ daaŋ gbɛɛmɔ niŋmaai lɛ anɔ kɛ amɛshishi. Masoretes lɛ fee okadii komɛi ni yɔɔ hwanyaŋŋ ni akɛtsu nii akɛ niŋmaa mli okadii kɛ gbɛtsɔɔmɔ kɛha wiemɔi komekomei atsɛmɔ ni ja jogbaŋŋ.

Yɛ hei ni Masoretes lɛ nu he akɛ atsake ŋmalɛ lɛ mli loo yinɔi ni tsɔ hiɛ lɛ amli woloŋmalɔi lɛ kwɛɛɛ ekroko lɛ nɔ jogbaŋŋ lɛ, amɛŋmalaa saji bibii komɛi amɛwoɔ woji lɛ anaabui moŋ fe ni amɛaatsake niŋmaa lɛ. Amɛkadi wiemɔi ni afɔɔɔ kɛ nitsumɔ kɛ saji ni akɛfataa he lɛ kɛ shii abɔ ni enɛɛmɛi pueɔ yɛ wolo ko loo Hebri Ŋmalɛi fɛɛ mli lɛ. Akadi saji krokomɛi ni baaye abua mɛi ni kwɛɔ nɔ amɛŋmalaa lɛ koni akɛto ekroko he akwɛ. Afee “mlai” koni akɛŋmala saji nɛɛ yɛ gbɛ ni yɔɔ kuku kwraa nɔ. Yɛ woji lɛ anaabui ni yɔɔ yiteŋgbɛ kɛ shishigbɛ lɛ anɔ lɛ, ato wiemɔi komekomei fioo ko ni kɔɔ saji ni awie he lɛ ahe yɛ woji lɛ amli fai komɛi ni aŋmala lɛ anaabui.

Masoretes lɛ ni yɔɔ Tiberia, yɛ Galilea Ŋshɔ lɛ masɛi lɛ jaje nibii yɛ gbɛjianɔtoo ni ale fe fɛɛ lɛ mli jogbaŋŋ. Ben Asher kɛ Ben Naphtali wekui ni hi shi yɛ afii ohai nɛɛhu kɛ afii ohai nyɔŋma Ŋ.B. lɛ, ni ekolɛ Karaites ji amɛ lɛ, bahe gbɛi waa.b Eyɛ mli akɛ sɔrɔto-feemɔi baka bɔ ni nikaselɔi akui sɔrɔtoi enyɔ nɛɛ tsɛɔ wiemɔi ni aŋmala lɛ amɛhaa lɛ kɛ nibii ni amɛŋmala lɛ ateŋ moŋ, shi amɛ niŋmaai lɛ amli daaŋ-gbɛɛmɔ niŋmaai lɛ yɛ sɔrɔto fioo pɛ yɛ hei ni shɛɛɛ nyɔŋma yɛ Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ fɛɛ amli.

Ben Asher kɛ Ben Naphtali Masoretes kui enyɔ lɛ fɛɛ na ŋmalɛi ajajemɔ yɛ amɛbeaŋ lɛ mli gbɛfaŋnɔ babaoo. Beni Maimonides (Talmud woloŋlelɔ ni ehe gbɛi ni hi shi yɛ afii ohai 12 lɛ mli) jie Ben Asher niŋmaa lɛ yi sɛɛ lɛ, mɛi krokomɛi basumɔ no waa diɛŋtsɛ fe ekrokomɛi fɛɛ. Enɛ tee nɔ nakai aahu kɛyashɛ he ni anaaa Ben Naphtali niŋmaa lɛ eko kwraa ŋmɛnɛ. Nɔ ni eshwɛ pɛ ji sɔrɔto-feemɔi ni ka kui enyɔ lɛ ateŋ ni ato naa aŋmala ashwie shi lɛ. Nɔ ni woɔ mɔ mlila ji akɛ, Maimonides wiemɔ lɛ kɔɔ niŋmaa mli sui tamɔ gbɛ ni aaashi yɛ kukuji lɛ ateŋ lɛ he, shi jeee yɛ shishitsɔɔmɔ ni ja ni he hiaa babaoo lɛ he.

Ani Wɔbaanyɛ Wɔna Masoretic Niŋmaa ni Yɔɔ “Krɔŋŋ”?

Ŋwanejee babaoo yɛ woloŋlelɔi ateŋ yɛ niŋmaa ni yɔɔ ŋmɛnɛ lɛ ateŋ yɛ nɔ ni aaanyɛ afee Ben Asher niŋmaa ni yɔɔ “krɔŋŋ” lɛ he, tamɔ nɔ ni enɛ baaha wɔna Masoretic niŋmaa “kpakpa” lɛ. Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, Masoretic niŋmaa ko kwraa bɛ ni yɔɔ sɔrɔto, ni yɔɔ “krɔŋŋ,” ni ama nɔ mi. Yɛ no najiaŋ lɛ, Masoretic niŋmaai babaoo yɛ, ni eko fɛɛ eko yɛ sɔrɔto fioo yɛ ekroko he. Niŋmaai ni yɔɔ bianɛ lɛ fɛɛ ji niŋmaai ni akɛ Ben Asher kɛ Ben Naphtali nikanemɔi efutu mli.

Nitsumɔ ni ka Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ ashishitsɔɔlɔ ko nɔ ŋmɛnɛ lɛ da naakpa. Jeee Hebri niŋmaa lɛ pɛ esa akɛ ele jogbaŋŋ, shi esa akɛ ele nɔ fɛɛ nɔ ni esa akɛ efee yɛ he ni ekolɛ tsakemɔ ko ba yɛ mɛi ni kwɛ nɔ amɛŋmala lɛ atɔmɔ loo yɛ nɔ kroko hewɔ lɛ he. Yɛ be mli ni akɛ Masoretic niŋmaai sɔrɔtoi lɛ tsuɔ nii akɛ nɔdaamɔ nɔ lɛ, ehe miihia ni ekwɛ jɛɛhei kpakpai krokomɛi ni baanyɛ adamɔ shi aha daaŋ-gbɛɛmɔ ŋmalɛ shishitsɔɔmɔi ni jɛ blema tɔ̃ɔ ni ekolɛ eja jogbaŋŋ lɛ.

Ernst Würthwein tsɔɔ mli yɛ ewolo, The Text of the Old Testament lɛ hiɛkpamɔ wiemɔ lɛ mli akɛ: “Kɛ wɔkɛ niŋmaai ni wa kpe lɛ, wɔnyɛŋ wɔbua nikanemɔi sɔrɔtoi lɛ fɛɛ anaa ni wɔhala nɔ ni feɔ tamɔ ekɛ tsabaa ni yɔɔ mlɛo fe fɛɛ baa lɛ kɛkɛ, yɛ bei komɛi amli lɛ wɔsumɔɔ Hebri ŋmalɛ lɛ, ni bei krokomɛi lɛ Septuagint lɛ, ni kɛlɛ wɔsumɔɔ Targum lɛ yɛ bei krokomɛi amli. Anyɛŋ akɛ hiɛ afɔ ŋmalɛ mli odaseyelii lɛ fɛɛ nɔ pɛpɛɛpɛ. Eko fɛɛ eko yɛ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ eniŋmaa okadi kɛ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ eyinɔsane ni yɔɔ sɔrɔto. Esa akɛ wɔle enɛɛmɛi kɛ, wɔhiɛ ka nɔ akɛ wɔɔkwa tsabaai ni faaa loo ejaaa lɛ.”

Wɔyɛ nɔ ni wɔɔdamɔ nɔ shiŋŋ ni wɔna hekɛnɔfɔɔ akɛ Yehowa ebaa e-Wiemɔ lɛ yi. Yɛ hii babaoo ni hi shi yɛ afii ohai abɔ ni eho lɛ amli ni yeɔ anɔkwa lɛ amɔdɛŋbɔɔ hewɔ lɛ, nɔ ni akɛfee Biblia lɛ, emli saji lɛ, kɛ emli shɛɛ saji amlitsɔɔmɔ fitsofitso po yɛ wɔ waobii anaa. Tsakemɔ fioo ko ni yɔɔ niŋmaa okadi loo wiemɔ ko mli lɛ esako nyɛmɔ ni wɔyɔɔ akɛ wɔɔnu Ŋmalɛi lɛ ashishi lɛ he. Amrɔ nɛɛ, sanebimɔ ni he hiaa ji akɛ, Ani wɔbaahi shi yɛ Nyɔŋmɔ Wiemɔ, Biblia lɛ kɛ gbeekpamɔ naa?

[Shishigbɛ niŋmai]

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 26]

Masoretic niŋmaa lɛ yɛ Aleppo Codex lɛ mli

[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]

Bibelmuseum, Münster