Ntshinyi tshiakafikila bukokeshi?

BANTU ba lungenyi badi bajingulula dikengedibua dia bukokeshi. Kuoko kakuyi ndongoluelu kampanda wa bukokeshi, nsangilu wa bantu neabuele diakamue mu nsombelu mukondakane. Pa nanku, mukanda kampanda wa maneme mamanyike mu tshibungu tshia mêyi ne mikenji tshia ditunga dia France udi wamba ne: “Muaba wonso udi nsangilu wa bantu, kudi kusanganyibua mishindu ibidi ya bantu: aba badi batuma mêyi ne aba badi batumikila, aba badi bafila mêyi-menzeji ne aba badi baalonda, balombodi ne balombodibue, bakokeshi ne bakokeshibue. . . . Dikalaku dia bukokeshi didi mua kumueneka patoke mu nsangilu kayi wonso wa bantu.”a

Tshidibi, mmuenenu ya bantu pa bidi bitangila bukokeshi yakashintuluka katshia ku Mvita Mibidi ya buloba bujima, ne nangananga bituadije mu bidimu bia 1960. Pa kufila diumvuija pa tshikondo etshi, tshibungu tshia Encyclopædia Universalis tshidi tshiakula bua “dikondakana mu dilondangana dia mamfumu ne ntumikilu wa makokeshi.” Dikondakana dia mushindu’eu kadiena dikemesha balongi ba Bible to. Mupostolo Paulo wakamanyisha ne: “Manya kabidi bimpe ne: matuku a nshikidilu neikale makole. Bantu nebikale anu badinangi, bena mutshima wa biuma, bena budiambi, bena ditambisha, banyangidianganyi ba lumu, batombokedi ba baledi, . . . bena muoyo wa zukuzuku, bena luonji, . . . buule ne ditambisha. Banangi ba masanka mabi pamutu pa [Nzambi, NW].”​—2 Timote 3:1-4, Mukenji mulenga.

Dishekelela dia bukokeshi

Mulayi eu udi umvuija bimpe ngikadilu wa matuku etu aa ne wa tshikondo tshietu etshi. Bukokeshi budi butontolodibua mu bitupa bionso​—mu dîku, mu tulasa, mu université, mu biapu, mu makalenge a ka-bukulu ne mbulamatadi. Tshiendenda tshinekesha, mijiki ya mfukilu ya rap, ditomboka dia balongi, diimanyika mudimu dibengangane ne mikenji, dibenga kutumika dia bena ditunga ne bienzedi bia tshikisu bidi bionso bimanyinu bia dipangika dia kanemu bua bukokeshi.

Pavuabo benza miyuki milongolola ku Paris kudi Tshilongelu tshia mianda ya tshididi tshia bena France pamue ne tshikandakanda tshia Le Monde, mulongeshi Yves Mény wakamba ne: “Bukokeshi budi mua kuikalaku anu pikalabu bulelela ne buanyishibue.” Kamue ka ku tubingila tua dishekelela dia bukokeshi lelu ke diela mpata kudi bavule pa bidi bitangila bulelela ne dianyishibua dia aba badi ne bukokeshi mu bianza. Nunku, badi bela mpata mudibo kabayi ne bukenji bua kukokesha. Diela nkonko bua kufila mmuenenu diakasokolola ne: ku ntuadijilu wa bidimu bia 1980, bantu 9 pa lukama ku Etats-Unis, 10 pa lukama ku Australie, 24 pa lukama ku Grande-Bretagne, 26 pa lukama ku France, ne 41 pa lukama ku Inde bakamba muvua mbulamatadi yabu kayiyi milelela ne kayiyi mianyishibue.

Muntu mu dikeba dia bukokeshi bulelela ne buanyishibue

Bilondeshile Bible, ku ntuadijilu muntu uvua muteka buludi muinshi mua bukokeshi bua Nzambi. (Genese 1:27, 28; 2:16, 17) Kadi, tshikondo tshîpi pashishe, bantu bakadikebela budikadidi bua didielela ne ditumikila mikenji, pa kupidia Mubafuki wabu. (Genese 3:1-6) Bu muakimanshabo teokrasi, peshi nkokeshilu wa Nzambi, bakafuimba ndongoluelu mikuabu ya ditumika ne bukokeshi. (Muambi 8:9) Bamue bakababidila bukole buabu bua kushindamija buabu bukokeshi. Buabu buobu, bukole buvua bubapesha bukenji [bua kuditeka bakokeshi]. Bukole buabu buvua bukumbane menemene bua kubambidikangana disua diabo. Tshidibi, bavule bakajingulula dikengedibua dia kujadika bulelela bua bukenji buabu bua dikokesha.

Katshia ku bikondo bia kale, bakokeshi bavule bakenza nunku pa kudibala muvuabo banzambi peshi muvuabo bapetele bukokeshi buabu kudi banzambi. Ke nshindamenu wa lungenyi lua mu mianu lua “bukalenge bukena-kutua-munu,” buvua bakalenge ba kumpala ba Mésopotamie ne ba-Faraone ba Ejipitu wa kale badikokola pa tshiadi.

Alexandre Munene, bakalenge bena Grèce bakamupingana mu nkuasa, ne bavule ba ku ba-amperere bena Roma bakadibala pabo muvuabo banzambi ne bavua mene balomba bua kubatendelelabo. Ndongoluelu ivua yakajibua muinshi mua bakalenge aba ivua mimanyike bu “ntendelelu wa mukalenge udi ku mutu kua bionso,” ne kipatshila kabo kavua ka kushindamija bikole bukokeshi bua mukalenge pa nsambakenu wa bisamba bitshimuna. Kubenga kutendelela mukalenge udi ku mutu kua bionso kuvua kupiishibua bu tshienzedi tshia didiwula Ditunga. Mu mukanda wa The Legacy of Rome, mulongeshi Ernest Barker wakafunda ne: “Diangatshibua bu nzambi dia amperere [wa Roma], ne lulamatu ludiye upeta bua bunzambi buende, bidi bushuwa tshishimikidi, peshi mu mishindu yonso nshindamenu, bua ampire.”

Kutendelela eku kuakatungunuka too ne kunyima mene kua “Buena-nkristo” bumane kuanyishibua kudi amperere Constantin (wakakokesha biangatshile mu 306 too ne 337 B.B.) ne pashishe buangatshibue bu tshitendelelu tshia Ditunga tshia Ampire wa Roma kudi amperere Theodosius I (wakakokesha kubangila ku 379 too ne ku 395 B.B.). Bamue ba ku ba-amperere “bena nkristo” bavua batendeledibua bu banzambi too ne mu siekele 5 B.B.

“Makokeshi abidi,” “miele ya nkanza ibidi”

Bu muvua bukokeshi bua ba-pape buenda buvula, bilumbu bivua pankatshi pa Ekleziya ne Ditunga bivua bienda bidiunda. Bu tshipeta, ku ndekelu kua siekele 5 B.B., Pape Gelasius I wakatuma dîyi-diludiki dia “makokeshi abidi”: bukokeshi bukena-kutua-munu bua ba-pape nebutumike tshiapamue ne bukokeshi bua bukalenge bua bakalenge​—bakalenge bikale kuinshi kua ba-pape. Pashishe, dîyi-diludiki edi diakalua lungenyi lua kuitaba lua “miele ya nkanza ibidi”: “Ba-pape bavua badipeshe muele wa nkanza wa mu nyuma, bavua bafila muele wa nkanza bua matuku makese kudi bamfumu ba ditunga, kadi bine aba bavua ne bua kutumika ne bukokeshi ebu bua tshitupa tshîpi bilondeshile buludiki bua ba-pape.” (The New Encyclopædia Britannica) Pa kushindamena pa lungenyi elu, kumpala kua tshikondo tshietu etshi, Ekleziya katolike wakalúmba bukenji bua kuasa ba-amperere ne bakalenge bifulu bia bumfumu bua bukokeshi buabu kuikalabu bulelela ne buanyishibue, nunku e kutungunuja muanu wa kale wa “bukalenge bukena-kutua-munu.”

Kadi, kabiena bikengela kubuejakaja bukalenge bukena-kutua-munu ne etshi tshiakabikidibua bukenji bua kudi Nzambi bua bakalenge, dîyi-diludiki dimanyisha pashishe ne kipatshila ka kulamuna bamfumu ba tshididi ku bukokeshi bua ba-pape. Bukenji bufume kudi Nzambi ndungenyi ludi lujadika se: bakalenge badi bapeta bukokeshi buabu bua kukokesha buludi kudi Nzambi, kadi ki nkudi pape kampanda wa ku Roma to. Tshibungu tshia New Catholic Encyclopedia tshidi tshiamba ne: “Mu tshikondo tshivua pape utumika ne bukokeshi bua mu nyuma pa buloba bujima pamue ne bua tshitupa tshîpi pa bamfumu ba matunga, lungenyi elu lua bukenji bufume kudi Nzambi luvua luambuluisha bamfumu ba matunga bua kubingishabo bukokeshi buabu buvuabo bamba muvuabo babupete kudi Nzambi, mushindu umue ne pape.”b

Muanu wa bumfumu bukena mikalu bua bena ditunga

Mu kupita kua bikondo, bantu bakapangadija mikuabu mpokolo ya bukokeshi. Umue wa kudiyi ke bumfumu bua bena ditunga ku mutu kua bionso. Bavule bakitaba ne: lungenyi elu luakapatukila ku Grèce. Kadi, mu Grèce wa kale, demokrasi uvua ulondibua anu mu bimue bimenga-matunga, muvua mene anu bena ditunga balume bikale ne bukenji bua kuenza masungula. Bakaji, bapika ne benyi basombi ba mu ditunga​—bavua batue ku bia lukama 50 peshi 80 pa bungi bua bena mu ditunga bilondeshile ditshinkidila—​bavua bateka ku luseke. Mbikole bua kuakula bua bumfumu bukena-mikalu bua bena ditunga!

Nnganyi wakapatula lungenyi lua bumfumu bukena-mikalu bua bena ditunga? Bualu budi bukemesha, luakapatudibua kumpala kua bikondo bietu ebi (mu Moyen Âge) kudi balongeshi ba malu a banzambi bena Ekleziya katolike. Mu siekele wa 13, Thomas Aquinas uvua ujadika ne: bu mudi bumfumu bukena-mikalu mu bianza bia Nzambi, mbupeshibue bena ditunga. Lungenyi elu luakamuangalaka bikole. Tshibungu tshia New Catholic Encyclopedia tshidi tshiamba ne: “Lungenyi lua diangata bantu bu mpokolo wa bukokeshi luvua lutuibua mpanda kudi tshitupa tshinene tshia balongeshi ba teoloji bena Katolike ba mu siekele wa 17.”

Bua tshinyi balongeshi ba teoloji ba Ekleziya muena bena kuitabuja bavua kabayi ne dîyi mu disungula dia pape, dia muepiskopo peshi dia nsaserdose bakatua lungenyi lua bumfumu bua bena ditunga ku mutu kua bionso nyama ku mikolo? Bualu bamue bakalenge ba ku Mputu bavua basumpakana bikole pavuabo muinshi mua bukokeshi bua ba-pape. Lungenyi lua bumfumu bua bena ditunga ku mutu kua bionso luvua lupesha pape bukole bua kumusha amperere peshi tshikokesha-nkaya mu nkuasa pavuabi bimulengelela. Bafundi ba mianda ya kale Will ne Ariel Durant bakafunda ne: “ku baluidi ba bumfumu bukena mikalu bua bena ditunga kuvua bena mu kasumbu ka ba-jésuite bavule, bavua bangata mmuenenu eu bu tshiamu tshia kutekesha natshi bukokeshi bua bakalenge ku mutu kua bukokeshi bua ba-pape. Kardinale Bellarmine ukomesha ne: bu mudi bukokeshi bua bakalenge bufuma kudi bena ditunga, kudibo busuikakaja menemene, mbidimuenekele patoke se: budi kuinshi kua bukokeshi bua ba-pape . . . Luis Molina, muena-jésuite wa ku Espagne, wakakomesha ne: bena ditunga, bu mudibo mpokolo wa bukokeshi bua kudi bantu, badi bushuwa​—kadi pa kulonda ngenzelu mujalame—​mua kutonkola mukalenge mupange buakane.”

“Ngenzelu mujalame” uvua, kabiyi mpata, ne bua kusonsodibua kudi pape. Ne lungenyi lua kushindika mêyi aa, mukanda wa bena Katolike wa Histoire Universelle de l’Eglise Catholique udi utela miaku ya mu mukanda wa Biographie universelle ne wamba se: “Bellarmine . . . udi’anu ulongesha dilongesha dia bena katolike buonso dia ne: banene ba ditunga badi bapetela bukokeshi buabu ku masungula a bena ditunga, ne bena ditunga badi mua kutumika ne bukenji ebu anu ku buenzeji bua pape.” (Tuetu mbadi baladike miaku.) Nunku, bumfumu bukena mikalu bua bena ditunga buakalua tshiamu tshivua pape mua kutumika natshi bua kukumbaja disua diende mu disungula dia mukalenge kampanda peshi kumutonkola pikalaye ujinga nunku. Mu matuku ashadi aa, ke mushindu uvua bamfumu ba Katolike bababidile bua kusonsola disungula dia bena Katolike mu matunga mudi demokrasi muanyishibue.

Mu demokrasi ya buena lelu, dianyishibua dia mbulamatadi kampanda ndishindamene pa etshi tshidi tshibikidibua ne: “dianyisha dia bakokeshibue.” Padiku nsombelu mulongame, bidi bushuwa “dianyisha dia tshitupa tshinene,” kadi, bua dibenga kuya kuela tukanda dia basungudi ne bua buenzavi bua bena tshididi, “tshitupa tshinene” etshi tshitu’anu bushuwa bungi bukese pa bena ditunga buonso. Lelu’eu, “dianyisha dia bakokeshibue” didi amu misangu mivule “dianyisha dia dienzejibua, kabiyi ku budisuile bua bakokeshibue kulejabo wabu mmuenenu.”

Muanu wa bumfumu bukena mikalu bua ditunga dijima

Muanu wa bukalenge bukena-kutua-munu mulubuluja kudi ba-pape ba ku ntuadijilu wakabakudimukila pakatshintuluka bukalenge bukena-kutua-munu ne kuluabo bukenji bua kudi Nzambi bua bakalenge. Bia muomumue, lungenyi lua bumfumu bukena mikalu bua bena ditunga luakakudimukila Ekleziya katolike. Mu siekele wa 17 ne wa 18, bena filozofi ba mu bulongolodi ebu, bu mudi bena Angleterre Thomas Hobbes ne John Locke pamue ne muena France Jean-Jacques Rousseau, bakeleela meji pa lungenyi lua bumfumu bukena mikalu bua bena ditunga. Bakasulakaja mumvuija kabukabu mashila pa lungenyi luakabikilabo ne: “tshiovo tshia bena ditunga” pankatshi pa bakokeshi ne bakokeshibue. Mêyi-maludiki abo kaavua mashila pa malongesha a banzambi, apo pa “mukenji wa ku tshifukilu,” ne akapatuisha ngenyi yakatamba kusuyakaja Ekleziya katolike ne ba-pape.

Matuku makese kunyima kua lufu lua Rousseau, Ditomboka dia dilomba mashintuluka dia bena France diakabudika. Mashintuluka akenzeka akajimija imue ngenyi ya bulelela ne dianyishibua dia bukokeshi, kadi akapatuisha lukuabu lupialupia, lungenyi lua bumfumu bukena mikalu bua ditunga. Tshibungu tshia The New Encyclopædia Britannica tshidi tshiumvuija ne: “Bena France bakabenga bukenji bua kudi Nzambi bua bakalenge, dikala ku mutu dia banene ne babanji, pamue ne masanka madipesha kudi Ekleziya katolike wa ku Roma.” Kadi, ke mudi tshibungu etshi tshia Britannica tshisakidila; “Mashintuluka aa akatuala tshintu tshikuabu tshipiatshipia, mbulamatadi-ditunga, tshiafika ku dikola.” Batuadi ba mashintuluka bavua bakengela “muanda eu mupiamupia.” Mbua tshinyi?

Bualu, mu ndongoluelu wa mianda mupangadija kudi Rousseau, dîyi dia muena ditunga yonso divua mua kuikala ne bukole mu disungula dia baludiki. Ngenzelu eu uvua mua kufikisha ku demokrasi mushindamene pa disungula dienza kudi bena ditunga buonso nkong​—muanda uvua balubuluji ba mashintuluka bena France kabayi basankidila nansha kakese. Mulongeshi Duverger udi umvuija ne: “Ne kipatshila ka kuepuka tshipeta bu nunku, tshivua katshiyi bua diakalenga diabo, ke tshiakasaka banene ne babanji bena mu kasumbu ka Assemblée constituante ku dipatula mu 1789 too ne mu 1791, lungenyi lua bumfumu bukena mikalu bua ditunga dijima. Bakasunguluja bena ditunga ku ‘Ditunga’ dine, diakangatabo bu tshintu tshilelela tshijima, tshishilangane ne bitupa bidi bitshienza. Ditunga nkayadi, ku butuangaji bua baleji-mpala badi, ke didi ne bukenji bua kutumika ne bumfumu buadi bukena mikalu . . . Luikale lua demokrasi anu ku mêsu, lungenyi lua bumfumu bukena mikalu bua ditunga kaluena bushuwa demokrasi mu ngumvuilu mujima wa muaku to, bualu badi mua kutumika nalu bua kubingisha ku bienzedi mishindu kayi yonso ya mbulamatadi, nangananga demokrasi udi bukokeshi bua mfumu kabuyi ne mikalu.” (Mufundi ke udi muladike miaku.)

Kupangila kua madikolela a muntu

Dianyishibua dia Mbulamatadi-Ditunga bu mpokolo mulelela wa bukokeshi wakafikisha ku dinanga dinekesha dia ditunga. Tshibungu tshia The New Encyclopædia Britannica tshidi tshiamba ne: “Badi bela meji se: dinanga dinekesha dia ditunga ndungenyi lua kale; imue misangu batu baluangata mu mushindu mubi bu tshitupa tshikena kuabuluja tshia malongolodi a tshididi. Nunku, mashintuluka matuala ku Amerike ne ku France adi mua kuangatshibua bu bijadiki bikole bia kumpala bia dinanga edi dia ditunga.” Katshia mashintuluka aa enzeka, dinanga dinekesha dia ditunga ndimuangalake ku Amerike wa pankatshi ne wa ku sud, ku Mputu, mu Afrike ne ku Azi. Mvita mibutudi ya bantu yakabingishibua pa kuzangika dinanga dinekesha dia ditunga.

Mufundi wa mianda ya kale muena Grande-Bretagne Arnold Toynbee wakafunda ne: “Tshikadilu tshia dinanga dinekesha dia ditunga nntuntumuna muzaze mu maluvu mapiamapia a Demokrasi mela mu milangi ya kale ya dinanga dinekesha dia buena tshisa. . . . Tshisuikakaji etshi tshia dikema pankatshi pa Demokrasi ne dinanga dinekesha dia buena tshisa tshiakadisokolola tshituadi tshia bipeta bilenga mu midimu ya tshididi tshia nsangilu wetu wa bena lelu ba mu matunga a ku ouest kupita ne Demokrasi yeye muine.” Bunangi bua ditunga ki mbupatule nsangilu wa bantu wa ditalala nansha. Toynbee udi wamba ne: “Kunyima kua ditukija dîpi, mvita ya bitendelelu yakalondibua kudi mvita ya buena ditunga; ne mu nsangilu wetu wa bena lelu ba mu matunga a ku ouest, tshikadilu tshia mitalu ya bufofo mu ntendelelu ne mu bunangi bua ditunga bidi’anu, mu mishindu yonso, dine dijinga dibi dia lukuluku dimuepele.”

Ku diambuluisha dia mianu bu mudi ya “bukalenge bukena-kutua-munu,” “bukenji bua kudi Nzambi bua bakalenge,” “bumfumu bukena mikalu bua bena ditunga,” ne “bumfumu bukena mikalu bua ditunga,” bamfumu mbatete mua kufila bijadiki bia dianyishibua ne bulelela bia bukokeshi buabu pa bantu nabu. Kadi, yeye mumane kukonkonona miyuki ya makokeshi a bantu, muena nkristo udi’anu ne bua kuitaba bulelela bua mêyi aa mamba kudi Solomo: “Muntu mmukokeshe muntu [nende] anu bua kuvuambuka kuende.”​—Muambi 8:9, NW.

Pamutu pa kutendelela matunga ne bena mbulamatadi bena tshididi, bena nkristo badi batendelela Nzambi ne bamuitaba bu mpokolo mulelela wa bukokeshi buonso. Badi batonda pamue ne mufundi wa misambu Davidi wakamba ne: “Ô Yehowa, bunene, bukole, bulengele, butumbuke ne butumbi mbiebe; bualu bionso bia mu diulu ne pa buloba mbiebe. Ô Yehowa, bukalenge mbuebe, wewe utu udibandisha kabidi bu mfumu ku mutu kua bionso.” (1 Kulondolola 29:11, NW) Tshidibi, bua dinemekela diabo dia Nzambi, badi baleja kanemu kakumbanyine kudi bamfumu ba mianda ya mu bulongolodi ebu ne ya mu nyuma. Mu biena-bualu bibidi bidi bilonda, netukonkonone mushindu kayi ne bua tshinyi badi mua kuenza nunku ne disanka.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 15]

Ekleziya katolike wakalúmba bukenji bua kuasa ba-amperere ne bakalenge bifulu bia bumfumu

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Ditekibua dia Charlemagne bu amperere: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris