Bakaraite: ne dikeba diabu dia bulelela

“FUKUNAYI bikole mu [Mifundu] ne kanueyemenyi mmuenenu wanyi.” Mêyi aa avua mamba kudi ntunga-mulongo kampanda wa Bakaraite wa mu siekele wa muanda-mukulu B.B. Bakaraite bavua banganyi? Tudiku mua kulongela tshintu kampanda tshia mushinga ku tshilejilu tshiabu anyi? Bua kuandamuna nkonko eyi, tudi ne bua kupingana tshianyima mu muyuki wa kale ku dikokangana ku mêyi dia munanunanu diakafikisha too ne ku tshisumbu tshia Bakaraite.

Mmunyi muakatuadija dikokangana ku mêyi edi?

Mu siekele ya ndekelu kumpala kua Bikondo Bietu ebi, filozofi mupiamupia wakatuadija munkatshi mua buena Yuda. Uvua dilongesha dia se: Nzambi wakafila Mikenji ibidi ku Mukuna wa Sinai, umue mufunda ne mukuabu ukena mufunda.a Mu siekele wa kumpala B.B., kuvua buluishi bua dikema pankatshi pa aba bavua babingisha dilongesha dipiadipia edi ne aba bavua badivila. Bafarizeyi ke bavua badibingishi, kadi Basaduseyi ne Baesene bavua munkatshi mua badiluishi.

Munkatshi mua dikokangana ku mêyi edi, Yezu wa ku Nazarete wakapatuka bu Masiya. (Danyele 9:24, 25; Matayo 2:1-6, 22, 23) Yezu wakapetangana mpala ne mpala ne bisumbu bionso abi bia bena Yuda bivua bikokangana. Pa kueleela meji pamue nabu, wakapisha diupula dia dîyi dia Nzambi bua bilele biabu. (Matayo 15:3-9) Yezu wakalongesha kabidi malelela mu mushindu uvua mua kuenjibua anu kudi Masiya. (Yone 7:45, 46) Kupit’apu, balondi balelela ba Yezu pa nkayabu bakafila tshijadiki tshia dikuatshishibua diabu kudi Nzambi. Bakalua kumanyibua bu bena nkristo.​—Bienzedi 11:26.

Pakabutudibua ntempelo wa Yeruzaleme mu 70 B.B., anu Bafarizeyi ke katendelelu kamuepele ka malu a Nzambi kakashala kakayi kalenga. Mpindieu bu muvuaku kakuyi buakuidi, milambu, ne ntempelo, bena Yuda Bafarizeyi bakapeta mushindu wa kufuikakaja bipinganyi bua bionso ebi, bakashiila bilele ne disumununa mpunga bua kupinganabi pa muaba wa Mikenji mifunda. Ebi biakapetesha mushindu wa kufunda “mikanda ya tshijila” mipiamipia. Diambedi kuakalua Mishnah, ne masakidila awu ku Mikenji yabu ikena mifunda ne masumununa ayi. Kunyima, masangisha makuabu a mifundu akasakidibua ne akabikidibua bu Talmud. Tshikondo tshimue tshimue etshi, bena nkristo batontolodi bakatuadija kudilamuna ku malongesha a Yezu. Bisumbu bibidi ebi biakabanjija ndongoluelu mikole ya malu a Nzambi​—bumfumu bua Barabi ku lumue luseke ne bumfumu bua ekleziya ku lukuabu.

Bua buluishi pankatshi pa bena Yuda ne Roma wa bampangano ne kunyima ne Roma “wa bena nkristo,” nshindamenu wa buena Yuda wakaya ndekelu wa bionso ku Babilone. Ku muaba awu ke kuakafundibua mifundu ya Talmud mujima nkong. Nansha muvua Barabi bamba ne: Talmud uvua usokolola disua dia Nzambi mu mushindu mukumbane tshishiki, bena Yuda bavule bakumvua buenzeji bukole bua bumfumu bua Barabi ne bakavua bakeba dîyi dia Nzambi dibapetesha ku butuangaji bua Mozese ne baprofete.

Ku ndekelu wa siekele wa muanda-mukulu B.B., bena Yuda mu Babilone bavua baluisha bumfumu ne ditabuja bia Barabi mu Mikenji yabu ikena mifunda bakandamuna bilenga kudi ntunga-mulongo kampanda mumanyi wa mukanda udi ne dîna dia Anan ben David. Wakakula patoke bua budikadidi buvua nabu muena Yuda yonso bua kuenza dilonga dikena dielela mikandu dia Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu bu mpokolo umuepele wa ntendelelu mulelela, ukena utabalela disumununa dia Barabi anyi Talmud. Anan wakalongesha ne: “Fukunayi bikole mu Torah [Mikenji mifunda ya Nzambi] ne kanueyemenyi mmuenenu wanyi.” Bua diela kashonyi edi pa Mifundu, balondi ba Anan bakalua kumanyibua bu ba-Qa·ra·ʼimʹ, dîna dia tshiena-Ebelu didi diumvuija “babadi.”

Buluishi pankatshi pa Bakaraite ne Barabi

Mbimue bilejilu kayi bia malongesha a Bakaraite akakebesha dikokangana ku mêyi munkatshi mua Barabi? Barabi bavua bakandike kudia munyinyi ne mabele pamue. Bavua babileja bu diumvuija dia Mikenji ikena mifunda dia Ekesode 23:19, udi wamba ne: ‘Kulambidi muana wa mukoko mu mabele a mamuende.’ Ku lukuabu luseke, Bakaraite bavua balongesha ne: mvese eu uvua ne diumvuija dia ku dîna​—ki ntshintu tshikuabu to. Bavua bamba ne: mikandu miela kudi Barabi ivua difuikakaja dia bantu.

Bilondeshile disumununa diabu dia Dutelonome 6:8, 9, Barabi bavua bakomesha ne: balume bena Yuda bavua ne bua kusambila bavuale tefiline, anyi filakteri, ne se: mezuzah avua ne bua kutekibua pa tshiluwà tshia tshiibi tshionso.b Bakaraite bavua bangata mvese eyi bu idi anu ne diumvuija dia mu tshimfuanyi ne dia bimanyinu ne nunku bakabenga mikenji ya mushindu eu ya Barabi.

Mu malu makuabu Bakaraite bavua bela mikandu kupita Barabi. Tshilejilu, tangila mmuenenu wabu wa Ekesode 35:3, udi wamba ne: “Kanutemeshi ka[p]ia mu matshika enu onso dituku dia [Nsabatu, NW].” Bakaraite bavua bakandike kushiya muinda anyi kapia bitema nansha bikalabi bivua bitemesha kumpala kua Nsabatu.

Nangananga kunyima kua lufu lua Anan, bantunga-mulongo ba Bakaraite bavua pa tshibidilu bavilangana pa bualabale ne mushindu bia imue mikandu, ne mukenji wabu kauvua misangu yonso umvuika to. Bakaraite bavua bapange buobumue bualu kabavua banyisha bumfumu bua ntunga-mulongo nansha umue kadi bavua bazangika dibala ne disumununa dia Mifundu bia muntu pa nkayende, bivua bibengangane ne mushindu wa bumfumu wa Barabi. Kadi, nansha muvuabi nunku, lumu ne buenzeji bia tshisumbu tshia Bakaraite bivua anu bidiunda ku miaba ivua kule menemene ne tshinsanga tshia bena Yuda bavua ku Babilone ne tshiakamuangalaka mu Moyen-Orient mujima. Nshindamenu munene wa Bakaraite wakatekibua too ne mu Yeruzaleme.

Munkatshi mua siekele wa tshitema ne wa dikumi B.B., bashikuluji Bakaraite bakapiluka mu dilonga diakajilula dia muakulu wa tshiena-Ebelu ne kulabulabu mushindu kampanda wa tshikondo tshia dilubuluka dinene. Bakangata Mifundu mifunda ya tshiena-Ebelu, ki mbilele bikena bifunda, bu minsantu. Bamue Bakaraite bakalua batentuludi bapiluke ba Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu. Eyowa, mudimu musonsolodi wa Bakaraite ke wakakankamija dilonga dia Bamasorete dia Mifundu munkatshi mua bena Yuda, mmupeteshe mikanda ya Bible mifunda ku bianza mikuba biakane lelu’eu.

Munkatshi mua tshikondo etshi tshia dilubuluka dia lukasalukasa, Bakaraite bena Yuda bakaditua mu mudimu wa bu-misionere wa patoke munkatshi mua bena Yuda bakuabu. Ebi biakateka Barabi bena Yuda mu njiwu.

Mmunyi muakandamuna Barabi?

Didibingisha dia Barabi divua dikokangana ku mêyi dia katshi ku dînu, bavua bakajilula ne bashintulula ne nzanzu yonso dilongesha diabu bua kukumbaja tshipatshila tshiabu. Munkatshi mua siekele wakalonda dibunda dia Anan, Barabi bena Yuda bakasungula ndambu wa ngenzelu ya Bakaraite. Barabi bakatamba kupiluka mu ditela Mifundu, bakabueja ngakuilu ne ngenzelu bia Bakaraite mu bungamba-malu buabu.

Ntunga-mulongo wa pa buende wa dikokangana ku mêyi edi ne Bakaraite uvua Saʽadia ben Joseph, wakalua mfumu wa tshinsanga tshia bena Yuda ku Babilone ku ntuadijilu wa siekele wa dikumi B.B. Mukanda munene wa Saʽadia mufunda ne nzanzu yonso, The Book of Beliefs and Opinions, uvua mukudimuna mu anglais kudi Samuel Rosenblatt, wakamba mu mbuelelu wawu ne: “Nansha muvuaye . . . mupiluke mu tshikondo tshiende pa bidi bitangila Talmud, pa kufuanyikija [Sa‘adia] udi utumika anu bikese ne Talmud, mbimueneke se: [bivua nunku] bualu dijinga diende divua dia kupiisha Bakaraite ku diambuluisha dia tshilumbuluidi tshiabu nkayabu bavua banyisha se: anu Mikenji mifunda ke ivua miakane.”

Pa kulonda biidia bia Sa‘adia, bena Yuda Barabi bakapeta bukokeshi ne buenzeji buvulavulayi. Bakabipeta pa kulonda menemene Mikenji mifunda bua kupetela bijadiki bikole ku madibingisha a Bakaraite. Tshisûsu tshia ndekelu tshiakakumibua kudi Moïse Maimonide, mushikuluji wa Talmud muenda lumu wa mu siekele wa 12. Ku mmuenenu wende wa dilama musengu ne Bakaraite bakasombaye nabu mu Ejipitu, kusakidila ku mfundilu wende wa mushikuluji mutuishanganyi, wakanyishibua kudibu ne kutekesha bumfumu buabu nkayabu.

Tshisumbu tshia Bakaraite tshidi tshijimija bukole

Mpindieu bu muvuatshi tshipange buobumue ne katshiyi ne mushindu mulongolola wa kudisungila, tshisumbu tshia Bakaraite tshiakajimija bukole ne balondi. Mu kupita kua bikondo, Bakaraite bakashintulula mmuenenu ne mêyi-maludiki biabu. Leon Nemoy, mufundi pa tshisumbu tshia Bakaraite, mmufunde ne: “Nansha muvua Talmud mukandika, malu mavule a Talmud avua ne budimu buonso abuejibua mu ditumikila dia Bakaraite dia Mikenji ne bilele.” Mu bualabale, Bakaraite bakajimija tshipatshila tshiabu tshia kumpala ne bakatamba kusungula tshia bena Yuda Barabi.

Kutshidi Bakaraite bu 25 000 mu Izalele. Ndambu wabu wa binunu udi mua kusanganyibua mu binsanga bikuabu, nangananga mu Russie ne Etats-Unis. Kadi, bu mudibu ne biabu bilele nkayabu bikena bifunda, mbashilangane ne Bakaraite ba kumpala.

Ntshinyi tshitudi mua kulongela ku muyuki wa kale wa Bakaraite? Se: ‘kuupula dîyi dia Nzambi bua bilele’ nditupakana dinene. (Matayo 15:6, NW) Bua kudipikula ku bilele bia bujitu bia bantu bidi bikengela dimanya dijalame dia Mifundu. (Yone 8:31, 32; 2 Timote 3:16, 17) Eyowa, aba badi bakeba bua kumanya ne kuenza disua dia Nzambi kabena beyemena bilele bia bantu to. Pamutu pa nunku, badi bafukuna ne disuminyina dionso Bible ne batumikila dilongesha dikuatshishi dia Dîyi dia Nzambi difundisha ku spiritu.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 30]

Tshisumbu tshia Bakaraite

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Wa mu mukanda wa The Jewish Encyclopedia, 1910