Mishnah ne Mikenji ya Nzambi mipesha Mozese

“TUDI tutuadija ne mmuenekelu wa se: tudi tubuela mu diyuki dikadi dinenga mutantshi mule pa biena-bualu bitudi katuyi mua kumvua . . . Tudi . . . tudiumvua anu bu badi mu nzubu wa bena luendu ku tshipalu tshia ndeke tshidi mutantshi mule. Tudi bateleje tshidi bantu bamba, kadi katuena tujingulula tshidibu basua kuamba ne malu adibu nawu, nangananga tshidibu bakoleshile mêyi abu.” Ke mushindu udi Jacob Neusner, mushikuluji wa bena Yuda umvuija nyanji idi mua kuikala nayi babadi padibu babala Mishnah bua musangu wa kumpala. Neusner udi usakidila ne: “Mishnah kêna ne kudiye utuadijila. Udi ujika mu tshimpitshimpi.”

Mu mukanda kampanda (A History of Judaism), Daniel Jeremy udi ubikila Mishnah ne: “mêyi a mushinga mukole a Buena-Yuda bua ba-rabbi.” Bushuwa, udi umvuija kabidi ne: “Mishnah wakapingana pa muaba wa Bible muenze bu programe munene wa dilongesha dia [bena Yuda] ditungunuke.” Mmunyi muvua mukanda wa mfundilu mukutakane bu nunku mua kulua wa mushinga mukole?

Tudi mua kupeta tshitupa tshia diandamuna mu tshiambilu etshi tshifunda mu Mishnah: “Mozese wakapeta Torah ku Sinayi e kumupesha Yoshua, Yoshua e kumupesha bakulu, ne bakulu kumupesha baprofete. Ne baprofete bakamupesha balume ba mu tshisumbu tshinene.” (Avot 1:1) Mishnah udi wamba mudiye ukonkonona mamanyisha mapeshe Mozese ku Mukuna wa Sinayi​—tshitupa tshia Mikenji ya Nzambi idi kayiyi mifunda mipesha Izalele. Bavua bangata balume ba mu tshisumbu tshinene (tshiakabikilabu pashishe ne: Sanhedrin) bu tshitupa tshia mulongolongo wa ndelanganyi ya bashikuluji bena meji, peshi bantu babobe mu meji, bavua bafila amue malongesha mukana patupu ku tshipungu ne ku tshikuabu too ne pakafundabu ndekelu wa bionso malongesha aa mu Mishnah. Kadi abi mbilelela anyi? Nnganyi wakafunda bushuwa Mishnah, ne mbua tshinyi? Malu adimu mmafume kudi Mozese ku Sinayi anyi? Udi ne mushinga buetu tuetu lelu’eu anyi?

Buena-Yuda kabuyi ntempelo

Ditaba mikenji ya Nzambi mifila mukana misakidila ku Mikenji mifunda ya Mozese kadivua dimanyike pavuabu bafunda Mifundu ku buenzeji bua spiritu.a (Ekesode 34:27) Panyima pa siekele mivule Bafarizeyi bavua kasumbu kakapatuisha ne kakalubuluja lungenyi elu munda mua Buena-Yuda. Mu siekele wa kumpala B.B., Basaduseyi ne bena Yuda bakuabu bakaluisha dilongesha edi didi kadiyi dia mu Bible. Kadi tshikondo tshionso tshivua ntempelo wa mu Yeruzaleme muikale muaba wa ntendelelu wa bena Yuda, tshilumbu tshia mikenji ya mukana katshivua ne mushinga. Ntendelelu wa mu ntempelo uvua ulongamija ne ufila dishindama mu bualabale kampanda mu nsombelu wa muena Yuda yonso.

Kadi, mu 70 B.B., tshisamba tshia bena Yuda tshiakapetangana ne lutatu mu malu a Nzambi mu mushindu udi kauyi kuelela meji. Bakabutula Yeruzaleme kudi biluilu bia bena Roma, ne bakashipa bena Yuda bapite pa muliyo mujima. Ntempelo, muaba wa midimu yabu ya mu nyuma, kavuaku kabidi. Kuikala ne nsombelu uvua mu diumvuangana ne Mikenji ya Mozese, ivua ilomba milambu ne mudimu wa buakuidi mu ntempelo, kakuvua mua kuenzeka. Dibue dia nshindamenu dia Buena-Yuda kadivuaku kabidi. Adin Steinsaltz, mushikuluji wa Talmud udi ufunda ne: “Kabutu . . . ka mu 70 B.B. kavua kavuije dibakulula dia ndongoluelu mujima wa malu a Nzambi bualu budi ne mushinga wa kumpala.” Ne bakamuibakulula.

Kumpala mene kua kubutulabu ntempelo, Yohanan Ben Zakkai, muyidi munemekibue wa mulombodi Hillel Mufarizeyi, wakapeta dianyisha dia kudi Vespasian (uvua ne bua kulua amperere mu katupa kîpi) bua kutentamuna nsangilu wa malu a mu nyuma a Buena-Yuda pamue ne Sanhedrin mu Yeruzaleme ne kumuteka mu musoko wa Yavneh. Anu bu mudi Steinsaltz umvuija, panyima pa kabutu ka Yeruzaleme, Yohanan Ben Zakkai “wakapeta lutatu lua kuashila bantu muaba mupiamupia ne kubambuluisha bua kuibidilanganabu ne nsombelu mipiamipia muvuabu ne bua kutangija lukunukunu lua ntendelelu ku tshintu tshikuabu bu muvua Ntempelo katshiyiku.” Tshintu tshipiatshipia atshi tshivua mikenji ya mukana.

Bu mukavua ntempelo mumana kubumbula, Basaduseyi ne tusumbu tukuabu tua bena Yuda kabavua ne tshinga tshintu tshidi tshituisha tshia kufila. Bafarizeyi bakalua ne buenzeji bunene mu Buena-Yuda, bakadiatakaja tusumbu tuluishi tuonso. Pa kuela kashonyi pa buobumue, ba-rabbi bavua ku mutu bakalekela didibikila ne: Bafarizeyi, muaku mûle ne lungenyi lua tusumbusumbu ne ditapulula. Bakalua kumanyika bu ba-rabbi patupu, “bena meji ba mu Izalele.” Bena meji aba bavua ne bua kuenza ndongoluelu kampanda bua kulama lungenyi luabu lua mikenji ya mukana. Uvua ne bua kuikala ndongoluelu wa mu nyuma kayi mutambe kuikala ne njiwu ya dibundibua kudi bantu bu ntempelo.

Dikolesha dia mikenji ya mukana

Nansha muvua tshilongelu tshia ba-rabbi tshia ku Yavneh (kilometre 40 ku Ouest wa Yeruzaleme) tshilue mpindieu muaba munene, bilongelu bikuabu bivua bilongesha mikenji ya mukana biakatuadija kubudika mu Izalele mujima too ne miaba ya kule kule bu mudi Babilone ne Roma. Kadi, divulangana edi diakajula lutatu. Steinsaltz udi umvuija ne: “Patshivua bena meji bonso bakunguile kaba kamue ne mudimu munene wa bushikuluji mulombola kudi kasumbu kamue ka balume [mu Yeruzaleme], buobumue bua malu a kale buvua bulamibue. Kadi divulangana dia balongeshi ne dijadika dia bilongelu bitapuluke diakalela . . . dibodiama dia ngambilu ne dia ngakuilu.”

Bavua babikila balongeshi ba mikenji ya mukana ne: Tannaim, muaku udi ufuma ku muji wa tshiena-Arame udi umvuija “kulonga,” “kuambulula,” anyi “kulongesha.” Ebi bivua bizangika ndongelu ne ndongeshilu wabu wa mikenji ya mukana pa kuenza diambulula divule ne dikuata malu ku muoyo. Bua kupepeja dikuata ku muoyo malu a kale mamba mukana, bavua bakepesha kanungu konso peshi bavua bipidija bualu abu mu tshiambilu tshikuatakane ne tshîpi. Bivua bitambe buimpe pavuabu batamba kukepesha miaku. Bakenza mfundilu mulenga wa kasala, ne misangu mivule bavua babala biambilu bu kasala, anyi bimba. Kadi, tunungu etu tuvua tukondakaja, ne tushilangane bikole bilondeshile balongeshi.

Rabbi wa kumpala wakalongolola malongesha a mukana mashilashilangane mu mushindu ne ndongoluelu musunguluke uvua Akiba ben Joseph (bu mu 50-135 B.B.). Steinsaltz udi ufunda pa bidi bimutangila ne: “Bantu ba mu tshikondo tshiende bakafuanyikija mudimu wende ne wa tshidime kampanda udi uya mu budimi ne uuja tshisaka tshiende ne tshionso tshidiye utuishila mêsu, pashishe upingana pambelu ne ulongakaja bintu bia mishindu yonso pa muaba mutapuluke. Akiba uvua mulonge biena-bualu kabukabu bisalakane ne wakabiteka mu tusumbu tusunguluke.”

Mu siekele muibidi B.B.​—bidimu bipite pa 60 panyima pa kabutu ka Yeruzaleme—​Bar Kokhba wakalombola ditomboka dibidi dinene dia bena Yuda dienzela Roma. Tshiakabidi, ditomboka edi diakatuala kabutu. Akiba ne bavule ba ku bayidi bende bavua munkatshi mua bena Yuda batue ku muliyo mujima bakafua. Kakuvua ditekemena nansha dikese bua kuasulula ntempelo bualu Hadrian, Amperere wa bena Roma wakakandika bua bena Yuda kubuelabu mu Yeruzaleme, pa kumbusha dituku dia mufikilu wa kabutu ka ntempelo.

Ba-Tannaim bakalua panyima pa Akiba kabakamona ntempelo mu Yeruzaleme nansha. Kadi tshitembelu tshiakaja tshia dilonga mu malu a kale a mikenji ya mukana tshiakalua “ntempelo” wabu, peshi tshishimikidi tshia ntendelelu. Mudimu mutuadija kudi Akiba ne bayidi bende mu dikolesha ndongoluelu eu wa mikenji ya mukana bakatungunuka nawu kudi Tannaim wa ndekelu, Judah ha-Nasi.

Bidibu benze nabi Mishnah

Judah ha-Nasi uvua kankanunuina ka Hillel ne Gamaliele.b Muledibue mu tshikondo tshia ditomboka dia Bar Kokhba, wakalua mfumu wa tshinsanga tshia bena Yuda mu Izalele ku ndekelu kua siekele muibidi ne ku ntuadijilu kua siekele muisatu B.B. Dîna dia ha-Nasi didi diumvuija “muana wa mukalenge,” dileja muanzu uvuaye nawu ku mêsu kua binende bena Yuda. Misangu mivule batu bamutela patupu bu Rabbi. Judah ha-Nasi wakalombola tshilongelu tshiende yeye muine ne Sanhedrin, diambedi ku Bet She’arim ne pashishe ku Sepphoris mu Ngalileya.

Ujingulula ne: bimvundu bia matuku atshilualua ne Roma bidi mua kuteka disambuluja dia mikenji ya mukana mu njiwu, Judah ha-Nasi wakapangadija bua kuyipesha tshizubu tshivua mua kuyilama. Wakunguija mu tshilongelu tshiende bashikuluji ba mushinga mukole ba mu tshikondo tshiende. Bavua bakonkonona kanungu konso ne bualu buonso bua kale bua mikenji ya mukana. Mêyi a ndekelu a dikonkonona edi bakaasangisha mu mushindu udi ukemesha mu biambilu bikepesha, pa kuidikija tshitembelu tshiumisha tshia mfundilu wa tulasa tua tshiena-Ebelu.

Mêyi aa avua makosolola mu bitupa binene bisambombo, anyi Tusumbu, bilondeshile biena-bualu binene. Judah wakakosolola mêyi aa mu bitupa, peshi mikanda 63. Mpindieu nzubu eu wa mu nyuma uvua mujike. Too ne tshikondo atshi, misangu yonso bavua basambuluja malu bu nunku mukana. Kadi bua kusakidila bukubi, bakangata dipangadija dia ndekelu bua dishintulula dia malu​—dipangadija dia kufunda malu onso. Bavua babikila tshizubu tshia dikema tshipiatshipia ne tshifunda bua kulamina mikenji ya mukana ne: Mishnah. Dîna dia Mishnah didi difuma ku muji wa tshiena-Ebelu sha·nahʹ, udi umvuija “kuambulula,” “kulonga,” anyi “kulongesha.” Ng’wa muomumue ne muaku wa tshiena-Arame tenaʼʹ, kudi tan·na·ʼimʹ ufumina, dîna divuabu bapesha aba bavua balongeshi ba Mishnah.

Tshipatshila tshia Mishnah katshivua tshia kujadika mikandu ya ndekelu. Uvua utamba kutangila malu a pa buawu, pa kutshinka ne: mubadi mmumanye mêyi-maludiki a nshindamenu. Bushuwa, uvua dikepesha dia bivuabu bakonkonone ne bivuabu balongeshe mu bilongelu bia ba-rabbi mu tshikondo tshia Judah ha-Nasi. Mishnah uvua muenza ne tshipatshila tshia kuikalaye plan wa mikenji ya mukana bua dikonkonona dia pa mutu, mfundilu mumakane, peshi ndongoluelu wa nshindamenu, muaba wa kuibakila.

Pamutu pa kusokolola bualu kampanda bupesha Mozese ku Mukuna wa Sinayi, Mishnah udi ufila busunguluji mu didiunda dia mikenji ya mukana, lungenyi luakatuadija mu tshikondo tshia Bafarizeyi. Mamanyisha mafunda mu Mishnah adi afila butoke kampanda pa biambilu bidi mu Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke ya Buena-nkristo ne pa amue makokangana pankatshi pa Yezu Kristo ne Bafarizeyi. Kadi, bidi bikengela budimu bualu ngenyi idi isanganyibua mu Mishnah idi ileja mmuenenu ya bena Yuda ba mu siekele muibidi B.B. Mishnah ntshilamba pankatshi pa tshikondo tshia ntempelo muibidi ne tshia Talmud.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Kazubu mu dibeji 26]

Bitupa bia Mishnah

Mishnah mmukosolola mu Tusumbu tusambombo. Tudi tuenza tukanda tukese 63, tukosolola mu nshapita ne mu mishnayot, peshi bikoso (ki mvese to).

1. Zeraim (Mikenji ya malu a budimi)

Mikanda eyi idi yakula bua makonkonona pa masambila menza pa biakudia ne pa bidi bitangila malu a budimi. Idi yangata kabidi mikenji pa tshia-dikumi, bintu bipesha bakuidi, mpumbuluilu, ne bidimu bia Nsabatu.

2. Moed (Mpunga minsantu, bibilu)

Mikanda ya mu Tshitupa etshi idi ikonkonona mikenji idi itangila Nsabatu, Dituku dia Dibuikidila, ne bibilu bikuabu.

3. Nashim (Mikenji ya bakaji ne ya dibaka)

Eyi mmikanda idi ikonkonona dibaka ne dishipa dibaka, mitshipu, Banazi, ne bilumbu bia tshiendenda tshia masandi.

4. Nezikin (Mikenji ya dinyanga bintu ne idi itangila bantu)

Mikanda ya mu Tshitupa etshi idi ikonga biena-bualu bidi bitangila mikenji ya bantu ne ya bintu, tubadi ne bibawu, ntumikilu wa Sanhedrin, ditendelela mpingu, mitshipu ne mêyi a nsombelu wa tshitembu wa badi ku mutu (Avot).

5. Kodashim (Milambu)

Mikanda eyi idi ikonkonona bilumbu bidi bitangila milambu ya nyama ne ntete pamue ne bunene bua ntempelo.

6. Toharot (Mikiya ya dikezudibua)

Tshitupa etshi ntshienza ne mikanda idi ikonkonona mikiya ya bukezuke, diowa mâyi, diowa bianza, masama a dikoba, ne bukoya bua bintu bishilashilangane.

[Kazubu mu dibeji 28]

Mishnah ne Mifundu ya Tshiena-Greke ya Buena-nkristo

Matewuse 12:1, 2 (MMM): ‘Diba adi, Yezu uvua upitshila mu madimi dituku dia [nsabatu]. Balongi bende bavua ne nzala, kutulabu miepu ya ntete, kudiabu. Bafarizeyi bamona nanku, kuambilabu Yezu ne: Mona mudi balongi bebe benza bualu bukandika dituku dia [nsabatu].’ Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu kayena ikandika tshivua bayidi ba Yezu benze. Kadi tudi tusangana mu Mishnah mulongolongo wa midimu 39 mikandika kudi ba-rabbi dituku dia Nsabatu.​—Shabbat 7:2.

Matayo 15:3: ‘Yeye [Yezu] wakabandamuna ne: Nuenu kabidi nudi nubengela tshinyi kutumikila mukenji wa Nzambi bualu bua bilele bienu?’ Mishnah udi ujadika mmuenenu eu. (Sanhedrin 11:3) Tudi tubala ne: “Dîsu dikole nditeke pa [ditumikila dia] mêyi a Baskribe kupita pa [ditumikila dia] mêyi a Mikenji [mifunda]. Biamba muntu ne: ‘Kakuena dienzejibua bua kuvuala tubuki tua mifundu’ ne pa kuamba nunku udi usambuka mêyi a Mikenji, kêna ne tshilumbu; [kadi biambaye] ne: ‘Mu tubuki tua mifundu emu mudi ne bua kuikala bitupa bitanu,’ ufika ku disakidila ku mêyi a Baskribe, udi upia tshilumbu.”​—Mukanda wa The Mishnah, mufunda kudi Herbert Danby, dibeji dia 400.

Efeso 2:14: ‘Yeye [Yezu] udi ditalala dietu, wakatuvuija bubidi buetu bu muntu umue, wakashimbula lumbu lua pankatshinkatshi luvua lutupandulula.’ Mishnah udi wamba ne: “Munda mua Mukuna wa Ntempelo muvua tshiibi tshia milonda mitshiamakaja (Soreg), ya butumbuke bua ntanta ya bianza dikumi.” (Middot 2:3) Bavua bakandike Bena bisamba bia bende bua kabasambuku muaba eu ne bua kubuela mu mbanza ya munda. Mupostolo Paulo uvua mua kuikala mutume meji ku tshimanu etshi mu ngakuilu wa mu tshimfuanyi mu difundila bena Efeso mu 60 anyi 61 B.B., patshivuaku tshimanu etshi. Tshimanu tshia mu tshimfuanyi etshi tshivua tshiovo tshia Mikenji, tshivua tshitapulule mutantshi mule bena Yuda ne bena bisamba bia bende. Kadi, ku diambuluisha dia lufu lua Yezu mu 33 B.B., bakabumbula tshimanu atshi.