Nkudimuinu wa Bible wakashintulula bukua-bantu

Pakatuadija Mozese muprofete wa Nzambi difunda dia Bible kukadi bidimu bipite pa 3 500, anu tshisamba tshimue tshikese ke tshivua mua kumubala. (Dutelonome 7:7) Bivua nanku bualu Mifundu ivua anu mu tshiena-Ebelu, muakulu wa ntuadijilu wa tshisamba atshi. Kadi bivua ne bua kushintuluka mu bungi bua matuku.

DITANGALAKA dia mukenji wa mu Bible ne bipeta biawu bia bushuwa munkatshi mua siekele mivule nditambe kuenzeka ku diambuluisha dia nkudimuinu wende wa kumpala​—Septante. Tshivuabu bamuenzele ntshinyi? Ne udi mua kuikala muakanyine bua tuetu kumuamba ne: eu ke Bible wakashintulula bukua-bantu anyi?

Nnkudimuinu mupudija ku spiritu anyi?

Panyima pa bupika buabu mu Babilone mu siekele wa muanda-mutekete ne muisambombo K.B.B., bena Yuda ba bungi bakashala pambelu pa ditunga dia Izalele wa kale ne dia Yuda. Bua bena Yuda baledibue mu bupika, tshiena-Ebelu tshiakalua muakulu muibidi. Mu siekele muisatu K.B.B., kuvua tshinsanga tshia bena Yuda mu tshimenga tshia Alexandrie, mu Ejipitu tshivua nsangilu munene wa malu a mamanya wa Ampire wa bena Greke. Bena Yuda abu bakamona mushinga wa kukudimuna Mifundu Minsantu mu tshiena-Greke, tshivua tshikondo atshi muakulu wabu wa ku tshilelelu.

Too ne dîba adi, mukenji wa mu Bible mupudija ku spiritu uvua mufunda mu tshiena-Ebelu, ne tutupa tukese tufunda mu tshiena-Araméen, muakulu mufuanangane bikole ne tshiena-Ebelu. Kufunda Dîyi dia Nzambi mu muakulu mukuabu kuvua mua kukepesha buenzeji bukole bua dipudija dia Nzambi, pamu’apa difuane mene kufikisha ku mumvuija mabi anyi? Bena Yuda bavuabu bapeshe Dîyi dipudija ku spiritu, bavua mua kudibueja mu njiwu mu diumvuija bibi mukenji au pa kuukudimuna anyi?​—Musambu 147:19, 20; Lomo 3:1, 2.

Nkonko eyi ivua mifuane kujudisha malu yakakuatshisha buôwa. Kadi ndekelu wa bionso diditatshisha dia se: bena Yuda kabavua kabidi mua kumvua Dîyi dia Nzambi diakapita malu makuabu onso avuabu bakonkonone. Bakangata dipangadika dia kulongolola nkudimuinu wa tshiena-Greke wa Torah​—mikanda itanu ya kumpala ya mu Bible mifunda kudi Mozese. Mudimu wa bushuwa wa dikudimuna mmulonda mushindu mukuabu mu mianu. Bilondeshile mukanda kampanda (Letter of Aristeas), mukokeshi wa Ejipitu Ptolémée II (285-246 K.B.B.) uvua musue kupeta kopi wa Pantateke (anyi Torah) mukudimuna mu tshiena-Greke bua tshilaminu tshiende tshia mikanda tshia bumfumu. Wakapesha bashikuluji 72 bena Yuda mudimu, bakalua mu Ejipitu bafumina mu Izalele ne bakajikija nkudimuinu eu mu matuku 72. Pashishe, bakamubadila bena mu tshinsanga tshia bena Yuda, e kumumonabu mulenga ne mujalame. Malu akalua kulengeja muanu eu akaleja ne: bavua bateke mukudimunyi yonso mu nzubu wa pa nkayende, ne nansha nanku nkudimuinu yabu ivua mifuanangane, dileta ku dileta. Bilondeshile mutubu bamba ne: bakudimunyi aba bavua batue ku 72, nkudimuinu eu wa Bible mu tshiena-Greke wakafika ku dimanyika bu Septante, mushindamene pa muaku wa Latin udi umvuija “Makumi muanda-mutekete.”

Bashikuluji bavule ba matuku etu aa badi bitaba ne: mukanda wa Letter of Aristeas mmukanda udibu kabayi banyishe. Badi bitaba kabidi ne: dipangadika dia kukudimuna diakafumina ki nkudi Ptolémée II to, kadi kudi balombodi ba tshinsanga tshia bena Yuda ba mu Alexandrie. Nansha nanku mifundu ya Philon muena nkindi muena Yuda wa mu Alexandrie ne ya Josèphe mushikuluji wa malu a kale pamue ne Talmud yonso idi ileja ditaba ditangalake munkatshi mua bena Yuda ba mu siekele wa kumpala dia se: Septante uvua mupudija ku spiritu bu muvuabi bua Mifundu ya ntuadijilu. Kakuyi mpata mitabuja aa akafumina ku madikolela menza bua tshinsanga tshia bena Yuda pa buloba bujima tshitabe Septante.

Nansha muvua nkudimuinu wa kumpala utangila anu mikanda itanu ya Mozese, ndekelu wa bionso bakapesha Mifundu yonso ya tshiena-Ebelu mikudimuna mu tshiena-Greke dîna dia Septante. Mikanda mikuabu ivua mishale bakayikudimuna mu bidimu lukama biakalonda anyi pashishe. Pamutu pa kuikalawu madikolela masangisha, mukanda mujima wa Septante uvua mudimu muenza mu bitupa mu bitupa. Bakudimunyi bavua bashilangane mu makokeshi abu ne mu dimanya dia tshiena-Ebelu. Mikanda ya bungi ivua mikudimuna muaku ku muaku, imue misangu mu mushindu munekesha, pavua eku nkudimuinu mikuabu kayiyi ya muaku ku muaku nansha. Mikanda mikese idiku mu nkudimuinu yonso ibidi, milepesha ne mipidija. Ku ndekelu kua siekele muibidi K.B.B., bavua mua kubala mikanda yonso ya Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu mu tshiena-Greke. Nansha muvuaku bipeta bivua kabiyi binenga, buenzeji bua dikudimuna Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu mu tshiena-Greke buakatangalaka bikole kupita muvua bakudimunyi mua kuikala batekemene.

Yafete uvua musombele mu ntenta ya Sheme anyi?

Mu dikonkonona Septante, Talmud udi utela Genese 9:27 ne: ‘Yafete ashikame biende mu ntenta ya Sheme.’ (Megillah 9b, Talmud wa bena Babilone) Talmud udi uleja mu tshimfuanyi ne: ku diambuluisha dia buimpe bua tshiena-Greke tshia mu Septante, Yafete (tatuende wa Yawana, kudi bena Greke bafumine) uvua musombele mu ntenta ya Sheme (nkambua wa tshisamba tshia Izalele). Kadi bavua mua kuikala bambe kabidi ne: ku diambuluisha dia Septante, Sheme uvua musombele mu ntenta ya Yafete. Mmunyi mudibi nanku?

Panyima pa Alexandre Munene mumane kutshimuna misoko mivule, ku ndekelu kua siekele muinayi K.B.B., bakenza madikolela mavule bua kumuangalaja muakulu ne nshidimukilu wa bena Greke mu matunga avuabu batshimune. Bavua babikila ngenzelu eu ne: Divuija bantu bena Greke. Bena Yuda bakadiumvua bikale mu mvita mikole mu malu a nshidimukilu. Bu nshidimukilu ne nkindi ya bena Greke bitshimune, nenku bavua mua kutekesha tshitendelelu tshine tshia bena Yuda. Ntshinyi tshivua mua kuimanyika ditampakana dia mvita eyi?

Bua kabingila kamue kavua naku bena Yuda mu dikudimuna Septante, Max Margolis, mukudimunyi wa Bible muena Yuda udi umvuija ne: “Bikala muntu mua kuamba ne: lungenyi lua kuenza nkudimuinu eu luvua lufumine mu tshinsanga tshia bena Yuda, kuvua ne bua kuikala kabingila kakuabu, mbuena kuamba ne: kufikisha Mikenji ya bena Yuda kudi Bampangano ne bua kutuisha bantu se: bena Yuda bavua ne nshidimukilu uvua utembangana ne meji a Héllas [Grèce].” Nenku kufikisha Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu kudi bantu bavua bakula tshiena-Greke kuvua mua kuikala bu mushindu wa kudikuba ne wa kujikila buluishi.

Ngenzelu wa Alexandre wa Divuija bantu bena Greke uvua muvuije tshiena-Greke bu muakulu wa matunga mavule pa buloba bujima. Nansha pavua bena Roma batshimune bukalenge buende, tshiena-Greke tshivua bantu bonso bakula (anyi Koine) tshiakashala muakulu wa bungenda ne wa dimanyishangana nawu malu munkatshi mua bisamba. Bua kumanya bikala bualu ebu bufumine ku madikolela mapangadija anyi ku mushindu utu malu enzeka pa tshibidilu, bantu bavule bavua kabayi bena Yuda ne bavua kabayi bamanye Mikenji ya bena Yuda kumpala bakitaba ne lukasa luonso nkudimuinu wa Septante wa Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu. Bipeta bivua bikemesha.

Ba-prozelite ne batshinyi ba Nzambi

Mu siekele wa kumpala B.B., Philon wakafunda ne: “bulenga ne bunême bua mikenji ya Mozese kabivua biangata ne mushinga anu munkatshi mua bena Yuda nkayabu to, kadi kudi bisamba bikuabu bionso kabidi.” Bua bena Yuda bavua basombele pambelu pa Palestine mu siekele wa kumpala, mushikuluji wa malu a kale Joseph Klausner udi wamba ne: “Mbikole bua kuitaba ne: bena Yuda bonso aba miliyo mivule bavua bena tshimuangi badiunguije bafumine anu mu Palestine nkayamu. Muntu kêna mua kuvila ne: divulangana edi divua difumina kabidi ku bungi buvule bua ba-prozelite balume ne bakaji bavuabu bakidile.”

Kadi malu aa a dikema kaena aleja tunungu tuonso tua muyuki mujima to. Mufundi Shaye J. D. Cohen, mulongeshi wa malu a kale a bena Yuda, udi wamba ne: “Bampangano ba bungi, balume ne bakaji bakitaba Buena-Yuda mu siekele ya ndekelu K.B.B. ne mu siekele ibidi ya kumpala B.B. Pabi bavua mene bapite bungi mbampangano bakitaba bimue bitupa bia Buena-Yuda kadi kabayi bakudimune mutshima bua kubuitaba.” Klausner ne Cohen badi bakula bua bantu aba bavua kabayi bakudimune mutshima bu batshinyi ba Nzambi, tudi tusangana tshiambilu etshi misangu ne misangu mu mikanda ya tshiena-Greke ya mu tshikondo atshi.

Ndishilangana kayi didi pankatshi pa prozelite ne mutshinyi wa Nzambi? Ba-prozelite bavua bantu bavua bakudimune mutshima menemene, bangata bu bena Yuda mu ngumvuilu yonso bualu bavua bitaba Nzambi wa Izalele (babenga nzambi mikuabu yonso), bitaba dibatengula, ne badisanga ne tshisamba tshia Izalele. Kadi Cohen udi wamba bua batshinyi ba Nzambi ne: “Nansha muvua bampangano aba batumikila bilele bivule bia bena Yuda ne bakukuila mu mushindu umue anyi mu mukuabu Nzambi wa bena Yuda, kabavua badimona bu bena Yuda to, ne bantu bakuabu kabavua babamona bu bena Yuda nansha.” Klausner udi ubumvuija bu “bantu badi bimane dikasa mu mâyi dikasa ku mukuna,” bualu bavua bitabe Buena-Yuda ne “batumikila tshitupa tshia bilele biabu, kadi . . . kabayi balue bena Yuda menemene nansha.”

Pamu’apa bamue bakalua basankididi ba malu a Nzambi bua mayuki avuabu benza ne bena Yuda bavua mu mudimu wa bu-misionere anyi pa kumona muvua bena Yuda bashilangane mu tshikadilu, bilele ne nsombelu. Nanku Septante uvua tshia-mudimu tshinene tshivua tshiambuluisha batshinyi ba Nzambi aba bua kulonga malu a Yehowa Nzambi. Nansha mudiku kakuyi mushindu wa kumanya bungi bujalame bua batshinyi ba Nzambi aba ba mu siekele wa kumpala, kakuyi mpata Septante wakamuangalaja ndambu wa dimanya didi ditangila Nzambi mu Ampire mujima wa bena Roma. Ku diambuluisha dia Septante, bakajadika tshishimikidi tshinene.

Septante wakambuluisha bua kulongolola njila

Septante mmuende lumu mu dimuangalaja mukenji wa Buena-nkristo. Bena Yuda bavule bavua bakula tshiena-Greke bavua munkatshi mua aba bavuapu dîba diakenzabu tshisumbu tshia bena nkristo mu Pentekoste wa mu 33 B.B. Ba-prozelite bavua kabidi munkatshi mua aba bakalua bayidi ba Kristo mu bikondo abi bia kumpala. (Bienzedi 2:5-11; 6:1-6; 8:26-38) Bu muvua mifundu mipudija ku spiritu ya bapostolo ba Yezu ne bayidi bakuabu ba kumpala mienzela bateleji ba bungi menemene, bavua bayifunde mu tshiena-Greke.a Nenku mêyi a bungi a mu Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu matela mu Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke ya Buena-nkristo avua mashindamene pa Septante.

Pa kumbusha bena Yuda ba ku tshilelelu ne ba-prozelite, bakuabu bavua badiakaje bua kuitaba mukenji wa Bukalenge. Mumpangano Korneliyo uvua ‘mutendeledi muakane, wakadi utshina Nzambi ne ba mu nzubu wende bonso, wakadi upa bantu bintu bia luse bia bungi, wakadi utendelela Nzambi matuku onso.’ Mu 36 B.B., Korneliyo, dîku diende ne bakuabu bantu bavua badisangishe kumbelu kuende bakalua Bampangano ba kumpala bakatambula bu balondi ba Kristo. (Bienzedi 10:1, 2, 24, 44-48; fuanyikija ne Luka 7:2-10.) Pakenza mupostolo Paulo luendu mu Azi Minere ne mu Grèce, wakayisha Bampangano bavule bakavua batshina Nzambi pamue ne ‘bena [Greke] bakadi [“batendelela,” NW] Nzambi.’ (Bienzedi 13:16, 26; 17:4) Bua tshinyi Korneliyo ne Bampangano bakuabu abu bavua badiakaje bua kuitaba lumu luimpe? Septante uvua muambuluishe bua kulongolola njila. Mushikuluji kampanda udi wela meji ne: Septante “mmukanda wa mushinga mukole, bu wowu kauyiku nunku Bukua-buena-nkristo ne nshidimukilu wa ku Ouest kabivua mua kuikalaku to.”

Septante kêna kabidi, ‘mupudija ku spiritu’ to

Ndekelu wa bionso ditamba kutumika ne Septante diakakebesha buluishi bukole munkatshi mua bena Yuda. Tshilejilu, mu mayuki menza ne bena nkristo, bena Yuda bavua bamba ne: Septante uvua nkudimuinu uvua kayi mujalame. Mu siekele muibidi B.B., bena mu tshinsanga tshia bena Yuda bavua babenge kashidi nkudimuinu uvuabu batumbishe kumpala bu mupudija ku spiritu. Ba-rabbi bakabenga muanu wa bakudimunyi 72, bamba ne: “Umue musangu biakenzeka ne: bakulu batanu bakakudimuina Mukalenge Ptolémée Torah mu tshiena-Greke, ne dituku adi divua dimanyisha njiwu anu bu dituku diakenzabu kana ka ngombe ka ngolo, bualu kabavua mua kukudimuna Torah ne bujalame buonso to.” Bua kushindika dipetangana dikole ne mmuenenu ya ba-rabbi, buobu ba-rabbi aba bakafila dianyisha bua kuenza nkudimuinu mupiamupia mu tshiena-Greke. Bakamujikija mu siekele muibidi B.B. kudi prozelite muena Yuda dîna diende Aquila, muyidi wa rabbi Akiba.

Bena Yuda bakalekela kutumika ne Septante, kadi wakalua “Dipungila Dikulukulu” dia nshindamenu dia Ekleziya Katolike utshivua ku mbangilu too ne pakamupinganabu kudi Vulgate, nkudimuinu wa Jérôme wa mu Latin. Nansha mudi nkudimuinu kayi mua kupingana pa muaba wa mukanda muine, Septante wakambuluisha bikole mu dimuangalaja dimanya dia malu a Yehowa Nzambi ne Bukalenge buende ku butuangaji bua Yezu Kristo. Bushuwa, Septante nnkudimuinu wa Bible wakashintulula bukua-bantu.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 31]

Bantu ba bungi bavua Paulo muyishe bakumvua “Septante”

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 29]

Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority