Bena nkristo ba kumpala ne bulongolodi ebu

KUKADI mpindieu bidimu bitue ku binunu bibidi, muanda wa dikema wakenzeka ku Proche-Orient. Kumbukila mu tshisombelu tshiende tshia mu diulu, Muana wa Nzambi umuepele wakatumibua pa buloba bua kuikala ne muoyo mu bulongolodi bua bukua-bantu bua tshikondo kampanda tshîpi. Mmunyi muakandamuna bukua-bantu bavule? Mupostolo Yone udi wandamuna ne: “[Yezu] uvua mu bukua-bantu, ne bukua-bantu bakafukibua ku butuangaji buende, kadi bukua-bantu kabakamumanya. Wakalua muabo, kadi bena tshisamba tshiende kabakamusekelela.”​—Yone 1:10, 11.

Bena mu bulongolodi ebu kabakitaba Yezu, Muana wa Nzambi nansha. Mbua tshinyi? Yezu wakafila kamue kabingila pambilaye ne: “Bena mu bulongolodi ebu . . . badi bankina, bualu ndi mfila bumanyishi pa bidi bibatangila bua se: midimu yabu mmibi.” (Yone 7:7) Pashishe, buine bulongodi ebu​—buleja-mpala kudi bamue bamfumu ba malu a Nzambi ba bena Yuda, mukalenge wa Edoma ne muena mianda ya politike muena Roma​—bakashipesha Yezu. (Luka 22:66 too ne 23:25; Bienzedi 3:14, 15; 4:24-28) Netuambe tshinyi bua balongi ba Yezu? Bena mu bulongolodi ebu bavuaku banyishe bua kubitaba anyi? Tòo. Katupa kîpi kumpala kua lufu luende, Yezu wakabamanyisha ne: “Bu nuenu bikale bena mu bulongolodi ebu, bena mu bulongolodi ebu bavua kunanga babo; kadi bu munudi kanuyi bena mu bulongolodi ebu ne bu mundi munusungule mu bena mu bulongolodi ebu, bua bualu ebu, bena mu bulongolodi ebu badi banukina.”​—Yone 15:19.

Mu bikondo bia bapostolo

Miaku ya Yezu yakamueneka milelela. Mbingu mikese kunyima kua lufu luende, bakakuata balongi bende, kubakanyina ne kubatuta. (Bienzedi 4:1-3; 5:17, 18, 40) Tshikondo tshikese pashishe, Etienne muena nkristo wa mitalu bakamufila kumpala kua bamfumu ba Sanhédrin, kumukumabu mabue e kumushipa. (Bienzedi 6:8-12; 7:54, 57, 58) Kunyima, mupostolo Yakobo wakashipibua kudi mukalenge Erode Agripa I. (Bienzedi 12:1, 2) Mu ngendu yende ya bu misionere, Paulo wakakengeshibua kudi bena Yuda bena tshimuangi.​—Bienzedi 13:50; 14:2, 19.

Mmunyi muakandamuna bena nkristo ba kumpala ku buluishi bua mushindu’eu? Ku ntuadijilu, pavua bamfumu ba malu a Nzambi bakandike bapostolo bua kabalongeshi mu dîna dia Yezu, bapostolo bakamba ne: “Tudi ne bua kutumikila Nzambi, bu mfumu, pamutu pa kutumikila bantu.” (Bienzedi 4:19, 20; 5:29) Pashishe, kumpala kua buluishi buonso, bena nkristo ba kumpala bakatungunuka ne kulama mmuenenu eu. Kadi, mupostolo Paulo wakabela bena nkristo ba ku Roma bua “kukokela bamfumu ba [mbulamatadi] badi ku mutu.” Wakababela kabidi ne: “Pikalaku mushindu​—bu biobi ku bukokeshi buenu—​ikalayi talala ne bantu buonso.” (Lomo 12:18; 13:1) Nenku, bena nkristo ba kumpala bavua ne lutatu lukole bua kuikala ne ndubidilu. Bavua ne bua kutumikila Nzambi, bu Mfumu’abu Munene, eku batumikila bamfumu ba matunga ne bateta mua kusomba talalaa ne bantu buonso.

Bena nkristo mu bulongolodi bua bena Roma

Mu bulongolodi bua bena Roma mu siekele wa kumpala, bakababidila kabiyi mpata ditalala dia kudi Pax Romana, Ditalala dia bena Roma, divua dikubibue kudi masalayi a bena Roma. Mikenji mishindame ne bulongame, njila mimpe ya buloba ne ya pa mâyi bivua biambuluisha dimuangalaka dia buena-nkristo. Bena nkristo ba kumpala bavua bamanye menemene dibanza diabu kumpala kua bantu ne bavua batumikila dîyi divua Yezu mubatumine dia “kufila bintu bia Kezare kudi Kezare.” (Mako 12:17) Pakatuminaye Antonin le Pieux amperere wa bena Roma (138-161 B.B.) mukanda, Justin le Martyr wakajadika se: bena nkristo “bavua badiakaje kupita bantu buonso,” bua kufuta bitadi biabu. (Première apologie, nshapita wa 17) Mu 197 B.B., Tertullien wakamanyisha bamfumu ba bena Roma ne: “balambuishi babu ba bitadi bavua ne dibanza dia kuleja dianyisha kudi bena nkristo” bua mushindu uvuabo bafuta bitadi ku budisuile. (Apologie, nshapita wa 42) Bua bena nkristo, bivua mushindu kampanda wa kutumikila mubelu wa Paulo wa kukokela bamfumu badi ku mutu.

Kadi, mushindu wonso uvua meyi-maludiki a tshitendelelu tshiabu abapesha dianyisha, bena nkristo ba kumpala bavua bateta bua kusomba talalaa ne bantu nabu. Kadi, abi kabivua bitekete nansha. Bantu bavua babanyunguluke bavua ne nsombelu mubole wa tshiendenda tshia masandi, bavua badiine ne kasuki mu ditendelela mpingu divua bena Greke ne bena Roma benza, kuineku bakakusakidila ntendelelu wa amperere. Ntendelelu wa bampangano bena Roma uvua kutendelela kua Ditunga. Nenku, muntu kayi yonso uvua kayi wenza ntendelelu eu uvua wangatshibua bu muluishi wa Ditunga. Mmunyi muvua nsombelu wa bena nkristo?

E. G. Hardy mulongeshi wa ku université wa Oxford wakafunda ne: “Tertullien udi utela malu mavule avua kuondo ka muoyo ka muena nkristo kamukandika bua kutendelela mpingu: nenku ne mitshipu itubu benza pa tshibidilu tshikondo tshidibu batua ndondo; dikenkesha biibi bia nzubu ne miendu mu bikondo bia mafesto ne bikuabo; bilele bionso bia bampangano; manaya kabukabu a difuilakana bintu anyi mfranga; dilonga malu a bampangano mu tulasa; mudimu wa busalayi; mudimu mu mbulamatadi.”​—Le christianisme sous l’administration romaine (angl.).

Eyowa, bivua bikole bua kuikala ne muoyo mu bulongolodi bua bena Roma kakuyi ditupa ku ditabuja dia buena-nkristo. A. Hamman mufundi wa mikanda muena katolike wakafunda ne: “Kakuvua mushindu wa kuela tshiidia tshimue kakuyi dipetangana ne nzambi kampanda. Bena nkristo bavua ne ntatu ku dituku ne ku dituku bua mmuenenu udibu nende: mmushilangane ne wa bantu buonso . . . Ku musangu ne ku musangu, badi bapeta ntatu ku nzubu, mu misesu, mu tshisalu . . . Mu musesu, muena nkristo, nansha yeye muikale anyi kayi muena-muabo muena Roma, uvua ne bua kushala ku mutu kutupu pavuaye upita kumpaka kua ntempelo anyi kua lupingu. Mmunyi mua kubenga kuenza muanda eu kabayi bakumona? Bushuwa, mmushindu kayi wa kubenga kuenza muanda eu kuyi uleja dipanga kukokela? Ngenda-mushinga, biasombaye mfranga, mumusombeshi uvua umulomba bua kuditshipa mu dîna dia ba-nzambi. . . . Bianyishaye mua kuenza mudimu udi utuala diambuluisha bua bantu buonso, didifila ne muende muonso divua ditekemenyibue. Biangatshibuaye ku mudimu wa busalayi, mmunyi mua kudiumbusha ku mitshipu ne ku bilele bidiwu ulomba?”​—La vie quotidienne des premiers chrétiens (95-197).

Badi babashiminyina malu, nansha mudibo ba-muena-muabo bimpe

Pabuipi ne bidimu bia 60 anyi 61 B.B., pavua Paulo ku Roma muindile bua kulumbuluishibua kudi amperere Néron, bamfumu ba bena Yuda bakamba pa bidi bitangila bena nkristo ba kumpala ne: “Bushuwa, pa bidi bitangila tshisumbu etshi, tudi bamanye ne: badi batshijana miaba yonso.” (Bienzedi 28:22) Miyuki ya kale idi ijadika patoke se: bavua bajana bena nkristo, ne abi kakuyi kabingila. Mu mukanda wende wa L’essor du christianisme (angl.), Ernest Barnes udi ulonda ne: “Mu mikanda yabu ya ntuadijilu ya malu a kale, buena-nkristo mbulejibue mu bionso amu bu mianda patupu ya bikadilu bilenga ne bukokedi bua mikenji. Benamu bavua bajinga bua kuikala ba muena-muabo bimpe, balondi ba mikenji ne buakane. Bavua balekela bilema bia bampangano. Mu nsombelu wa pa nkayabu, bavua bakeba mua kuikala bena ditalala ne balunda balelela ne bena mutumba nabu. Bavua babalongeshe mua kuikala ne ngikadilu wa pankatshikatshi, bakuatshi ba mudimu ba dilambu ne bantu ba nsombelu mukezuke. Nansha mudibo babanyunguluke kudi dinyanguka ne dikamakama, bavua balonda mêyi-maludiki abu, bavua bena bulelela ne kabayi bena dishima. Pa bidi bitangila ditumika ne bitupa bia lulelu, bavua ne mêyi-makulu mabandile: bavua banemeka bisuikidi bia dibaka ne bavua ne nsombelu wa mu dîku mukezuke. Bu muvuabo ne mikenji ya mushindu’eu, kakuena mushindu wa kuela meji se: bavua ba muena-muabo bavua batondesha nansha. Pabi, katshia ku kale, bavua bangatshibue bu bantu tshianana, babashiminyina malu ne babakina.”

Amu bu muvua bantu ba kale kabayi bumvuila Yezu, ke muvuabo kabidi kabayi bateleja bena nkristo, ne bakabakina kabidi. Bu muvuabu kabayi batendelela amperere ne nzambi ya bampangano, bavua babafunda bu bantu bavua kabayi banyisha dikalaku dia Nzambi. Pavua tshipupu kampanda tshibudika, bavua bababanda bu bantu bavua bakebeshe tshiji tshia ba-nzambi. Bu muvuabo kabayi babuela mu manaya a buenzavi ne kabayi badifila mu mvita ivua bilobo biluangana, bavua babangata bu bantu badi kabayi bamanye kusomba ne binabu ne babangata bu ‘bena lukuna mene ba bukua-bantu.’ Bena lukuna babu bavua bela meji se: “kasumbu” ka bena nkristo kavua kapandulula mêku ne kavua njiwu minene bua dishindama dimpe dia bantu. Tertullien wakakula bua balume bampangano bavua banyisha bua bakaji babu kuenda masandi pamutu pa kulua bena nkristo.

Bavua bajana bena nkristo bualu kabavua bapunga ku dîyi dia kutudisha dîmi, muanda uvua wenzeka pa tshibidilu tshikondo atshi. Pabi, bena lukuna babu bavua bababanda muvuabo bashipa bana. Bavua bela meji se: bavua banua mashi a bana bavuabo balambula mu bisangilu biabu. Amu tshine tshikondo atshi, bena lukuna babu bakateta kubenzeja ku bukole bua kudia boudin muenza ne mashi, nansha muvuabo bamanye se: ki ndisua dia kuondo kabu ka muoyo. Nenku, baluishi ba buena-nkristo bavua badikondakaja buobo bine mu dibanda diabu.​—Tertullien, Apologie, nshapita wa 9.

Dipetudibua dia “kasumbusumbu kapiakapia”

Kenneth Scott Latourette, mushikuluji wa mianda ya kale mmufunde ne: “Mulongolongo mukuabu wa dibandibua dia buena-nkristo bu tshintu tshia tshianana, mbua patshivuabu bupiabupia, pa kubufuanyikija ne bitendelelu bivuaku katshia ku kale [tshitendelelu tshia bena Yuda ne bitendelelu bia bampangano ba bena Greke ne bena Roma].” (L’histoire de l’expansion du christianisme, angl., mukanda wa 1, dibeji dia 131) Ku ntuadijilu wa siekele 2 B.B., Suétone mushikuluji wa mianda ya kale wa bena Roma, wakabikila buena-nkristo ku dîna dia “bitabataba bipiabipia ne bibi.” Tertullien wakajadika se: dîna mene dia muena nkristo bavua badidiwula, ne kabidi se: bena nkristo bavua kasumbu kavuabo kabayi batambe kunanga. Pakakulaye bua mushindu uvua bamfumu ba ampire wa bena Roma bangata bena nkristo, Robert Grant wakafunda ne: “Buena-nkristo buvua buangatshibue bu tshitendelelu tshia patupu, ne tshia njiwu.”​—Les premiers chrétiens et la société (angl.).

Bakabafunda bu bena kuitabuja ba mutu mukole

Mu mukanda wende wa Les premiers siècles de l’Eglise, Jean Bernardi, mulongeshi mu université wa Sorbonne, wakafunda ne: “Bivua bikengela bua bena nkristo kuya miaba yonso ne kumanyisha lumu luimpe kudi muntu kayi yonso. Mu njila ne mu bimenga, pa miaba idi bantu bavule bapitshila ne ku nzubu. Mu bikondo bimpe ne mu bikondo bikole. Kudi bapele ne kudi babanji, badi bavuala biuma biabu. Kudi bakese ne kudi ba nguvernere ba provinse ya bena Roma . . . Bivua bikengela kuenzela ngendu mu njila ya buloba ne mu mazuwa bua kuya too ne ku mfudilu ya buloba.”

Bena nkristo bakenza nenku anyi? Mbimueneke patoke se: ke tshiakenzabu. Mulongeshi Léon Homo udi umanyisha ne: bantu buonso kabavua batua ku tshia bena nkristo ba kumpala nansha muvuabu ne “tshisumi tshikole mu divuija bena kuitabuja.” Mulongeshi Latourette udi umanyisha ne: bena Yuda bakajimija mitalu yabu mu divuija bena kuitabuja, “bena nkristo bakalua ba-misionere ba tshisumi, ke bua tshinyi bavua bababenga.”

Mu siekele muibidi B.B., Celse, filozofe muena Roma, wakadiwula ndongeshilu wa bena nkristo mu mudimu wa buambi. Wakajadika muvua buena-nkristo buikala muanda wa bantu bavua kabayi bamanye mukanda ne buvua mua ‘kutuisha amu babule-ngenyi, bapika, bakaji ne bana batekete.’ Uvua ujana muvua bena nkristo banyanga ditabuja dia “ba-tshitaba mvinyungu,” ne babueja munda muabu “ditabuja dibula meji.” Buende yeye, bena nkristo bavua bambila bena kuitabuja bapiabapia ne: “Kanuedi nkonko; itabujayi anu kuitabuja.” Kadi, bilondeshile bidi Origène wamba, Celse yeye muine wakajadika se: “ki ng’amu bantu ba patupu nkayabu bavua bakokibua ku dilongesha dia Yezu ne banyisha tshitendelelu tshiende to.”

Kabayi badisangisha ne bisumbu bikuabu

Bavua bajana kabidi bena nkristo ba kumpala muvuabo badiamba se: amu buobo ke badi ne bulelela pa bidi bitangila Nzambi umuepele mulelela ne kabayi banyisha didisangisha pamue ne bisumbu bikuabu. Pa muanda eu, Kenneth Latourette wakafunda ne: “Bishilangane bikole ne mitabuja avuaku tshikondo atshi, bena nkristo kabavua banyisha bitendelelu bikuabu . . . Bavua bashilangane ne ntendelelu mikuabu, ivua kayiyi ne dîsu dikole, bavua bamanyisha patoke se: amu buobo nkayabu ke bavua ne bulelela.”

Mu tshidimu tshia 202 B.B., amperere Septime Sévère wakela mukenji uvua ukandika bena nkristo bua kuvuija bantu bena kuitabuja. Kadi, abi kabiakabimanyika bua kufila bumanyishi pa bidi bitangila ditabuja diabu. Latourette udi uleja bipeta biakapatuka: “Mu dibenga diabu dijima dia kudibuejakaja mu bilele bia bampangano bivua bitambe kumuangalaka tshikondo atshi, [buena-nkristo bua kumpala] buakakolesha diumvuangana ne ndongoluelu wa mudimu uvua mushilangane ne bantu buonso. Dilekela kashidi bilele ebi mene bua kulua muena nkristo, divua difila dishindika divua dipetesha bukole bua kutantamena dikengeshibua ne mitalu bua kuvuija bena kuitabuja.”

Nenku, bumanyishi budi mianda ya kale ifila mbumueneke patoke. Nansha muvuabu benza madikolela bua kuikala ba-muena-muabu bimpe ne kusomba talalaa ne bantu buonso, bena nkristo ba kumpala bavua babenga bua kuikala “bena mu bulongolodi ebu.” (Yone 15:19) Bavua ne kanemu kudi bamfumu bavua ku mutu. Kadi, pavua Kezare ubakandika bua kuamba lumu luimpe, kabavua ne mushindu mukuabu wa kuenza, amu kutungunuka ne kulongesha. Bavua bateta mua kusomba talalaa ne bantu buonso, kadi, bavua babenga bua kutupa ku mêyi-maludiki a bikadilu bilenga ne kutendelela mpingu ya bampangano. Ke bua tshinyi bavua babapetula, babashiminyina malu, babakina ne bakengeshibua amu bu muvua Yezu mudianjile kubimanyisha.​—Yone 16:33.

Aba bavua bamba muvuabo batumikila buena-nkristo, mbashale batapuluke ku bena mu bulongolodi ebu anyi? Peshi mmuenenu wabu mmushintuluke mu kupita kua bidimu?

[Lungenyi lunene lua mu dibeji 4]

“Mmuenenu wa muena nkristo uvua umukebela ntatu ku dituku ne ku dituku: mmushilangane ne wa bantu buonso”

[Lungenyi lunene lua mu dibeji 6]

‘Buena-nkristo buvua buangatshibua butshintu tshia kuseka, bualu butshivuabupiabupia pa kubufuanyikija ne ebi bia kale bivua bibuluisha’

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 3]

Bualu bena nkristo bakabenga bua kutendelela ampererewa bena Roma ne nzambi ya bampangano, bakababanda muvuabo kabayi bitaba dikalaku dia Nzambi

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Museo della Civilta Romana. Roma

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 7]

Bena nkristo ba mu siekele wa kumpala bavua bamanyike bu bamanyishi ba mitalu ba mukenji wa Bukalenge

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 2]

Tshizubu: Alinari/​Art Resource, N.Y.