Mushindu wakalua bukua-buena-nkristo tshitupa tshia bulongolodi ebu

NDEKELU wa bionso, bukokeshi bua bena Roma buakamona ntuadijilu wa buena-nkristo buakapona. Bua bashikuluji ba mianda ya kale bavule, dipona edi divua kabidi ditshimuna dia buena-nkristo pa bumpangano bua kashidi. Pakamueneshaye mmuenenu mushilangane, E. W. Barnes, muepiskopo wa bena ekleziya anglikane, wakafunda ne: “Pavua nshidimukilu wa kale wenda upona, buena-nkristo buakalekela kuikala ditabuja dia mushinga mukole dia Yezu Kristo: buakalua tshitendelelu tshivuabu batumika natshi bu tshikoleshi tshia bulongolodi buvua buenda bunyanguka.”​—L’essor du christianisme (angl.).

Mianda ya kale idi ijadika se: bangabanga ne dipona edi, mu siekele 2, 3 ne 4 B.B., aba bavua badiamba muvuabo balondi ba Yezu bavua bamueneka mu mishindu mivule, bashilangane ne bulongodi bua bena Roma. Kadi, idi isokolola kabidi didiunda dia butontolodi mu malongesha, mu nsombelu ne mu ndongoluelu, amu bu muvua Yezu ne bapostolo bende badianjile kubimanyisha. (Matayi 13:36-43; Bienzedi 20:29, 30; 2 Tesalonike 2:3-12; 2 Timote 2:16-18; 2 Petelo 2:1-3, 10-22) Pashishe, aba bavua badiamba muvuabu bena nkristo bakadivuija bena bulongolodi bua bena Greke ne bena Roma, ne bamue ba munkatshi muabu bakanyisha bilele bia bulongolodi bua bampangano (bu mudi mafesto abu, ntendelelu wa nzambi-mukaji-mamu ne busatu bua ba-nzambi), filozofi yabu (bu mudi ditabuja dia anyima ukena-kufua), ne diludika dia ndongoluelu wabu (didi dimuenekela mu kasumbu ka bamfumu ba ekleziya). Mushindu’eu mubipisha wa buena-nkristo wakakoka musumba wa bampangano ne kulua bukole buakanji ba-amperere ba bena Roma kuteta mua kubutula, pashishe e kubuitababu ne kukeba mua kutumika nabu bua bipatshila biabu buobo bine.

Dikokeshibua kudi bulongolodi ebu

Mushikuluji wa mianda ya kale August Johann Neander, mfumu wa Ekleziya kampanda, wakaleja njiwu ivua misuikakaja ku malanda aa masheme pankatshi pa “buena-nkristo” ne bulongolodi ebu. Pavua bena nkristo bapangadija bua kubenga kutapulukangana ne bena mu bulongodi ebu, “tshipeta tshivua ne bua kuikala dikondakana dia ekleziya ne bulongolodi ebu . . . divua dijimija bukezuke bua tshitendelelu, ne bulua bu bufuilakanyi, ne bukokeshibua buobo buine.”​—Histoire générale de la religion chrétienne et de l’Eglise (all.).

Ke tshiakenzeka. Ku ntuadijilu kua siekele 4, amperere wa bena Roma, Constantin, wakateta bua kutumika ne tshitendelelu tshia “bena nkristo” ba mu matuku a bukokeshi buende bua kukolesha bukokeshi buende bukavua kabutshiyi buanyishibue. Bua tshipatshila etshi, wakafila budikadidi bua malu a Nzambi kudi aba bavua badiamba muvuabo bena nkristo ne kupesha bena kasumbu ka badiambike amue masanka a mudimu avua nawu bansaserdose ba bampangano. Bua muanda eu, tudi tubala mu Nouvelle encyclopédie britannique ne: “Constantin wabuejakaji Ekleziya ne bulongolodi ebu bua kumonabu mua kukumbaja midimu kampanda ne kuambuluisha ndongoluelu wa bampangano bua kuditeka ku luseke lua Ekleziya.”

Tshitendelelu tshia Mbulamatadi

Kunyima kua Constantin, amperere Julien (361-363 B.B.) wakateta bua kuluisha buena-nkristo ne kujadika bumpangano. Kadi, kakakumbana to, ne bidimu bitue ku 20 pashishe, amperere Théodose I wakakandika bumpangano ne kujadika ku bukole “buena-nkristo” bua bena Trinité bu tshitendelelu tshia matunga avua ku bukokeshi bua bena Roma. Mushikuluji wa bena ditunga dia France wa mianda ya kale, Henri-Irénée Marrou, wakabisunguluja bimpe bitambe ne miaku eyi: “Ku ndekelu kua bukokeshi bua Théodose, buena-nkristo, tuambe ne: buena-katolike bua bena ortodokse, buakalua tshitendelelu tshia mbulamatadi mu matunga wonso avua ku bukokeshi bua bena Roma pa buloba bujima.” Buena-katolike bua bena ortodokse buakapingana pa muaba wa buena-nkristo bulelela ne bituadije pine apu, buakalua tshimue tshitupa tshia “bulongodi ebu.” Tshitendelelu etshi tshia Mbulamatadi tshivua tshishilangane bikole ne ntendelelu muenza kudi balongi ba Yezu bavuaye muambile ne: “Kanuena bena mu bulongodi ebu to.”​—Yone 15:19.

Mushikuluji wa mianda ya kale ne filozofe wa bena France, Louis Rougier, wakafunda ne: “Mu dimuangalaka diabu, buena-nkristo, buakapeta mashintuluka adi akemesha, kabutshiyi kumanya. . . . Ekleziya wa ku ntuadijilu wa bapele, udiku bua kulomba ka pa luse, wabuedi mu diumvuangana ne batshimunyi udi udisanga ne bakole badiku lelu padiye upangila dibakokesha.”

Ku ntuadijilu kua siekele 5 B.B., Augustin “Munsantu,” muena Katolike, wakafunda mukanda wende wa mushinga mukole wa: La cité de Dieu. Wakumvuijamu bimenga bibidi, “tshia Nzambi ne tshia bena mu bulongodi ebu.” Mukanda eu wakakuataku mudimu munene wa kutapulula bena katolike ne bena mu bulongodi ebu anyi? Katuena mua kubiamba nanku nansha. Mulongeshi Latourette udi wamba ne: “Augustin wakitaba menemene [se:] bimenga bibidi, tshia pa buloba ne tshia mu diulu, bidi mu diumvuangana dikole.” Augustin wakalongesha ne: “Bukalenge bua Nzambi bukadi bumane kutuadija mu bulongolodi ebu ne ndongoluelu wa Ekleziya Katolike.” (Nouvelles Encyclopédie britannique, Macropœdia, mukanda 4, dibeji dia 506). Nenku, nansha lungenyi lua Augustin luikale lua mushindu kayi, malongesha ende akabueja Ekleziya Katolike mu mianda ya politike ya bena mu bulongodi ebu.

Ampire mupanduluke

Mu 395 B.B., pakafua Théodose I, Ampire wa bena Roma wakapanduluka mu bitupa bibidi. Ampire wa kudi dîba dipatukila anyi Byzance, tshimamuende wa bukalenge tshivua Constantinople (ku kale, tshivua tshibikidibua ne: Byzance; lelu’eu, tshidi Istambul), ne Ampire wa kudi dîba dibuelela, uvua ulombodibua kumbukila ku tshimenga tshia Ravenne (Italie) kunyima kua 402 B.B. Nenku, ni mmu mianda ya politike nansha mu ya malu a Nzambi kabidi, bukua-buena-nkristo buakapanduluka. Bilondeshile malanda avua pankatshi pa Ekleziya ne Mbulamatadi, Ekleziya wa Ampire wa kudi dîba dipatukila, wakalonda dilongesha dia Eusèbe wa ku Césarée (muena tshikondo tshimue ne Constantin le Grand). Pa kulengulula dîyi-diludiki dia se: bena nkristo badi ne bua kutapulukangana ne bena mu bulongodi ebu, Eusèbe wakela lungenyi se: bikala amperere ne bena Ampire mua kulua bena nkristo, Ekleziya ne Mbulamatadi nebenze tshintu tshimue mu bantu, muikala amperere utumika bu muena-mpala wa Nzambi pa buloba. Mu tshikepeshilu, awu mmalanda avua pankatshi pa ekleziya wa bena ortodokse ne Mbulamatadi munkatshi mua siekele mivule. Mu mukanda wa L’Eglise orthodoxe (angl.), Timothy Ware, muepiskopo wa bena ortodokse, wakakula bua bipeta abi ne: “Munkatshi mua siekele dikumi mishale, dinanga dinekesha bua ditunga ke divua tshipupu tshia bena ortodokse.”

Ku luseke luvua dîba dibuelela, bakatonkola amperere wa ndekelu kudi bisamba bia ba-Germanike bakabuela mu ditunga ne mvita mu tshidimu tshia 476 B.B. Ke tshikondo tshiakabutuka kashidi Ampire wa bena Roma wa kudi dîba dibuelela. Pa bidi bitangila dipangika dia mfumu mu mianda ya politike diakalonda pashishe, tudi tubala mu Nouvelle Encyclopédie britannique ne: “Bukalenge bukuabu buakapatuka: Ekleziya wa bena Roma, wa muepiskopo wa Roma. Ekleziya eu uvua udiangata yeye nkayende bu mupinganyi wa Ampire wa bena Roma ukavua mubutuke.” Encyclopédie eu udi utungunuka ne: “Ba-pape ba ku Roma . . . bakalombela Ekleziya bukokeshi bua pa buloba ebu buvua busambuka mikalu ya Ekleziya-Mbulamatadi ne bakakolesha dilongesha divuabo bamba ne: ndia mmiele ibidi, divua diumvuija ne: Kristo kavua mupeshe pape bukokeshi amu bua mu nyuma pa Ekleziya, kadi, ne bukokeshi bua pa buloba pa mamfumu a mu bulongolodi ebu.”

Ekleziya ya bena mishonyi ya matunga

Mu Moyen Age, bitendelelu bia bena ortodokse ne Ekleziya katolike wa ku Roma, biakatungunuka ne kudibueja mu mianda ya politike, mu bifufu bia bena mu bulongodi ebu ne kuditua mu mvita. Mu siekele wa 16, Dishintuluka diakafikisha ku buena mishonyi, diakalukijija ku buena-nkristo bulelela, butapuluke ne bulongolodi ebu anyi?

Tòo. Tudi tubala mu Nouvelle Encyclopédie britannique ne: “Bashintuludi bena mishonyi bavua balonda bilele bia Luther, bia Calvin ne bia bena ekleziya anglikane . . . bakashala balamate bikole ku mmuenenu ya Augustin, ivuabu badiumvua nayi ne malanda masheme a pa buawu. . . . Dionso dia ku Mashintulula aa manene asatu a bilele bia bena mishonyi mu siekele wa 16 ku Mputu . . . akapeta dikuatshisha dia bamfumu ba mbulamatadi ba ku Saxe [munkatshi mua Allemagne], ba ku ditunga dia Suisse ne dia Angleterre, ne kulama kumpala kua Mbulamatadi muaba uvua Ekleziya nawu mu Moyen Age.”

Pamutu pa kualukija buena-nkristo bulelela, Dishintulula diakapatuisha musumbasumba wa ekleziya ya ditunga anyi ya rejon ivua ikeba dianyishibua kudi bena mianda ya politike ya matunga ne kubakuatshisha muabu muonso tshikondo tshia mvita yabu. Bua kuamba bionso, ekleziya katolike ne ekleziya wa bena mishonyi, bubidi buayi, yakajudija mvita ya bitendelelu. Mu mukanda wa La religion vue par un historien, Arnold Toynbee wakafunda pa bidi bitangila mvita ya mushindu’eu ne: “Yakasokolola bena katolike ne bena mishonyi ku France, ku Pays-Bas, ku Allemagne ne ku Irlande, ne bena tusumbu tua malu a Nzambi bena mishonyi bavua baluishangana ku Angleterre ne ku Ecosse, mu bualu bua tshikisu bua kuteta mua kubutulangana ku bukole bua bingoma.” Ndululu idiku matuku aa, mikosolole ditunga dia Irlande ne dia Yougoslavie wa kale idi ileja ne: Ekleziya wa bena katolike wa ku Roma, wa bena ortodokse ne bena mishonyi itshidi amu midibueja menemene mu mianda ya bulongolodi ebu.

Abi bidi biumvuija ne: buena-nkristo bulelela, budi butapuluke ku bulongolodi ebu kabutshienaku pa buloba anyi? Tshiena-bualu tshidi tshilonda netshiandamune ku lukonko elu.

[Kazubu/Tshimfuanyi mu mabeji 10, 11]

MUSHINDU WAKALUA “BUENA-NKRISTO” TSHITENDELELU TSHIA MBULAMATADI

MUSANGU nansha umue, Yezu kavua muambe ne: buena-nkristo buvua ne bua kulua tshitupa tshia bulongolodi ebu. (Matayi 24:3, 9; Yone 17:16) Mikanda ya mianda ya kale idi itumanyisha ne: mu siekele 4 B.B., “buena-nkristo” buakamanyika patoke bu tshitendelelu tshia Mbulamatadi wa Ampire wa bena Roma. Mmunyi muakenzekabi?

Kutuadijila mu tshikondo tshia Néron (54-68 B.B.) too ne munkatshi mua siekele 3 B.B., ba-amperere buonso bena Roma bakakengesha bena nkristo anyi kufila dianyisha bua kubakengeshabu. Gallien (253-268 B.B.) uvua amperere wa kumpala wakela mukenji uvua ubapesha njila mu muanda eu. Nansha biobi nanku, buena-nkristo buakashala amu tshitendelelu tshivua tshikandika mu ampire mujima. Kunyima kua Gallien (284-305 B.B.), dikengeshibua diakatungunuka, ne mu bukokeshi bua Dioclétien (284-305 B.B.) ne mua aba bakamupingana, diakavula.

Muanda mukole ku ntuadijilu wa siekele 4 B.B., uvua dikudimuna mutshima divuabo bamba dia amperere Constantin I ku buena-nkristo. Pa bidi bitangila “dikudimuna mutshima” edi, tudi tubala mu Théo​—Nouvelle encyclopédie catholique ne: “Constantin wakadileja bu amperere muena nkristo. Bua kuamba bulelela, wakatambushibua amu pa bulalu buende bua lufu.” Nansha bikale nanku, mu 313 B.B., Constantin ne Licinius uvuabu bakokeshe nende tshitupa tshikuabu tshia ampire, bakela mukenji uvua ufila budikadidi bua malu a Nzambi kudi bena nkristo ne kabidi kudi bampangano. Pa muanda eu, tudi tubala mu Nouvelle encyclopédie catholique (angl.) ne: “Pa kufila budikadidi bua ntendelelu kudi bena nkristo, abi bivua biumvuija ne: buena-nkristo buakamanyika ku mikanda ya mbulamatadi bu religio licita [tshitendelelu tshivua tshianyishibue kudi mikenji ya mbulamatadi] mushindu wa muomumue ne bumpangano, Constantin wakakumbaja tshienzedi tshipiatshipia.”

Kadi, tshibungu tshia Nouvelle encyclopédie britannique tshidi tshiamba ne: “Yeye [Constantin] kakavuija buena-nkristo tshitendelelu tshia ampire nansha.” Jean-Rémy Palanque, umue wa ku bena Institut wa bena France, mmufunde ne: “Mbulamatadi wa Roma . . . wakashala amu wa bampangano. Ne Constantin, pakalamataye ku tshitendelelu tshia Kristo, kakajikija nsombelu eu to.” Ku luende luseke, Mulongeshi Ernest Barker mmufunde mu mukanda wa L’héritage de la Grèce et de Rome ne: “Kadi, nansha kunyima [kua ditshimuna dia Constantin], buena-nkristo kabuakalua diakamue tshitendelelu tshia Mbulamatadi to. Constantin wakashikila amu ku dianyisha buena-nkristo [mu bukokeshi buende] bu umue wa ku ntendelelu ivua bantu benza mu ampire. Munkatshi mua bidimu makumi muanda-mutekete biakalonda, bilele bia kale bia bampangano biakatungunuka amu ne kuenjibua ku Roma.”

Nunku, tshikondo atshi, “buena-nkristo” buvua bumanyike ku mikanda ya mbulamatadi bu tshimue tshia ku bitendelelu mu Ampire wa bena Roma. Kadi, ntshikondo kayi tshiakavuabu tshitendelelu tshia Mbulamatadi? Tudi tubala mu Nouvelle encyclopédie catholique (angl.) ne: “Bamupinganyi bende [ba Constantin] bakatungunuka ne politike wende, pa kumbusha amu Julien [361-363 B.B.], eu uvua lufu luende lutuishe dikengeshibua dia bena nkristo ku ndekelu mu tshimpitshimpi. Ndekelu wa bionso, mu bidimu makumi abidi ne bitanu bia ndekelu bia siekele 4, Théodose Munene [379-395 B.B.] wakavuija buena-nkristo tshitendelelu tshia Ampire tshivua tshimanyike ku mikanda ya mbulamatadi, ne kubutula ntendelelu wa bampangano.”

F. J. Foakes Jackson, mushikuluji wa mianda ya kale ne ya mu Bible, udi ushindika dikonkonona edi ne usokolola tshivua menemene tshitendelelu etshi tshipiatshipia tshia Mbulamatadi ne: “Mu bukokeshi bua Constantin, buena-nkristo buvua budie bulunda ne ampire wa bena Roma. Mu bukokeshi bua Théodose, biakadisanga. . . . Kutuadijila ku tshikondo atshi, tshibikidilu katolike tshivua tshilamibue bua aba bavua batendelela Tatu, Muana ne Spiritu-Munsantu ne kanemu ka muomumue. Politike mujima wa amperere wa malu a ntendelelu uvua mushindamene pa tshipatshila etshi; nanku, Ditabuja dia bena katolike diakalua tshitendelelu tshimue thivua mikenji ya bena Roma mianyishe.”

Jean-Rémy Palanque wakafunda ne: “Théodose, eku uluisha bumpangano, wakaditeka kabidi ku luseke lua Ekleziya ortodokse [katolike]; mukenji wende wa mu 380 B.B. uvua utumina bantu bende buonso dîyi dia kutonda ditabuja dia pape Damase ne dia muepiskopo [muena Trinité] wa ku Alexandrie ne wa kupala aba bavua kabayi bamutumikila budikadidi bua ntendelelu. Tshisangilu tshinene tshia ku Constantinople (381) tshiakapisha tshia-kabidi bena matontolola, ne amperere wakatabalela bua kuikala ne dishindika dia se: muepiskopo nansha umue kabatu nyama ku mikolo. Nenku, buena-nkristo [bua bena Trinité] bua ku Nicée buakalua bulelela tshitendelelu tshia Mbulamatadi. . . . Ekleziya wakadisangisha menemene kudi Mbulamatadi ne muine eu udi umutua nyama ku mikolo ne muoyo umue.”

Nunku, buena-nkristo bukezuke bua mu matuku a bapostolo ki mbudi bulue tshitendelelu tshia Mbulamatadi wa ampire wa bena Roma to. Kadi, mbuena-katolike budi bulongesha Trinité bua mu siekele 4 B.B., buteka ku bukole kudi amperere Théodose I ne buenza kudi Ekleziya katolike, udi katshia ku kale too ne lelu’eu, muikale muena mu bulongolodi ebu.

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Amperere Théodose I: Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid (Foto Oronoz)

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 8]

Scala/​Art Resource, N.Y.