William Tyndale: Muntu wa lungenyi lutue

William Tyndale wakaledibua mu Angleterre “ku mielelu ya ditunga dia Galles,” pamu’apa ku Gloucestershire, nansha mudi muaba mujalame ne dituku kabiyi mua kujadikibua. Mu Kasuamansense 1994, ditunga dia Angleterre diakasekelela mufikilu wa 500 wa diledibua dia muntu “wakatupesha Bible wetu wa mu anglais.” Tyndale wakashipibua amu bua mudimu eu. Bua tshinyi?

WILLIAM TYNDALE wakalubuluka bikole mu dilonga dia tshiena-Greke ne Latin. Mu Kashipu 1515, pakavuaye ne bidimu bu 21, wakapeta diploma dia maîtrise mu malu a difunda mikanda ku Université wa Oxford. Mu 1521 wakatambushibua bu nsaserdose muena Katolike wa Roma. Tshikondo atshi Ekleziya Katolike mu Allemagne uvua mu ntatu mikole bualu bua midimu ya Martin Luther. Kadi Angleterre wakashala ditunga dia bena Katolike too ne pakafika ndekelu wa bionso Mukalenge Henry VIII ku dikosa dia malanda ne Roma mu 1534.

Nansha muvua anglais muakulu wa bantu buonso mu tshikondo tshia Tyndale, malongesha wonso avua afidibua mu Latin. Uvua kabidi muakulu wa ekleziya ne wa Bible. Mu 1546 Tshisangilu tshia ku Trent tshiakatuma tshiakabidi dîyi ne: amu nkudimuinu wa Vulgate wa mu Latin wa mu siekele muitanu mufunda kudi Jérôme ke uvuabu ne bua kutumika nende. Kadi, amu bamanyi ba mukanda ke bavua mua kumubala. Bua tshinyi bavua mua kukandika bena Angleterre Bible mu anglais ne budikadidi bua kumubala? “Jérôm[e] uvua kabidi mukudimune bible mu muakulu wabu: bua tshinyi tuetu katuena petu mua kuenza nanku?” ke difuilakana divua nadi Tyndale.

Diela tshiidia mu ditabuja

Kunyima kua tshikondo tshiakapitshishaye ku Oxford ne pamu’apa mumane kupeta malonga a pa mutu ku Cambridge, Tyndale wakalua mulongeshi wa bana ba balume ba John Walsh bidimu bibidi ku Gloucestershire. Mu tshikondo etshi wakakolesha dijinga diende dia kukudimuna Bible mu anglais, ne kabiyi mpata wakapeta mushindu wa kulubuluja nzanzu yende mu dikudimuna ku diambuluisha dia Bible mupiamupia wa Erasme uvua mufunda ne milongo ya tshiena-Greke ne Latin mitangilangane. Mu 1523, Tyndale wakashiya dîku dia Walsh ne kuya ku Londres. Tshipatshila tshiende tshivua tshia kupeta dianyisha bua nkudimuinu wende kudi Cuthbert Tunstall, muepiskopo wa Londres.

Dianyisha dia kudi Tunstall divua dikengedibua bualu mapangadika mangata mu tshipangu kampanda tshia bamfumu ba ekleziya mu 1408 ku Oxford, mamanyibue bu Mêyi ne mikandu bia ku Oxford, avua akonga dikandikibua dia kukudimuna anyi kubala Bible mu muakulu wa ditunga, bivua mua kuenjibua amu ku dianyisha dia kudi muepiskopo. Bua diteta diabu dia kutupa ku dikandikibua edi, bamanyishi bena ngendu bavule bamanyibue bu ba-Lollards bakuoshibua mu kapia bu batontolodi. Ba-Lollards aba bakabala ne kuabanya Bible wa John Wycliffe, nkudimuinu wa mu anglais muangatshila ku Vulgate. Tyndale wakumvua ne: tshikondo tshikavua tshikumbane bua kukudimuna mifundu ya bena nkristo biangatshile ku tshiena-Greke mu nkudimuinu mupiamupia, mujalame bua ekleziya wende ne bua bena Angleterre buonso.

Muepiskopo Tunstall uvua muntu mulonge wakenza bipitshidile bua kukankamija Erasme. Bu tshijadiki tshia nzanzu yende mine, Tyndale wakakudimuna umue wa ku miyuki ya Isocrate, mifundu mikole ya tshiena-Greke, bua kupeta dianyisha dia Tunstall. Tyndale uvua ne ditekemena dikole dia se: Tunstall uvua mua kupetesha bulunda ne dikuatshisha ne kuitaba dilomba diende dia kukudimuna Mifundu. Ntshinyi tshiakenza muepiskopo eu?

Dibenga​—Bua tshinyi?

Nansha muvua Tyndale ne mukanda uvua umubueja kudiye, Tunstall wakabenga bua kumuakidila. Nunku’eu Tyndale uvua ne bua kumufundila bua kumulomba diyukidilangana. Katuena bamanye Tunstall né wakanyisha ndekelu wa bionso bua kupetangana ne Tyndale, kadi diandamuna diende divua ne: ‘Nzubu wanyi mmûle tente.’ Bua tshinyi Tunstall wakajilangana ne Tyndale ne tshikama tshia mushindu’eu?

Mudimu wa diakajulula wa Luther mu kontinan wa ku Mputu uvua ukebesha diditatshisha dinene munda mua Ekleziya Katolike, ne biakafika too ne mu Angleterre. Mu 1521, Mukalenge Henry VIII wakapatula mukanda mukole uvua ubingisha pape kumpala kua Luther. Bua kuleja dianyisha diende pape wakapesha Henry muanzu wa “Musungidi wa Ditabuja.”a Kardinale Wolsey wa Henry, uvua pende ukuata mudimu, pa kubutula mikanda yonso ya Luther mibueja mu musokoko mu ditunga. Bu muvuaye muepiskopo muena Katolike mulamate kudi pape, mukalenge, ne kardinale wende, Tunstall wakadiumvua mubambidika bua kukandika muntu kayi yonso uvua upatula ngenyi ivua mua kuikala mu mushindu kampanda itua ku tshia ntomboji Luther. Tyndale uvua muntu wa kumpala uvuabu belela meji mabi. Bua tshinyi?

Mu matuku akashalaye pamue ne dîku dia Walsh, Tyndale wakakula kakuyi buôwa nansha bukese pa dipanga kumanya ne ditabataba dia bamfumu ba ekleziya ba mu ditunga. Munkatshi muabu muvua John Stokesley uvua mumanye Tyndale katshia ku Oxford. Yeye eu wakalua panyima kupingana pa muaba wa Cuthbert Tunstall bu muepiskopo wa Londres.

Diluisha Tyndale ndimueneke kabidi patoke mu dikokangana ku mêyi ne mfumu munene kampanda wa ekleziya wakamba ne: “Mbitambe buimpe buetu bituapanga mikenji ya Nzambi pamutu pa kupanga eyi ya pape.” Mu mêyi makanyine kuvuluka, diandamuna dia Tyndale divua nunku: ‘Ndi ngela Pape ne mikenji yende yonso mpata. Biandama Nzambi ne muoyo bidimu bia bungi kumpala, nengenze bua se: nsongalume udi wendesha tshikasu tshia ngombe amanye bivule pa Mifundu kunupita nuenu.’

Tyndale uvua ne bua kulumbuluishibua kudi mulombodi wa dioseze dia Worcester bua mabandu a butontolodi a dishima. “Wakankanyina bikole bitambe, ne kumpenda,” ke muakavuluija Tyndale pashishe, pa kusakidila ne: wakangatshibua amu bu “mbua.” Kadi kakuvua tshijadiki nansha tshimue tshivua mua kutuisha Tyndale bu mutontolodi. Bashikuluji ba malu a kale badi bitaba se: malu wonso aa bavua baamanyisha Tunstall mu musokoko bua yeye kushintulula dipangadika diende.

Panyima pa tshidimu tshijima tshipitshisha ku Londres, Tyndale wakakoma ne: “Kakuvua muaba mu nzubu munene wa mfumu wanyi ku Londres bua kukudimuna Dipungila dipiadipia, kadi kabidi . . . kakuvua muaba wa kuenzela mudimu eu mu Angleterre mujima.” Wakamba bulelela. Mu nsombelu wa kanyawu mukebesha kudi mudimu wa Luther, mmutapi kayi wa mikanda mu Angleterre uvua mua kukimina kupatula Bible wa mu anglais? Nunku mu 1524, Tyndale wakasabuka La Manche (njila muimba wa mâyi pankatshi pa France ne Angleterre), bua kashidi.

Ku Mputu ne ntatu mikuabu

Ne mikanda yende ya mushinga mukole, William Tyndale wakanyemena ku Allemagne. Wakayaku ne [mfranga ya] livre sterling 10 ivua mulunda wende Humphrey Monmouth, ngenda-mushinga munene wa ku Londres, mumupeshe ne bulenga buonso. Dipa edi divua dikumbane mu bikondo abi bua kupetesha Tyndale mushindu wa kutapisha Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke ivuaye mulongolole bua kukudimuna. Monmouth wakakuatshibua pashishe bua diambuluisha diakapeteshaye Tyndale ne bua tshiakabikilabu ne: diumvuangana ne Luther. Mumane kuedibua nkonko ne kulamibua mu buloko bua Tour de Londres, Monmouth wakalekedibua amu kunyima kua dilomba luse pa kufundila Kardinale Wolsey.

Muaba mujalame kuakaya Tyndale mu Allemagne kawena mumanyike. Bivua mua kuikala ku Hamburg, muaba uvuaye mua kuikala mupitshishe tshidimu tshijima. Wakapetangana ne Luther anyi? Ki mbitambe kumanyika, nansha mudi dibanda dia Monmouth diamba ne: wakapetangana nende. Bulelela mbua se: Tyndale uvua ne bia bungi bia kuenza mu dikudimuna dia Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke. Mmuaba kayi uvuaye mua kutapisha mukanda wende mufunda ku bianza? Wakafila mudimu eu kudi Peter Quentell ku Cologne.

Malu wonso avua enda amu bimpe too ne pakalua John Dobneck, mumanyibue kabidi bu Cochlaeus, kumanya tshivua tshipita. Cochlaeus wakamanyisha diakamue bivuaye musokolole kudi mulunda kampanda wa pa muoyo wa Henry VIII wakapeta ne lukasa luonso mukanda uvua ukandika ditapa dia Quentell dia nkudimuinu wa Tyndale.

Tyndale ne mumuambuluishi wende, William Roye, bakanyema bua kukuba mioyo yabu, pa kuya ne mabeji a Evanjeliyo wa Matayo akavua mamana kutapa. Bakasabuka musulu wa Rhin pa mazuwa batangile ku Worms, muaba wakaluabu kujikijila mudimu wabu. Panyima, kopi 6 000 ya dipatuka dia kumpala dia Dipungila Dipiadipia dia Tyndale yakenjibua.b

Dilubuluka​—Nansha muvuaku buluishi

Dikudimuna ne ditapa bivua muanda umue. Difikisha kopi ya Bible ku Grande-Bretagne divua muanda mukuabu. Bena mudimu wa ekleziya ne bamfumu ba mbulamatadi bavua bapangadike bua kukandika diambuisha bintu ku mazuwa pa kusabuka La Manche, kadi bangenda-mushinga bena diambuluisha bakandamuna mu wabu mushindu. Misokoka mu makuba a bilamba ne bintu bikuabu bia bungenda, mikanda eyi yakabuejibua mu musokoko ku mielelu ya Angleterre too ne ku Ecosse. Tyndale wakakankamijibua, kadi diluangana diende ditshivua amu ku ntuadijilu.

Mu dia 11 Luishi 1526, Kardinale Wolsey, pamue ne bepiskopo 36 ne bakuabu bamfumu ba ekleziya, bakasangila pabuipi ne nzubu wa Nzambi wa Saint Paul ku Londres “bua kumona bitunga binene bia mikanda biedibua mu kapia.” Munkatshi muayi muvua imue kopi ya nkudimuinu wa mushinga mukole wa Tyndale. Pa kopi yonso ya dipatuka edi dia kumpala, nkushala mpindieu amu ibidi. Kopi umue udiku mujima (mupange amu dibeji dia ntuadijilu) udi mu Tshilaminu tshia mikanda tshia Grande-Bretagne. Bia tuseku, kopi mukuabu, udi mubule mabeji 71, wakasanganyibua mu Tshilaminu tshia mikanda tshia nzubu wa Nzambi wa Saint Paul. Mmunyi muakafikaye muinemu, kakuena udi mumanye.

Mupangadike ne dikima dionso, Tyndale wakatungunuka ne dipatula mapatuka makuabu a nkudimuinu wende, avuabu banyenga kakuyi bilele ne bawosha kudi bamfumu ba ekleziya bena Angleterre. Pashishe Tunstall wakashintulula ngenzelu. Wakumvuangana ne ngenda-mushinga kampanda muena dîna dia Augustine Packington bua kusumba mikanda kayi yonso mifunda kudi Tyndale, pa kukonga ne Dipungila Dipiadipia, bua kuyosha. Bakumvuangana pa muanda eu ne Tyndale, uvua Packington mupunge nende dîyi. Mukanda wa Chronicle wa ku Halle udi wamba ne: “Muepiskopo wakapeta mikanda, Packington wakapeta dianyishibua nseke yonso, ne Tyndale wakapeta mfranga. Ndekelu wa bionso pavua Mapungila Mapiamapia makuabu enda atapibua, mikanda yakatshiompoka ne lukasa luonso mu Angleterre.”

Bua tshinyi bamfumu ba ekleziya bakaluisha ne muoyo mubi nunku nkudimuinu wa Tyndale? Pa kumona muvua Vulgate wa mu Latin usua kudimbakaja mifundu minsantu, nkudimuinu wa Tyndale muangatshila ku tshiena-Greke tshia ku tshifundilu wakapatula bua musangu wa kumpala mukenji wa Bible mu muakulu mutokesha bua bena Angleterre. Tshilejilu, Tyndale wakasungula bua kukudimuna muaku wa tshiena-Greke a·gaʹpe bu “dinanga” pamutu pa “luse” mu 1 Kolinto nshapita wa 13. Wakashindamena pa muaku “tshisumbu” pamutu pa “ekleziya” bua kuzangika batendeledi, ki nnzubu miibaka ya bitendelelu nansha. Kadi, bualu bunene buakatonda bamfumu ba ekleziya buakalua pakapingaja Tyndale muaku “mukulu” pamutu pa “muakuidi” ne pakatumikaye ne “dinyingalala” pamutu pa “kuela konfesiyo,” pa kubudisha nunku bamfumu ba ekleziya bivuabu babikila bu makokeshi abu a buakuidi. David Daniell udi wamba pa bualu ebu ne: “Mpurgatorio kenaku; kakuena diela konfesiyo ne didilengeja. Bishimikidi bibidi bia bubanji ne bukole bua Ekleziya biakuupuka.” (William Tyndale​—A Biography) Au ke mufuno wakenza nkudimuinu wa Tyndale, ne bashikuluji ba lelu badi bitabuja ne dianyisha dionso bujalame bua disungula diende dia miaku.

Anvers, dimupangila, ne lufu luende

Pankatshi pa 1526 ne 1528, Tyndale wakaya ku Anvers, muaba uvuaye mua kupetela bukubi munkatshi mua bangenda-mushinga bena Angleterre. Ku muaba eu wakafunda mikanda eyi ya The Parable of the Wicked Mammon, The Obedience of a Christian Man, ne The Practice of Prelates. Tyndale wakatungunuka ne mudimu wende wa dikudimuna ne uvua wa kumpala ku ditumika ne dîna dia Nzambi, Yehowa, mu nkudimuinu wa mu anglais wa Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu. Dîna edi didi dimuenekamu misangu mipite pa 20.

Patshivua Tyndale musombe ne mulunda wende ne mumuenzedi wa bilenga Thomas Poyntz ku Anvers, uvua mukubibue ku bitungu bia Wolsey ne batentekedi bende. Wakalua kumanyibua bikole bua ditabalela diende dia babedi ne bapele. Panyima, muena Angleterre Henry Phillips wakalua kudibuejakaja ne budimu buonso mu malu masokome a Tyndale. Bu tshipeta, mu 1535, Tyndale wakapangidibua ne kuyabu nende ku Nzubu munene wa Vilvorde, kilometre 10 ku Nord wa Bruxelles. Wakakuatshibua muaba eu bua ngondo 16.

Eu wakakosa Phillips mishiku ki mmujadikibue, kadi munu mmufunkuna buludiludi kudi Muepiskopo Stokesley, eu uvua tshikondo atshi muditue bikole mu diosha “batontolodi” ku Londres. Pa bulalu buende kumpala kua kufuaye mu 1539, Stokesley “wakasanka muvuaye munkatshi mua matuku ende a muoyo muoshe batontolodi makumi atanu,” ke mudi W. J. Heaton wamba mu mukanda wa The Bible of the Reformation. Mu bungi abu muvua William Tyndale, eu wakafiekelabu mu nshingu kumpala kua kuoshabu mubidi wende munkatshi mua bantu mu Kasuamansense 1536.

Bashikuluji bena teoloji basatu bafumine ku Université wa Louvain wa bena Katolike, muaba uvua Phillips mulongele, bavua mu tshisumbu tshiakalumbuluisha Tyndale. Bamfumu basatu balongeshi ba mêyi ne mikandu bia Ekleziya bafumine ku Louvain ne bepiskopo basatu pamue ne banene bakuabu bavuapu kabidi bua kumona Tyndale mupiishibue bua butontolodi ne ushiya mudimu wende wa bu-nsaserdose. Buonso bakasanka bua lufu luende pakavuaye ne bidimu bu 42.

“Tyndale,” ke muakamba mufundi wa malu a pa nsombelu wa bantu Robert Demaus kukadi bidimu bipite pa lukama, “uvua misangu yonso mutambe kumanyibua bua muoyo wende muakane ukena buôwa.” Kudi John Frith, mukuatshishanganyi nende wa mudimu wakuoshabu ku Londres kudi Stokesley, Tyndale wakafunda ne: “Katshia tshiena mushintulule tshikosoluedi tshia muaku nansha tshimue tshia dîyi dia Nzambi bua kuondo kanyi ka muoyo kakavu kupiishibua, ne tshiena mua kuenza nanku lelu’eu, nansha biampeshabu bionso bidi pa buloba, né mmasanka, né mbunême, anyi mabanji.”

Ke mushindu wakafila William Tyndale muoyo wende bua disanka dia mudimu dia kupetesha bena Angleterre Bible uvuabu mua kumvua kakuyi lutatu. Mmushingapu kayi wakafutaye​—kadi ndipa kayipu dikena kutua mushinga!

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Kazubu mu dibeji 29]

NKUDIMUINU YA KUMPALAMPALA

DIJINGA dia Tyndale bua kupeta nkudimuinu wa Bible mu muakulu mumanyibue kudi bantu kadivua dipange meji anyi dipange nshindamenu. Nkudimuinu wa mu anglais wa kale ukavua muenjibue mu siekele wa dikumi. Bible mitapa mikudimuna biangatshile ku Latin ikavua miende kakuyi dikandikibua ku Mputu ku ndekelu wa siekele wa 15: mu allemand (1466), italien (1471), fransé (1474), tchèque (1475), néerlandais (1477), ne catalan (1478). Mu 1522, Martin Luther wakapatula Dipungila Dipiadipia diende mu allemand. Tshionso tshivua Tyndale usua kumanya tshivua bua tshinyi kabavua mua kupetesha Angleterre dianyisha bua kuenzaye pende nunku.

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua bimfuanyi mu dibeji 26]

Bible mu musokoko: © The British Library Board; William Tyndale: ku dianyisha dilenga dia Mulombodi, ba-profesere ne bashikuluji ba ku Hertford College, Oxford