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  • Tshitupa tshibidi—Mushindu wakatufikila Bible

Kakuena filme nansha umue mu tshitupa etshi to.

Tshilema ntshienzeke mu diambula dia filme.

  • Tshitupa tshibidi—Mushindu wakatufikila Bible
  • Tshibumba tshia Nsentedi tshidi tshimanyisha Bukalenge bua Yehowa—1997
  • Tumitu tua bualu
  • Bintu bia muomumue
  • Mpanda-njila udi umueneka
  • Ekleziya udi usombuela
  • Buenzeji bukole bua dipatula dia mikanda
  • William Tyndale ne Bible wa mu Anglais
  • Dikebulula didi difila ngumvuilu mutambe kutoka
  • Tyndale udi ukudimuna Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu
  • Badi bakandika Tyndale ne Bible wende
  • William Tyndale: Muntu wa lungenyi lutue
    Tshibumba tshia Nsentedi tshidi tshimanyisha Bukalenge bua Yehowa—1995
  • Katupa ka filme wa Bavua banange Bible bikole (William Tyndale)
    Biena-bualu bikuabu
  • Bavua banange Bible bikole
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  • Udi munange Dîyi dia Nzambi bikole anyi?
    Mabeji a tshisangilu tshia Nsombelu ne mudimu wetu wa buena Kristo—2019
Tangila bikuabu
Tshibumba tshia Nsentedi tshidi tshimanyisha Bukalenge bua Yehowa—1997
w97 15/9 dib. 25-29

Tshitupa tshibidi​—Mushindu wakatufikila Bible

Ndimi ya kapia yakalunduka bikole nangananga pakasakidilabu minga mishiki mu tshikutu tshia kapia kavua kakungula. Kadi aka kakavua kapia ka pa tshibidilu nansha. Tshikutu tshia kapia etshi bavua batshisonsola ne kopi ya Bible eku bansaserdose ne bakuabu banene babu bimane babandila. Kadi pa kusumba Bible bua kuyibutula, muepiskopo wa mu Londres, kayi mumanye, wakambuluisha mukudimunyi William Tyndale, pa kumupesha mfranga bua kupatula mikanda mikuabu!

Ntshinyi tshiakafikisha ku disungabala dia nunku ku nseke yonso ibidi ya baluanganyi? Mu nimero mushale, tuvua bamone muyuki wa dipatula dia Bible ku ndekelu kua tshikondo tshia Moyen Âge. Mpindieu tudi bafike ku ntuadijilu kua tshikondo tshipiatshipia tshikavua mukenji ne bukokeshi bua Dîyi dia Nzambi pa kuikala ne buenzeji bukole mu bantu.

Mpanda-njila udi umueneka

John Wycliffe, mushikuluji munemeka bikole mu Oxford, ne bukole buonso wakayisha ne kufunda malu mikale apisha bilele bia Ekleziya Katolike bivua kabiyi bia mu Bible, pa kuashila mêyi ende pa ‘mukenji wa Nzambi,’ mbuena kuamba ne: Bible. Wakatuma balongi bende, bena Lollard, mu bimenga bionso bia mu Angleterre bua kuyisha mukenji wa mu Bible mu Anglais kudi muntu yonso uvua ujinga kuteleja. Kumpala kua kufuaye mu 1384, wakatuadija dikudimuna dia Bible kumbusha mu Latin kutuma mu Anglais wa mu matuku ende.

Ekleziya wakapeta tubingila tua bungi bua kujebula Wycliffe. Tshia kumpala, wakapisha bamfumu ba ekleziya bua diela kalela diabu ne ngikadilu wa buenzavi. Kusakidila apu, bavule ba ku bavua bakatshila Wycliffe bakanyanga malongesha ende bua kubingisha buntomboji buabu buenza ne bia-mvita. Bamfumu ba ekleziya bakadiula Wycliffe, too ne panyima pa lufu luende, nansha muvuaye katshia kayi mukankamije dijukila kuulu dia tshimvundu.

Mu mukanda mukuabu mufundila Pape Jean XXIII mu 1412, Muepiskopo-mukulu Arundel wakakula bua “muinende John Wycliffe, muntu wa kujebula ne mubutudianganyi, kayi kuvuluka mu mushindu muimpe, muana au wa nyoka wa kale, muena lubuku mene ne muana wa muluishi wa Kristo.” Bua koya disonguela diende, Arundel wakafunda ne: “Bua kuuja tshipiminu tshia bubi buende, wakela meji bua dienza dia lukasa dia nkudimuinu mupiamupia wa mifundu mu muakulu wa ku tshilelelu.” Bushuwa, tshiakatamba kujula luonji lua bamfumu ba ekleziya tshivua tshia se: Wycliffe uvua musue kupesha bantu Bible mu muakulu wabu wa nsungasunga.

Nansha nanku, bantu bakese bende lumu ke bakapeta Mifundu mu miakulu ivuaku. Umue wa kudibu uvua Anne wa ku Bohême, wakaselabu kudi Mukalenge Richard II wa mu Angleterre mu 1382. Uvua ne nkudimuinu ya mu Anglais ya Wycliffe ya Evanjeliyo, yakalongaye ne tshisumi tshionso. Pakaluaye mukalenge-mukaji, mmuenenu wende mulenga wakambuluisha bua kutua tshipatshila tshia Bible nyama ku mikolo​—ne ki ng’anu mu Angleterre nkayamu. Anne wakakankamija balongi ba mu Université wa ku Prague mu Bohême bua kulua ku Oxford. Kuine aku ne musangelu wonso bakalonga mikanda ya Wycliffe, kuangatabu imue ya kudiyi kuya nayi ku Prague. Lumu lua malongesha a Wycliffe mu Université wa ku Prague luakambuluisha pashishe bu dikunji bua Jan Hus, eu wakalonga ne ku ndekelu kulongeshaye kuine aku. Hus wakenza nkudimuinu mupepele bua kubala wa mu tshiena-Tchèque muangatshila mu nkudimuinu wa tshiena-Slavon tshia kale. Madikolela ende akakankamija bantu bonso bua kutumika ne Bible mu Bohême ne mu matunga a ku mutumba.

Ekleziya udi usombuela

Bamfumu ba ekleziya bavua kabidi bakuatshile Wycliffe ne Hus tshiji bua dilongesha ne: “mifundu kayiyi miengulula,” Mifundu ya ku ntuadijilu mienzeja ku spiritu, kayiyi ne tshinga tshintu tshisakidila, ivua ne bukenji butambe bunene kupita “mumvuija a mu tshikoso,” mumvuija a kale ne mafue, adi ku mielelu kua Bible mianyisha kudi ekleziya. Mukenji kauyi muengulula wa Dîyi dia Nzambi ke uvua bayishi aba bajinga bua kutangalaja mu bantu.

Bashima bu bamulaye bukubi, bakadinga Hus mu dilua kumpala kua Tshipangu tshia bamfumu ba Ekleziya Katolike tshia mu Constance, ku Allemagne mu 1414, bua kubingisha mmuenenu yende. Tshipangu etshi tshivua tshienza ne bansaserdose, bepiskopo ne ba-kardinale, bonso basanga bantu 2 933. Hus wakanyisha bua kulekela bu Mifundu mua kujadika bubi bua malongesha ende. Bua bena mu tshipangu atshi, tshilumbu katshivua atshi nansha. Diyobola diende dia bukokeshi buabu divua kabingila kakumbane bua buobu kumuoshila ku mutshi mu 1415, pavuaye usambila ne dîyi dikole.

Tshine tshipangu atshi tshiakenza tshidingishilu tshia ndekelu bua kupisha ne kupenda John Wycliffe pa kutuma dîyi ne: badi ne bua kupatula mifuba yende mu lukita mu Angleterre ne kuyosha. Muanda eu uvua mubi mutambe mu mushindu wa se: kabakaukumbaja too ne mu 1428 ku dilomba dia pape. Kadi bu pa tshibidilu, buluishi bukole bua nunku kabuakatekesha lukunukunu lua banangi ba bulelela. Kadi buakakolesha dipangadika diabu dia kupatula Dîyi dia Nzambi.

Buenzeji bukole bua dipatula dia mikanda

Pabuipi ne 1450, bidimu 35 patupu kunyima kua lufu lua Hus, Johannes Gutenberg wakatuadija kututa mikanda mu Allemagne ku mashinyi. Mudimu wende munene wa kumpala uvua wa dipatula dia nkudimuinu wa Vulgate, mu Latin, mujikija bu mu 1455. Pabuipi ne 1495 Bible mujima anyi tshitupa ukavua mupatuke mu tshiena-Allemagne, Mfualansa, tshiena-Tchèque, tshiena-Hollande, tshiena-Ebelu, tshiena-Catalogne, tshiena-Greke, tshiena-Espagne, tshiena-Slavon, tshiena-Portugal, ne mu tshiena-Serbie​—bilondangana anu nanku.

Desiderius Erasmus (Érasme), mushikuluji muena Hollande, wakapatula nkudimuinu mujima wa kumpala wa mifundu ya tshiena-Greke mu 1516. Érasme wakajinga se: Mifundu “ikale mikudimuna mu miakulu yonso ya bantu.” Kadi, wakelakana bua kubenga kuteka lumu luende mu njiwu pa kudikudimuinayi nkayende. Nansha nanku, bakuabu bakalonda panyima bavua mua kuikala ne dikima divule. William Tyndale uvua musunguluke munkatshi mua bantu aba.

William Tyndale ne Bible wa mu Anglais

Tyndale uvua mulongele ku Oxford ne bu mu 1521 wakalua kua Muena muabu John Walsh bu mulongeshi wa bana. Mêba a didia, nsongalume Tyndale uvua misangu yonso ku mesa atubu badila biakudia a kua Walsh, welangana mpata ne bamfumu ba ekleziya ba muaba au. Tyndale mu bulelela buonso uvua utshimuna mmuenenu yabu pa kubulula Bible ne kubaleja mifundu. Pashishe, dîku dia Walsh diakatuishibua bua tshivua Tyndale wamba, ne kabatshivua batamba kubikila bamfumu ba bitendelelu, ne bavua babakidila ne musangelu mukese. Bu pa tshibidilu, muanda eu wakasaka kabidi bamfumu ba bitendelelu bua kuluisha Tyndale ne mitabuja ende.

Dimue edi mu dikokangana kampanda, umue wa ku baluishi ba Tyndale mu malu a Nzambi wakamba ne: “Mbitambe buimpe kupanga mikenji ya Nzambi pamutu pa ya Pape.” Elabi meji bua ditabuja dikole dia Tyndale pakandamunaye ne: “Ndi mpepeja Pape ne mikenji yende yonso. Bu Nzambi mua kundama ne muoyo, bidimu kabiyi bianji kuvula kumpala eku nengenze bua nsongalume mupushi wa tshikasu tshia ngombe amanye Mifundu bikole kunupita nuenu.” Dipangadika dia Tyndale diakakola bobobo. Pashishe wakafunda ne: “Mvua mujingulule ku diambuluisha dia malu mamona mushindu uvuabi bikole bua kujadika bena ditabuja mu bulelela buonso, pa kumbusha mufundu muteka patoke kumpala kuabu mu muakulu wabu wa ku tshilelelu, bua bamone bualu bunene bua mu mifundu, dilondangana ne diumvuija diayi.”

Musangu au, kakuvua Bible nansha umue ukavua mupatuke mu Anglais. Nenku mu 1523, Tyndale wakaya ku Londres bua kulomba dianyisha dia kudi Muepiskopo Tunstall bua mudimu wa dikudimuna. Bakamuipata, kumbukaye ku Angleterre bua kutungunuka ne tshipatshila tshiende, kavua mua kupinganaku kabidi. Mu Cologne, ku Allemagne, biro biende bia kumpala bia ditutshila mikanda bivua binyanga, ne Tyndale kupandaye buoya mu tshibale, muikale ne amue a ku mabeji a mushinga mukole kaayi makuatakaja. Kadi ku Worms, mu Allemagne, kopi mipite pa 3 000 ya “Dipungila [diende] Dipiadipia” dia mu Anglais yakajika. Bakayituma ku Angleterre ne kubangabu kuyabanya kuine aku ku ntuadijilu kua 1526. Imue ya ku yoyi eyi ivua Bible yakasumba Muepiskopo Tunstall ne kuyoshaye, ne kayi mumanye, kuambuluishaye Tyndale bua kutungunuka ne mudimu wende!

Dikebulula didi difila ngumvuilu mutambe kutoka

Bushuwa se: Tyndale wakanyisha mudimu wende. Anu bu mudi mukanda kampanda (The Cambridge History of the Bible) ubileja: “Mufundu wakamuvuija muena disanka, ne kudi tshintu kampanda tshia lukasa ne tshidi tshituila muîsu mu tshikuma tshidi tshiumvuija disanka diende.” Tshipatshila tshia Tyndale tshivua tshia kulekela Mifundu yakula ne muntu yonso mu mêyi majalame ne mapepele. Malonga ende avua amuleja diumvuija dia miaku ya mu Bible ivua mikale mibuikila mu malongesha a ekleziya munkatshi mua siekele mivule. Kayi muenzeja né nkudi mikanu ya lufu nansha kudi mifundu minyanguke ya muluishi wende wa bukole Muena muabu Thomas More, Tyndale wakela bipeta biende mu nkudimuinu wende.

Mu dienza mudimu biangatshile ku tshiena-Greke tshia ku ntuadijilu tshia mifundu ya Érasme pamutu pa Latin, Tyndale wakasungula “dinanga” pamutu pa “luse” bua kufila bimpe menemene diumvuija dia muaku wa tshiena-Greke a·gaʹpe. Wakatumika kabidi ne “tshisumbu” pa muaba wa “ekleziya,” “kunyingalala” pamutu pa “kuela konfesiyo,” ne “bakulu” pamutu pa “bakuidi.” (1 Kolinto 13:1-3; Kolosai 4:15, 16; Luka 13:3, 5; 1 Timote 5:17, Tyndale) Makajilula aa avua abumbula bukokeshi bua ekleziya ne bilele bia kabukulu bia bitendelelu, bu mudi diela konfesiyo kumpala kua bansaserdose.

Bia muomumue Tyndale wakanyisha muaku “dibiishibua,” kubengaye mpurgatoriyo ne dikala ne dimanya dia malu kunyima kua lufu bu malongesha adi kaayi a mu Bible. Bua bafue, wakafundila More ne: “Mu dibateka mu diulu, mu inferno, ne mu mpurgatoriyo, [udi] ushipa bijadiki bidi Kristo ne Paulo bakajadika nabi dibiishibua.” Mu muanda eu, Tyndale wakatela bua Matayo 22:30-32 ne 1 Kolinto 15:12-19. Mu bujalame buonso wakafika ku ditabuja ne: bafue badi bashala kabayi bamanye bualu too ne ku dibiishibua dia mu matuku atshilualua. (Musambu 146:4; Muambi 9:5; Yone 11:11, 24, 25) Ebi biakumvuija ne: ndongoluelu mujima wa masambila matuma kudi Mariya ne “bansantu” kavua ne mushinga to, bualu mu ngikadilu wabu wa dibenga kuikala ne dimanya kabavua nansha mua kumvua peshi kuakuilangana.

Tyndale udi ukudimuna Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu

Mu 1530, Tyndale wakapatula Pantateke, mikanda itanu ya kumpala ya Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu. Nenku wakalua muntu wa kumpala wakakudimuna Bible mu Anglais wangatshila diakamue mu tshiena-Ebelu. Tyndale uvua kabidi mukudimunyi wa kumpala wa bena Angleterre wakatumika ne dîna dia Yehowa. David Daniell, mushikuluji wa mu Londres udi ufunda ne: “Bushuwa bivua ne bua kuikala bikemeshe babadi ba Tyndale nangananga bua muvua dîna dia Nzambi disokolola mu mushindu mupiamupia.”

Mu madikolela ende bua kufika ku butoke, Tyndale wakatumika ne miaku mishilangane ya mu Anglais bua kukudimuna muaku umuepele wa mu tshiena-Ebelu. Nansha nanku, wakatamba kulonda nsuikilu wa miaku ya tshiena-Ebelu. Tshipeta tshidi tshikuba bukole buinenke bua tshiena-Ebelu. Yeye muine wakamba ne: “Ngikadilu misunguluke ya muakulu wa tshiena-Ebelu idi yumvuangana bikole misangu tshinunu ne Anglais kupita ne Latin. Ngakuilu mmufuanangane bikole; mu mushindu wa se: mu miaba tshinunu, bidi anu bikulomba patupu bua kukudimuna mu Anglais, muaku ku muaku.”

Dipetangana edi diashila nangananga pa miaku diakalengeja nkudimuinu wa Tyndale ne biambilu bia tshiena-Ebelu. Bimue bia kudibi bidi ne bua kuikala bimueneke anu bienyi ku dibala dia kumpala. Pabi, ndekelu wa bionso bantu bakalua kuibidilangana ne Bible eu, mu mushindu wa se: bivule bia ku biambilu ebi bidi mpindieu mu muakulu wa Anglais. Bilejilu ebi bidi bitangila “a man after his own heart” (muntu mumvuangane ne mutshima wende) (bu mudi mu 1 Samuele 13:14), “passover” (pasaka), ne “scapegoat” (mbuji mupuila mibi). Kupita pine apu, babadi ba Bible wa mu Anglais bakibidilangana nenku ne ngenyi ya tshiena-Ebelu, ibapesha busunguluji butambe buimpe mu Mifundu mienzeja ku spiritu.

Badi bakandika Tyndale ne Bible wende

Kupeta mushindu wa kubala Dîyi dia Nzambi mu muakulu wa muntu ne muntu kuvua kufila disanka. Bantu ba mu Angleterre bakanyisha pa kusumba Bible yonso ivuabu mua kuikala babueje mu ditunga mu musokoko, mifutshika mu makuba a bilamba anyi mu bintu bikuabu. Pine apu, bamfumu ba ekleziya bakela meji bua dijimija kadiyi kuepuka dia muaba wabu bu bantu mua kuangata Bible bu bukokeshi bunene. Pa nanku, nsombelu wakatamba kulua muanda wa lufu anyi wa muoyo bua mukudimunyi ne bamukuatshishi bende.

Mulondakaja misangu ne misangu kudi Ekleziya ne Mbulamatadi, Tyndale wakatungunuka ne kuenza mudimu mu musokoko mu Anvers, ku Belgique. Kabidi, uvua upitshisha matuku abidi ku lumingu mu dienza tshiakabikilaye ne: dipata diende dia dîba​—wambuluisha bena tshimuangi bakuabu ba mu Angleterre, bapele, ne babedi. Wakatula tshitupa tshinene tshia lupetu luende mu mushindu’eu. Kumpala kua kukudimunaye tshitupa tshia ndekelu tshia Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu, bakatungila Tyndale tshitungu bua mfranga kudi muena mu Angleterre kampanda, uvua mudienze bu mulunda wende. Bakamushipela mu Vilvorde, ku Belgique mu 1536. Mêyi ende a bukole a ndekelu avua se: “Mfumu! bulula mêsu a Mukalenge wa Angleterre.”

Bu mu 1538, Mukalenge Henry VIII bua tubingila tuende nkayende, wakatuma dîyi ne: bateke Bible mu ekleziya yonso mu Angleterre. Nansha muvuabu kabayi bangate Tyndale bu muyifundi, nkudimuinu wakasungulabu uvua mu mishindu yonso wende yeye. Nunku’eu mukanda wa Tyndale wakamanyika bikole ne kuunangabu mu mushindu wa se: “wakajadika ngikadilu wa nshindamenu wa mivule ya ku nkudimuinu yakalonda pashishe” ya mu Anglais. (The Cambridge History of the Bible) Bakatentula bia pa lukama bu 90 bia nkudimuinu wa Tyndale mu wa King James Version wa mu 1611.

Kupeta Bible bipepele kuvua kumvuija dishintuluka dinene bua Angleterre. Dikokangana dienza pa Bible miteka mu ekleziya mivule diakalunduka bikole mu mushindu wa se: misangu mikuabu divua dipumbishisha masangisha a ekleziya! “Bantu bakulumpe bakalonga mua kubala bua kumonabu mua kufika diakamue ku Dîyi dia Nzambi, ne bana bakalamata bakulu babu bua kuteleja.” (A Concise History of the English Bible) Tshikondo atshi didiunda dia dikema diakenzeka kabidi mu diabanya dia Bible mu matunga makuabu ne miakulu ya ku Mputu. Kadi ditangalaka dia Bible mu Angleterre divua ne bua kuikala ne buenzeji pa buloba bujima. Mmunyi muakenzekabi? Ne mmunyi mudi masokolola makuabu ne makebulula mikale ne buenzeji pa Bible itudi tutumika nayi lelu’eu? Netujikije muyuki wetu ne tshiena-bualu tshialonda tshidi tshiakula anu bua bualu bumue ebu.

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 26]

“Dipungila Dipiadipia” dia Tyndale dia mu 1526​—ke kopi umue mujima mumanyike wakapanduka ku ndimi ya kapia

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

© The British Library Board

[Tablo/​Bimfuanyi mu mabeji 26, 27]

(Bua kumona malu bimpe, tangila mu mukanda)

Matuku manene mu disambuluja dia Bible

Bikondo bietu

Bible wa Wycliffe mutuadija (Kumpala kua 1384)

1400

Hus mushipa mu 1415

Bible wa kumpala mufunda bu mu 1455

1500

Nkudimuinu ya kumpala mituta ku biamu mu miakulu ya ku tshilelelu

Mifundu ya Érasme ya tshiena-Greke mu 1516

“Dipungila Dipiadipia” dia Tyndale mu 1526

Tyndale mushipa mu 1536

Henry VIII udi utuma dîyi bua bateke Bible mu Ekleziya mu 1538

1600

Nkudimuinu wa King James Version 1611

[Bimfuanyi]

Wycliffe

Hus

Tyndale

Henry VIII

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