Yeruzaleme mu bikondo bifundilebu Bible​—Ntshinyi tshidi dilonga dia bintu bia kale disokolola?

MIDIMU minene idi ikoka ntema ya dilonga dia bintu bia kale mmienzeke mu Yeruzaleme, nangananga kumbukila mu 1967. Miaba mivule ya bintu bikalula mu buloba mmiunzuluila mpindieu bantu, pa nanku tuanjayi kukumbula imue ya ku yoyi ne tumone mudi dilonga dia bintu bia kale dipetangana ne muyuki wa mu Bible.

Yeruzaleme wa Mukalenge Davidi

Tshitupa tshidi Bible utela bu Mukuna wa Siyona, pa muaba uvuabu base Tshimenga tshia Davidi, tshidi tshimueneka bu tshidi tshitambe bukese mu tshimenga tshialabale tshia Yeruzaleme wa lelu. Diumbula dia bintu mu buloba mu Tshimenga tshia Davidi, dilombola pankatshi pa 1978-85 kudi profesere ufuile, Yigal Shiloh, diakasokolola ngibakilu munene wa mabue malondangane, peshi tshimanu tshikuatshishi, ku luseke lua ku Est wa mukuna eu.

Profesere Shiloh wakamba ne: bivua ne bua kuikala bishadile bia ku tshishimikidi tshinene tshia bimanu bilondangane pa muaba uvua bena Yebuse (bavuamu kumpala kua Davidi kukuataye musoko) biibake nzubu mukolesha. Wakumvuija ne: ngibakilu eu wa mabue malondangane wakasanganaye pa mutu pa bimanu ebi bilondangane uvua tshitupa tshia tshimenga tshikolesha tshipiatshipia tshiibaka kudi Davidi pa muaba wa nzubu eu mukolesha wa bena Yebuse. Mu 2 Samuele 5:9 (MMM), tudi tubala ne: “Davide kusomba mu tshimenga tshikolesha, kutshinyikaye ne: tshimenga tshia Davide. Kutshinyungululaye ne bimana, biangatshile ku Milo, kuibakaye kabidi nzubu munda muatshio.”

Pabuipi ne ngibakilu eu kuvua bibueledi bia ndongoluelu ya kale ya mâyi ya tshimenga, miaba idi imueneka bu ya mu tshikondo tshia Davidi. Bimue biambilu bia mu Bible bua ndongoluelu wa njila wa mâyi wa muinshi mua buloba wa mu Yeruzaleme mmujudije nkonko. Tshilejilu, Davidi wakambila basadidi bende ne: “Pikala muntu musue kushipa bena Yebuse, ayile njila wa mayi bua kufika” kudi baluishi. (2 Samuele 5:8, MMM) Ke tshiakenza Yoaba, mfumu wa basalayi ba Davidi. “Njila wa mayi” udi umvuija tshinyi menemene?

Nkonko mikuabu yakajuka bua Njila wa muinshi mua buloba muende lumu wa Siloame, uvua pamu’apa mumbula kudi bamanyi ba mudimu ba Mukalenge Hezikiya mu siekele wa muanda-mukulu K.B.B. ne mutela mu 2 Bakelenge 20:20 ne mu 2 Kulondolola 32:30. Mmunyi muvua bisumbu bibidi bia benji ba njila ya muinshi mua buloba, bumbula ku nseke ibidi mishilangane, mua kulongolola bua buobu kutuilangana? Bua tshinyi bakasungula kajila kakonyangale, pa kuvuija njila eu wa muinshi mua buloba mule menemene kupita njila mululame? Mmunyi muvuabu bapete bungi bukumbane bua lupepele lua kueyela, nangananga bu muvuabu ne bua kuikala pamu’apa batumike ne miendu idi itema ne kasolonyi?

Tshikandakanda kampanda (Biblical Archaeology Review) ntshifile mandamuna adi mua kuakanyina ku nkonko bu nunku. Mbatele mêyi a Dan Gill, mumanyi wa malu a bia mu buloba wakebejabu bua diumbula edi dia bintu mu buloba, wamba ne: “Muinshi mua Tshimenga tshia Davidi mudi tshibuebue tshia ku tshifukilu tshilongolola bimpe. Karst (tshibuebue) mmuaku wa bamanyi ba malu a bia mu buloba udi umvuija muaba wa bibungubungu, mbinga ne njila ya mâyi mienza kudi mâyi a muinshi mua buloba padiwu abuela ne apueka mu milongolongo ya mbuebue ya muinshi mua buloba. . . . Dikonkonona dietu dia dimanya dia malu a bia mu buloba dia bilaminu bia mâyi bia muinshi mua Tshimenga tshia Davidi didi dileja ne: bivua bipempa nangananga ku didiundisha dia bantu bena nzanzu dia njila ya mâyi ya ku tshifukilu (karstique) ne mbungulu ivua mibueja mu ndongoluelu ya bilaminu bia mâyi ivua ikuata mudimu.”

Ebi bidi mua kuambuluisha bua kumvuija muakumbulabu Njila wa muinshi mua buloba wa Siloame. Uvua mua kuikala mulonde luponda lukonyangale lua njila wa mâyi wa ku tshifukilu muinshi mua mukuna. Bisumbu bivua bienza mudimu ku luseke luonso bivua mua kuikala biumbule njila wa mâyi wa tshimpitshimpi pa kushintulula mbinga ya muinshi mua buloba ivuaku. Pashishe bakumbula njila mupulumuke bua mâyi kupuekawu umbukila ku mpokolo wa Gihona too ne ku Dijiba dia Siloame, divua pamu’apa disanganyibua munda mua bimanu bia tshimenga. Ebi bivua tshienzedi tshilelela tshia dimanya-kuenza bu mudi dishilangana dia butumbuke pankatshi pa nseke ibidi dikale dia santimetre 32 patupu, nansha mudi bule buende buikale bua metre 533.

Bashikuluji mbitabe katshia kuonso eku ne: mpokolo munene wa mâyi wa mu tshimenga tshia kale uvua mpokolo wa Gihona. Uvua usanganyibua pambelu pa bimanu bia tshimenga kadi muikale pabuipi menemene bua kupetesha mushindu wa kumbula njila wa muinshi mua buloba ne tshina tshiondoke tshia metre 11, bivua ne bua kuambuluisha bena mu tshimenga bua kusuna mâyi kakuyi dipatuka pambelu pa bimanu bikubi. Tshina etshi ntshimanyike bu Tshina tshia Warren, tshinyika dîna dia Charles Warren, wakasokolola ndongoluelu eu mu 1867. Kadi ntshikondo kayi tshiakenzabu njila eu wa muinshi mua buloba pamue ne tshina etshi? Bivuaku mu tshikondo tshia Davidi anyi? Eu ke njila wa mâyi wa muinshi mua buloba wakatumika nende Yoaba anyi? Dan Gill udi wandamuna se: “Bua kuteta bikala Tshina tshia Warren tshikale bushuwa bibungubungu bia ku tshifukilu, tuakakonkonona bitupa bishile bia pambidi pa tshibuebue bivua ku bimanu biatshi bikale ne binabina bua carbone-14. Katshivua ne carbone-14 nansha mukese, bileja ne: bitupa bishile ebi bidi ne bidimu bipite pa 40 000: Ebi bidi bifila tshijadiki tshikena kuela mpata tshia se: tshina atshi katshivua mua kuikala tshiumbula kudi muntu.”

Bishadile bia mu tshikondo tshia Hezikiya

Mukalenge Hezikiya uvuaku pavua tshisamba tshia Assyrie tshienda tshikuata bintu bionso mu njila watshi. Mu tshidimu tshisambombo tshia bukokeshi buende, bena Assyrie bakakuata Samariya, tshimenga tshinene tshia bukalenge bua bisa dikumi. Panyima pa bidimu muanda-mukulu (732 K.B.B.) bena Assyrie bakalukila kabidi, e kuteka Yuda ne Yeruzaleme mu njiwu. Kulondolola muibidi 32:1-8 udi uleja lungenyi lua Hezikiya lua didikuba. Kudiku bijadiki kampanda bidi bimueneka bia mu tshikondo etshi anyi?

Eyowa, mu 1969, Profesere Nahman Avigad wakasokolola bishadile bia mu tshine tshikondo etshi. Diumbula dia bintu mu buloba diakasokolola tshitupa tshia tshimanu tshinene, tshitupa tshia kumpala tshikale ne metre 40 mu bule, metre 7 mu butshiama, ne, bilondeshile matshinkakaja, metre 8 mu butumbuke. Tshimanu tshivua tshisanganyibua luseke lumue pa tshishimikidi tshia mabue lukuabu pa nzubu itshivuabu bafumina ku diibaka. Nnganyi uvua muibake tshimanu etshi ne mmu tshikondo kayi? “Mvese ibidi ya mu Bible yakambuluisha Avigad bua kujadika tshikondo ne tshipatshila tshia tshimanu etshi,” ke mudi tshikandakanda kampanda tshia dilonga dia bintu bia kale tshilonda. Tudi tubala mvese eyi ne: “[Wakakolesha] muoyo, kulongololaye miaba ya tshimanu ivuabo bupule. Kuasaye tuleya pa mutu pa tshimana, kuibakisha tshimana tshibidi pambelu.” (2 Kulondolola 32:5, MMM) “Nenupule kabidi nzubu bua kuvuija tshimanu katshiyi kupeta.” (Yeshaya 22:10, NW) Lelu’eu bakumbudi badi mua kumona tshitupa tshia tshidibu babikila ne: Tshimanu tshia mupimbu munene etshi mu Kartié ka bena Yuda ka mu Tshimenga tshia Kale.

Diumbula miaba kabukabu didi kabidi disokolola ne: Yeruzaleme wa mu tshikondo atshi uvua mualabale kupita muvuaye muelele meji too ne mu tshikondo etshi, pamu’apa bua divula dia bena tshimuangi bafumine ku bukalenge bua ku Nord panyima pa bamane kubutshimuna kudi bena Assyrie. Profesere Shiloh wakatshinka ne: tshimenga tshia bena Yebuse tshivua tshiangata tshitupa tshia hektare mitue ku isambombo. Mu tshikondo tshia Solomo tshiakangata hektare pabuipi ne 16. Panyima pa bidimu 300, mu tshikondo tshia Mukalenge Hezikiya, tshitupa tshikolesha tshia tshimenga tshivua tshidiunde ne hektare mitue ku 60.

Nkita ya mu tshikondo tshia Ntempelo wa Kumpala

Nkita ya mu tshikondo tshia Ntempelo wa Kumpala, mmuomumue ne: kumpala kua bena Babilone kubutulabu Yeruzaleme mu 607 K.B.B., ivua mpokolo mukuabu wa mamanyisha. Bakasokolola bintu bidi bikemesha pakumbulabu tshisumbu tshia menà a dijikilangana pa mpulumuku ya Tshibanda tshia Hinoma mu 1979/80. “Mu muyuki wonso wa bukebuludi bua dilonga dia bintu bia kale mu Yeruzaleme, eu ke umue wa ku miaba mikese ya Ntempelo wa Kumpala uvuabu basangane muikale ne bintu biende bionso. Uvua ne bintu munda bipite pa tshinunu,” ke mudi Gabriel Barkay, muena dilonga dia malu a bintu bia kale, wamba. Udi utungunuka ne: “Ditekemena diondoke dia mumanyi yonso wa dilonga dia bintu bia kale udi utumika mu Izalele, ne nangananga mu Yeruzaleme, ndia kusokolola bintu bifunda.” Bakapeta mivungu mikese ibidi ya tshiamu tshia argent, ivua ne tshinyi munda?

Barkay udi umvuija ne: “Pangakamona kapololo ka tshiamu tshia argent kavungulula ne kateka muinshi mua lumuenu ludi ludiundisha bintu, ngakamona se: pambidi pavua pafunda maleta bilengele, matapa ne tshiamu tshitue pambidi pa kabeji aka ka mupimbu mukese menemene ne kateketangane ka tshiamu tshia argent. . . . Dîna dia Nzambi didi dimueneka bimpe mu bifundu ndienza ne maleta anayi a tshiena-Ebelu mafunda ku tshianza mu tshiena-Ebelu tshia kale, yod-he-waw-he.” Mu mukanda kampanda wa panyima, Barkay udi usakidila ne: “Biakatukemesha bualu tubaya tuonso tua argent tuvua tufunde ne miaku misunguluke ya dibenesha mifuanangane bikole ne Dibenesha dia Bakuidi dia mu Bible.” (Nomba 6:24-26) Eu uvua musangu wa kumpala uvua dîna dia Yehowa disanganyibua mu bifundu bisokolola mu Yeruzaleme.

Mmunyi muvua bashikuluji bajadike tshikondo tshia mivungu eyi ya argent? Nangananga ku nsombelu wa dilonga dia bintu bia kale muvuabu babisokoluele. Bakasangana bintu bipite pa 300 bifumba ne dima mu muaba wa dilamina bintu bidibu mua kumanya tshikondo tshiabi, bifunkuna siekele wa muanda-mutekete ne muisambombo K.B.B. Mfundilu eu, padiye mufuanyikija ne bifundu bikuabu bia kale, udi ufunkuna tshikondo tshimuetshimue. Mivungu eyi mmileja mu Musée wa mu Izalele mu Yeruzaleme.

Kabutu ka Yeruzaleme mu 607 K.B.B.

Bible udi utuambila bua kabutu ka Yeruzaleme mu 607 K.B.B. mu 2 Bakelenge nshapita 25, 2 Kulondolola nshapita 36, ne Yelemiya nshapita 39, ulonda ne: tshiluilu tshia Nebukadnezare tshiakuosha tshimenga. Diumbula bintu mu buloba matuku mashale aa ndijadike muyuki eu wa kale anyi? Bilondeshile Profesere Yigal Shiloh, “tshijadiki [tshia kabutu katuala kudi bena Babilone] mu Bible . . . ntshikumbaja kudi tshijadiki tshitanduke tshia malu a dilonga dia bintu bia kale; kabutu kajima ka ngibakilu kabukabu, ne mudilu munene wakuosha bitupa kabukabu bia mitshi ya nzubu.” Wakela kabidi nseka ne: “Bimanyinu bia kabutu aka mbabisangane mu diumbula ne diumbulula dionso dienza mu Yeruzaleme.”

Bakumbudi badi mua kumona bishadile bia ku kabutu aka kakenzeka kukadi bidimu bipite pa 2 500. Tshibumba tshia Izalele, Tshibambalu Tshiosha, ne Nzubu wa Bikangilu mmêna a miaba mimanyike ya dilonga dia bintu bia kale milama ne miunzuluila bantu. Jane M. Cahill ne David Tarler, bamanyi ba malu a bintu bia kale, badi bakomesha mu mukanda kampanda ne: “Kabutu kanene ka Yeruzaleme katuala kudi bena Babilone kadi kamueneka ki ng’anu mu bishimikidi binene bia butu bua bishadile biumbula mu buloba mu ngibakilu bu mudi Tshibambalu Tshiosha ne Nzubu wa Bikangilu, kadi mu bibundu bia mabue muondoke a nzubu miupula ivuabu basangane mibuikile mpulumuku wa ku Est. Mumvuija a mu Bible a kabutu ka tshimenga . . . adi akumbaja tshijadiki tshia dilonga dia bintu bia kale.”​—Ancient Jerusalem Revealed.

Nenku, tshimfuanyi tshia mu Bible tshia Yeruzaleme kumbukila mu tshikondo tshia Davidi too ne ku kabutu kende mu 607 K.B.B. ntshijadikibue mu mishindu mivule kudi diumbula dia bintu mu buloba bua dilonga dia bintu bia kale dienza mu bidimu 25 bishale. Kadi bidi munyi bua Yeruzaleme wa mu siekele wa kumpala B.B.?

Yeruzaleme mu tshikondo tshia Yezu

Diumbula bintu mu buloba, Bible, Josèphe, mumanyi wa malu a kale muena Yuda, ne mpokolo mikuabu bidi biambuluisha bashikuluji bua kuzola Yeruzaleme wa mu tshikondo tshia Yezu, kumpala kua bena Roma kumubutulabu mu 70 B.B. Batu bakaja pa tshibidilu tshifuanyikijilu tshikese, tshileja kumfundu kua nzubu munene wa tshilala benyi mu Yeruzaleme, bilondeshile tshidi bintu bipiabipia biumbula mu buloba bisokolola. Tshitupa tshinene tshia tshimenga tshivua Mukuna wa Ntempelo, ùvuà Herode mudiundishe misangu ibidi pa kufuanyikija ne eu wa mu tshikondo tshia Solomo. Uvua dibùlà ditambe bunene dia mu bulongolodi bua kale dienza kudi bantu, dikale ne metre matue ku 480 pa metre 280. Amue mabue a nzubu avua ne bujitu bua tone 50, dimue dipatshila mene tone 400 ne “kadiyi kuelekeja mu bunene mu miaba yonso mu bulongolodi bua kale,” bilondeshile mushikuluji umue.

Kabiena bikemesha muakafiika bamue bantu munda pakumvuabu Yezu wamba ne: “Upulayi ntempelo ewu, meme nemmuasulule mu matuku asatu.” Bakela meji ne: uvua wamba nzubu munene wa ntempelo, pabi uvua wamba “ntempelo wa mubidi wende.” Nunku, bakamba ne: “Ntempelo ewu muasa bidimu makumi anayi ne bisambombo, wewe umuibakulule mu matuku asatu?” (Yowanese 2:19-21, Evanjeliyo) Bu tshipeta tshia diumbula dia bintu mu miaba ya pabuipi ne Mukuna wa Ntempelo, bakumbudi badi mua kumona mpindieu bitupa bia bimanu ne mishindu mikuabu ya luibaku ya mu tshikondo tshia Yezu ne badi mene mua kuendela mu makasa avuaye pamu’apa muendele ku biibi bia ntempelo bia ku Sud.

Miaba ibidi ya diumbula dia bintu bia mu siekele wa kumpala B.B., milongolola biakane, mimanyike bu Nzubu Muosha ne Kartié ka Herode, kayena mutantshi mule ne tshimanu tshia ku Ouest tshia Mukuna wa Ntempelo, mu Kartié ka bena Yuda ka mu Tshimenga tshia Kale. Panyima pa disokolola dia Nzubu Muosha, Nahman Avigad, mumanyi wa malu a bintu bia kale wakafunda ne: “Bivua mpindieu bimueneke patoke ne: nzubu eu uvua muosha kudi bena Roma mu 70 T.M. (Tshidimu tshia Mukalenge), mu kabutu ka Yeruzaleme. Bua musangu wa kumpala mu muyuki wa diumbula dia bintu mu buloba mu tshimenga, tshijadiki tshinene ne tshitokesha tshia dilonga dia bintu bia kale tshia diosheka dia tshimenga divua disokolola patoke.”​—Tangila foto mu dibeji dia 12.

Bimue bia ku bintu ebi bisokolola bidi bifila butoke pa amue a ku malu a mu nsombelu wa Yezu. Nzubu eyi ivua isanganyibua mu Tshimenga tshia Ku mutu, muaba uvua babanji ba mu Yeruzaleme basombele, pamue ne bakuidi banene. Bungi buvule bua biowedi bilondeshile bilele biakasanganyibua mu nzubu eyi. Mushikuluji umue udi ubambisha ne: “Bungi buvule bua biowedi budi bujadika dilama dikole dia mikenji ya bilele bia bukezuke bienza kudi bena mu Tshimenga tshia Ku mutu mu tshikondo tshia Ntempelo Muibidi. (Mikenji eyi mmifunda mu Mishnah, udi ufunda bua kalu ne kalu ka nshapita dikumi ka mikveh.)” Dimanyisha edi didi dituambuluisha bua kujingulula mandamuna a Yezu kudi Bafarizeyi ne baskribe pa bilele ebi.​—Matayo 15:1-20; Mâko 7:1-15.

Bakasangana kabidi bungi buvule budi bukemesha bua milondo mienza ne mabue mu Yeruzaleme. Nahman Avigad udi uleja ne: “Pashishe, bua tshinyi biakamueneka diakamue nanku ne mu bungi buvule bu ebu mu nzubu wa Yeruzaleme? Diandamuna ndishindamena pa tshitupa tshia halakhah, mikenji ya bena Yuda ya bilele bia dikezula. Mishnah udi utuambila ne: milondo mienza ne mabue idi munkatshi mua bintu bidi kabiyi bikezuke . . . Dibue kadivua mua kutampakajibua ne bilele.” Lungenyi ludi lufuminaku ludi se: ebi bidi biumvuija bua tshinyi mâyi avua Yezu muandamune mvinyo avua malamina mu milondo mienza ne mabue pamutu pa milondo mienza ne dima.​—Lewitiki 11:33; Yone 2:6.

Dikumbula ku Musée wa mu Izalele nedileje miaba ibidi ikena ya pa tshibidilu ya dilamina mifuba ya bafue. Tshikandakanda kampanda (Biblical Archaeology Review) tshidi tshiumvuija ne: “Bavua batumika ne miaba ya dilamina mifuba nangananga pabuipi ne bidimu lukama bia kumpala kua kabutu ka Yeruzaleme kudi bena Roma mu 70 B.B. . . . Bavua bateka mufue mu buina bumbuila mu tshimanu tshia tshina tshia muinshi mua buloba tshia dijikilangana; panyima pa mubidi mumane kubola, bavua basangisha mifuba ne bayiteka mu tshilaminu tshia mifuba​—tshilaminu tshidibu balaba lupemba lua tshibuebue pa tshibidilu.” Bilaminu bibidi bidi bimueneka ebi bivua bipeta mu Kasuabanga 1990 mu tshina tshia muinshi mua buloba tshia dijikilangana. Zvi Greenhut, mumanyi wa malu a bintu bia kale udi ulonda ne: “Muaku . . . ‘Caiapha’ pa bibidi bia ku bilaminu bia mifuba mu lukita udi umueneka apa bua musangu wa kumpala mu nsombelu wa malu a dilonga dia bintu bia kale. Muaku eu udi pamu’apa dîna dia dîku dia Muakuidi Munene Kayifase, mutela . . . mu Dipungila Dipiadipia . . . Mu nzubu wende wa mu Yeruzaleme ke muakafidilabu Yezu kudi prokirere wa bena Roma Ponsio Pilato.” Tshilaminu tshimue tshivua ne mifuba ya muntu wa bidimu bitue ku 60. Bashikuluji badi bela meji ne: bushuwa eyi mmifuba ya Kayifase. Mushikuluji umue udi uteka bintu biangula ebi mu tshikondo tshia Yezu: “Tshijanja kampanda tshipeta mu tshimue tshia ku bilaminu bikuabu bia mifuba tshivua tshifumba kudi Herode Agrippa (37-44 B.B.). Bilaminu ebi bibidi bia mifuba bia Kayifase bivua mua kuikala bia mu matuku a kumpala kua ntuadijilu wa siekele.”

William G. Dever, profesere wa dilonga dia bintu bia kale bia pabuipi ne ku Est mu Université wa Arizona, wakela nseka pa bidi bitangila Yeruzaleme ne: “Ki ndiela kalele bua kuamba ne: tudi balonge bia bungi pa muyuki wa dilonga dia bintu bia kale bia muaba eu wa nshindamenu mu bidimu 15 biashadi ebi kupita mu bidimu 150 bionso bia kumpala.” Mivule ya ku midimu minene ya dilonga dia bintu bia kale mu Yeruzaleme munkatshi mua makumi a bidimu biashadi ebi mbileje bushuwa bintu biumbula bidi bitokesha muyuki wa mu Bible.

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 9]

Difuanyikija dia Tshimenga tshia Yeruzaleme mu tshikondo tshia Ntempelo Muibidi – uvua pa maloba a Holyland Hotel, mu Yeruzaleme

[Bimfuanyi mu dibeji 10]

Kuulu: Ditumba dia ku Sud-Ouest dia Mukuna wa Ntempelo wa Yeruzaleme

Ku dia balume: Dipitshila mu njila wa muinshi mua buloba wa Hezikiya