Agora​—Tshitupa tshia mushinga mukole tshia Atena wa kale

TSHINSANGA tshia bena mukanda ba mu Atena tshivua mu diyoyo! Misangu yonso bavua bapatula ngenyi mipiamipia mu agora wa tshimenga atshi tshia bena Greke, anyi muaba wa tshisalu. Kadi musangu eu kuvua dishilangana dinene. Ne tshifikidi mu tshimenga etshi, muena Yuda kampanda uvua umueneka muikale bu ‘muambi wa malu a nzambi ya ku ba bende.’ Uvua wambila aba ‘bakasangakana nende’ mêyi a dikema. “Muena tshiakulakula au neambe tshinyi?” ke muakakonka bena Epikuleo bena lutambishi ne bena Stoiko ne mpala munyenga. Bushuwa, agora wa mu Atena uvua muaba wa kuenzela mayuki pa biena-bualu bungi tshianana. Kadi kuakula bua nzambi mienyi idi kayiyi mimanyike kuvua bushuwa disambuka dia mikalu!​—Bienzedi 17:17, 18.

Au avua meji mabi avua bena Atena bela pavua mupostolo Paulo mutuadije kuyisha bua musangu wa kumpala mu agora wa Atena. Uvua wakula bua Yezu Kristo ne bua dibiishibua. Kadi bua bena mu Atena bavua bamueneka ne lungenyi lunzuluke, mbualu kayi buvua kabuyi bua pa tshibidilu pa bidi bitangila dibueja ngenyi mipiamipia bu eyi mu agora?

Atena udi upeta muaba wende wa patoke

Tshintu tshivua bushuwa tshia pa buatshi tshivua agora muine ne mudimu wa mushinga mukole uvuaye nawu mu nsombelu wa bena Atena ne mu malu a ntendelelu. Agora wa mu Atena ntshitupa tshidi mu mpulumuku tshia bunene bua hektare bu 10, tshidi ku Nord-Ouest kua Acropole. Bidi bimueneka ne: kumpala mu siekele muisambombo K.B.B., mu matuku a Solon, munene wa mbulamatadi ne muenji wa mikenji wa mu Atena, tshitupa etshi tshia buloba tshivua tshilongolola bu muaba wa patoke wa tshimenga. Dijadika dia demokrasi mu Atena, ne dizangika diende dia nsombelu wa bantu, biakafikisha ku dibudika dia mudimu wa luibaku mu bidimu bia kumpala bia siekele uvua ulonda. Muanda eu wakapesha muaba eu wa agora bukole bupiabupia ne kuuvuija wa mushinga.

Muaku wa tshiena-Greke a·go·raʹ udi ne muji wawu mu muaku wa pa muanda udi umvuija “kusangila, kunguila.” Ebi mbikumbanyine mushindu uvuabu batumika ne agora bu muaba munene wa mu tshimenga uvuabu benzela bisangilu. Agora wakafika ku dikala tshitupa tshia mushinga mukole mu nsombelu wa bantu. Uvua muaba wa banene ba mbulamatadi ne wa banzuji, muaba munene wa tshisalu ne wa diendela mushinga, muaba wa dienzela manaya a teyatre avua aleja nsombelu wa bena Greke, muaba wa kuenzela maleja a manaya, ne muaba muanyisha wa kuenzela bisangilu bua mayuki a bena mukanda.

Udi mua kusua bua kupitshila mu bishadile bia ntempelo, ntanda, mpingu, mabue miibaka ne nzubu minene bia agora wa mu Atena anyi? Mu dienza madikolela bua kukonkonona malu a kale a mu agora, tuanjibi kushiya mutoyi ne dibanda dipueka bia mu tshimenga tshia buena-lelu ne tulonde tujila tua nsoka, munkatshi mua bibundu bia mabue a marbre, mabue masonga, ne biibi bisunsuke bibuikila kudi bisosa.

Ntempelo, sanktiwere ne nzambi milami

Bakumbudi mbakemesha kudi dikalaku dia ntempelo mivule ne sanktiwere bilambula nzambi kabukabu. Bionso ebi biakambuluisha bua kuvuija agora nsangilu munene wa ntendelelu, muaba muibidi mu Acropole. Mu tshikondo tshia dilubuluka dinene mu Atena wa kale, malu a ntendelelu avua mabuele mu bitupa bionso bia nsombelu. Ebi bivua nangananga biumvuija ne: nzambi kabukabu mileja bu “nzambi milami” ya bibambalu bia mbulamatadi bavua bayipeshe sanktiwere mu agora.

Uvua mutambe kuenda lumu ku nzubu eyi uvua Ntempelo wa Héphaïstos. Athéna, nzambi-mukaji, uvua mulamakaja pamue ne Héphaïstos. Bavua batendelela nzambi ibidi eyi bu nzambi milami bua midimu ya disonga ne dienza bintu. Bintu bisokolola bienza ne biamu ne bifumba ne dîma kumpenga kua ntempelo eu mbimueneke bia Héphaïstos, nzambi wa bena Greke wa midimu ya disonga anyi dienza bintu bivua bilomba bua kutumika ne mudilu. Pamu’apa mu siekele wa muanda-mutekete B.B., bakakudimuna ntempelo eu mukuba bimpe bu Ekleziya wa Ortodokse wa bena Greke wa George Munsantu, nansha mudibu kabayi batumika nende nanku lelu’eu.

Bushuwa, agora uvua ukengela wende nzambi mulami. Nzambi eu uvua Zeus Agoraios, uvuabu bamba ne: mmuambuluishi wa bangamba-malu, eu uvuabu benzele tshioshelu tshilengeja bimpe ne mabue a marbre a mushinga mukole a mukuna wa Pentélique. (Fuanyikija ne Bienzedi 14:11, 12.) Tshioshelu tshivua pabuipi tshia Mamuende wa ba-Nzambi tshivua munkatshi mua mabue adi akemesha miibakila bilobo.

Patudi tuya kumpala kakese, tudi tusangana ntempelo mukese wa bena Ionie. Pausanias, mumanyi wa malu a buloba, wakamusunguluja bu Ntempelo wa Apollo Tatu. Bua tshinyi? Bualu bilondeshile muanu wa kale wa bena Greke, uvua tatuende wa Ion, muenji wa tshisa tshia bena Ionie muvua bena Atena basanganyibua.a Muangata mushindu’eu, Apollo uvua umue wa ku nzambi milami ya bulongolodi bua mbulamatadi, nangananga ya bisumbu bia bantu bavua ne malanda bivua mu tshimenga.

Diakamue ku Nord, tudi tumona dibue dia tshibuebue didi dishale dia ntempelo mutambe bukese, muibaka munkatshi mua siekele muinayi K.B.B. Muaba eu bavua batendelela Zeus ne Athéna Phatrios, nzambi minene milami ya bisumbu bia ntendelelu wa bankambua. Dikalamu divua dienze bu bualu bulombibue bua kushisha kulua muena mu Atena. Patudi tusambuka musesu, tudi tusangana bishadile bia tshioshelu tshia Nzambi Dikumi ne ibidi.

Mu lutanda lule lua Stoa wa Zeus Eleutherios luvua pabuipi apu, bavua batumbishamu kabidi nzambi munene wa bena Greke, musangu eu bu nzambi wa budikadidi ne bupikudi. Lutanda elu, anyi stoa, luvua muaba uvuabu batamba kuendela ne kuenzela bisangilu. Badi bamba ne: Socrate, muena nkindi muende lumu, uvua mutuilangane ne balunda bende mu stoa eu, muaba uvuabu mua kusomba ne kuyukila anyi kuendakana pamue. Kuvua diumvuangana dia buludiludi pankatshi pa bintu bia bungi ne milambu biakafilabu bua kulengeja stoa eu, bu mudi ngabu ya bena mvita bavua bafue mu diluila Atena, ne dipikula dia tshimenga ku bianza bia baluishi batshi anyi ne dikuba dia budikadidi buatshi.

Njila wa Panathenaea

Badi babikila njila munene wa nsoka ya bungi udi ukosoluela mu agora ne: Njila wa Panathenaea. Dîna diende ne ngikadilu wende wa pa buende bivua biangatshila mu Panathenaea, tshibilu tshia ditunga tshia bena Atena. Mu tshibilu etshi, bavua bambula tshitambala tshia nzambi-mukaji Athéna, bapitshila natshi mu njila eu bafumina ku Nzubu wa ngendu ya mazengu (pabuipi ne tshiibi tshia tshimenga) batangile ku Acropole. Ntempelo wa Parthenon mulengeja bimpe udi utuambuluisha bua kumona disanka ne butumbi buvua nabu ngendu ya mazengu mienza mu tshibilu etshi​—babandi ba pa tubalu, matempu adi atembangana, milambu ya ngombe ne mikoko, nsongalume ne nsongakaji miambule bia-mudimu bia kutumika nabi ku difila dia milambu. Bavua babandila ngendu ya mazengu eyi kudi bena-muabu ba mu Atena ne babikidibue babu, ke bua tshinyi bena luibaku bavua balongolole muaba munene pavuabu benze agora. Tshilejilu, ntanda ne miaba yayi mitumbuke ya kumpala ne bibandilu bivua bitangija ne meji onso ku luseke ludi njila wa diendela ngendu ya mazengu. Bibandilu bivule bienza kumpala kua ntanda eyi bivua mua kukumbana babandidi bavule.

“Mûle tente ne mpingu”

Bu muvuaye ne ntempelo mipite bungi, mpingu ne bibumba biibaka biunguija, kabiena bikemesha muvua ‘mutshima [wa mupostolo Paulo] mutambe kunyingalala pakatangileye musoko mûle tente ne mpingu.’ (Bienzedi 17:16) Malu avua Paulo mumone pakabueleye mu agora avua ne bua kuikala mamubungamije. Mpingu ivua ileja bitupa bia lulelu ya nzambi Hermese ivua mipite bungi mu mushindu wa se: bivua bikengela lutanda lujima, lumanyike bu Stoa wa Hermese, bua kuyitekamu. Bimfuanyi bikuabu bizola bia Hermese bivua pa bilamba bidi ne nkuruse idi mikale bimanyinu bia lulelu ne muoyo. Kuvua lupingu lua Vénus Genetrix, nzambi-mukaji wa masandi, pamue ne lua Dionysos ludi ne nkuruse ya bungi ya bitupa bia lulelu. Dibue dia ku tshibueledi ne dilongo dinene dikale ne mâyi “mansantu” bua mikiya ya dikezula dia bantu bonso bavua babuela mu agora bivua tshimanyinu tshia ngikadilu uvua uleja mudi muaba eu wa “tshijila.”

Patudi tutangila muvua bantu batambe kudina nunku mu malu a Nzambi, tudi mua kumvua bipepele bua tshinyi mmuenenu wa Paulo uvua wa njiwu mikole. Bavua bamba muvuaye ‘muambi wa malu a nzambi ya ku ba bende,’ ne mikenji ya tshikondo atshi ivua yamba ne: ‘muntu kêna ne bua kuikala ne nzambi mikuabu, anyi nzambi mipiamipia; anyi kêna ne bua kutendelela mu musokoko nzambi kampanda ya ku ba bende anu yoyi mikale mianyishibue patoke.’ Nenku kabiena bikemesha muvuabu baye ne mupostolo ku Aleopago bua kumuela nkonko.​—Bienzedi 17:18, 19.

Muaba uvua tshilombuelu

Nzubu wa tshijengu uvua ne dîna se: Tholos ke muvua tshilombuelu tshia mbulamatadi wa bena Atena. Balombodi bavule ba tshimenga bavua balala butuku mu nzubu emu bua bikalaku bua mudimu dîba dionso. Mushiki wa bipiminu ne bidikijilu bia bujitu uvua mulamina mu Tholos. Nzubu ya bibambalu kabukabu bia tshilombuelu ivua pabuipi apu. Nzubu wa Tshipangu uvua pa muaba mutumbuke mukepesha mu tshibadi tshia kakunakuna ku Nord-Ouest kua Tholos. Kuine aku, bena mu Tshipangu tshienza ne bantu 500 bavua benza mudimu mu tusumbu tukese ne balongolola mikenji bua Kasumbu ka bedi ba mikenji.

Nzubu mukuabu wa mushinga uvua utangila malu a bantu uvua Royal Stoa. Kuine aku ke kuvua Nzuji Munene wa mu Atena​—umue wa ku balumbuluishi banene basatu ba mu tshimenga—​muikale wenzela mudimu. Uvua ukumbajilamu midimu mivule ya dilombola ivua itangila malu a Nzambi ne a mikenji. Bidi bimueneka ne: muaba eu ke uvuabu balombe bua Socrate kupita ku tshilumbuluidi pavuabu bamufunde bua dipetula bintu binsantu. Mikenji ya bankambua ya mu Atena ivua mifunda ku bimanu bia nzubu uvua mutangilangane nende. Tshidimu tshionso banzuji anyi balumbuluishi banene bavua bimana pa dibue diteka kumpala kua muine nzubu au bua kuenza mutshipu wabu wa mudimu.

Stoa wa Attale

Nzubu udibu batambe kukuba mu agora udi Stoa wa Attale. Pavuaye nsongalume, Attale, Mukalenge wa Pergame (siekele muibidi K.B.B.), uvua mulongele mu tulasa tua mu Atena, anu bu bana bakuabu ba bungi ba mu mêku a bamfumu ba mu matunga adi pabuipi ne Mbuu wa Méditerranée. Pakasombaye diakamue mu nkuasa wa bumfumu, wakafila dipa diende dilengele​—Stoa wa Attale—​kudi tshimenga tshivua ne tshilongelu tshiende.

Mudimu munene wa Stoa wa Attale uvua wa kupetesha muaba mulenga wa diendela mubuikila kuulu bua disangila dia mu mpukapuka ne diyukila. Sima ne tshisombelu tshia kuulu bia nzubu eu bivua bipetesha miaba milenga ya dimuenena bena ngendu ya mazengu, ne ditamba kumanyika diende bu tshiendelu divua ne bua kuikala kabidi divudije lumu luende bu muaba munene wa disumbishila bintu. Imue misangu Mbulamatadi uvua muteka magazen aa bua bangenda kufutshilamu bua nzubu eu kuikalaye ubueja mfranga.

Bamane kumulongolola anu bu muvuaye kumpala, Stoa wa Attale udi ufila tshilejilu tshilenga tshia tshipapu tshizola. Nseke yende yonso, dishilangana didi disankisha dia bule bua makunji a muulu ne a muinshi, dimueneka didi disankisha dia mundidimbi padiku munya, mushinga ne buimpe bua bintu bimuibaka nabi, bionso ebi bidi biambuluisha bua kumuvuija tshintu tshia pa buatshi. Lutatu lua dimonamona malu amue-amue ndukepesha mu mishindu kabukabu, nangananga ku ditumika ne mishindu mishilangane isatu ya makunji manene​—mushindu wa bena Dôrique, wa bena Ionie, ne wa bena Ejipitu.

Muaba wa malu a mamanya

Nzubu wakambuluisha bu muaba wa mianda mivule ya malu a mamanya mu Atena uvua Nzubu wa maja. Nzubu eu uvua dipa dia Vipsanius Agrippa, muku wa Amperere Auguste wa bena Roma. Tshitupa tshia kumpala kua nzubu eu tshivua tshilamika mabue a marbre a mekala mashilangane. Nzubu wa dienzela bisangilu, muikale ne miaba ya disomba mitue ku 1 000, uvua wa bule bua metre bu 25 ne ku tshibangilu uvua mubuikila kudi musaka kauyi ne makunji a munda. Etshi tshivua umue wa ku midimu minene ya ditenga misaka mimanyike kale. Kadi, imue misangu malu mavule a dijikija nawu lutetuku malejamu kaavua mimpe kudi bena nkristo balelela to, bua mêyi-makulu abu matumbuke a nsombelu wa tshitembu.​—Efeso 5:3-5.

Pamu’apa, ba-musua-kumanya ba mu bikondo bia kale bavua bakumbule Tshilaminu tshia mikanda tshia Pantainos. Bimanu biatshi bivua biûle ne tubadi muvuabu balamina mivungu mifunda ku tshianza ya nyandu ne parsheme. Tshibambalu tshinene tshia tshilaminu tshia mikanda tshivua tshitangile ku Ouest, ne muntu uvua mua kumuenena pankatshi pa mulongo wa makunji lubanza luikale ne lutanda luvua luenza muaba muimpe wa kuendela, kubadila, anyi wa kuelela meji. Bakasangana kabaya kafunda kikale ne mikenji ibidi ivua miela mu tshilaminu tshia mikanda. Mikenji eyi ivua ne: “Kuena ne bua kupatuka ne mukanda nansha umue,” ne “[Tshilaminu tshia mikanda] ntshiunzulula kubangila pa dîba dia kumpala too ne pa dîba disambombo.”

Agora lelu’eu

Bidimu bidi panshi ebi, agora mmukalula bikole kudi Tshilongelu tshia bena Amerike tshia Malonga a kale. Muikisha mu ditalala mu ditalaji dia tshitupa tshia tshimenga tshitumbuke tshia Acropole, agora mmulue muaba muanyisha bua musua-luendu yonso udi musue kutangila malu a mu Atena wa kale.

Kasalu ka Monastiraki ka pabuipi apu, mutantshi mukese patupu kumbukila ku agora ne Acropole, ntshidia tshiela batangile mu muaba mukuabu mulenga. Kasalu aka kadi kaleja mukumbudi ngikadilu mulenga udi ukemesha wa bilele bia kale bia mu Grèce ne mudimu wa dipana mu kasalu ne ditua mushinga ku Moyen-Orient. Bushuwa, mukumbudi neamonemu Bantemu ba Yehowa ne disanka dionso benza anu bu muakenza mupostolo Paulo kukadi bidimu bipite pa 1 900​—bayisha patoke lumu luimpe lua Bukalenge kudi bantu badibu ‘basangakana nabu.’

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Kazubu mu dibeji 28]

Bungenda mu Atena

Agora kavua anu tshitupa tshia mushinga mukole tshia bena mukanda ne dilombola malu a bantu mu Atena, kadi uvua kabidi tshisalu tshia kumpala tshia mu tshimenga. Atena wakafika ku dikala nsangilu wa bungenda muende lumu, bua dibenga kushintuluka dia mushinga wa mfranga yende ne bua dîsu dikole dia banzuji, bavuabu bapeshe bukenji bua kujadika ne: dienduluka dionso dia mushinga divua dia bululame ne dijalame.

Atena uvua upanyisha mvinyo, mafuta a olive, buitshi, mabue a marbre, ne bintu bia mu matanda bu mudi mabumba, ne uvua kabidi ne biamu. Mu dishintakaja, uvua usumba nangananga ntete ya blé. Bu muvua Attique (rejon uvua munyunguluke Atena) kayi upatula bintu bikumbane bua kudiisha bantu bavuamu, mikenji ya bungenda ivua mikolesha. Tshisalu tshia mu Pirée (dibungu dia mu Atena) tshivua misangu yonso ne bua kupeta biakudia bivua kabiyi bianji kulala bikumbane bua kudiisha tshimenga ne tshiluilu. Ne kabavua bitaba bua bangenda kubutabu bintu bua kubisumbisha ku mishinga mikole dîba dia dikenga to.