Jérôme: Mpanda-njila muela mpata mu dikudimuna dia Bible

MU DIA 8 Tshisanga 1546, Tshipangu tshia mu tshimenga tshia Trente (Italie) tshiakamanyisha ne: nkudimuinu wa mu Latin wa Vulgate “mmuanyisha kudi Ekleziya [Katolike] . . . ne se: muntu nansha umue katetshi anyi kakebi kabingila ka mushindu kayi bua kumubenga.” Bavua bele Jérôme ne nkudimuinu wende wa Vulgate mpata mutantshi mule, nansha mukavua nkudimuinu eu mujikija bidimu bipite pa tshinunu kumpala. Jérôme uvua nganyi? Bua tshinyi bavua bamuela mpata yeye ne nkudimuinu wende wa Bible? Mmunyi mudi mudimu wende muikale ne buenzeji pa dikudimuna dia Bible lelu’eu?

Dilua mushikuluji

Dîna dia Jérôme dia mu Latin divua Eusebius Hieronymus. Uvua mulela bu mu 346 B.B. mu tshimenga tshia Stridon, mu provense wa Dalmatie mu Roma, pabuipi ne mukalu udiku lelu pankatshi pa ditunga dia Italie ne dia Slovénie.a Baledi bende bavua ne ndambu wa bubanji, ne wakalabula bulenga bua makuta patshivuaye mupuekele. Bavua bamulongeshe mu Roma kudi Donat, mulongeshi muende lumu wa malu a muakulu. Jérôme wakamueneka muikale mulongi wa meji a bungi mu malu a muakulu, dimanya kuakula ne kufunda biakane ne nkindi. Mu tshine tshikondo etshi wakatuadija kabidi kulonga tshiena-Greke.

Panyima pa diumbuka mu Roma mu 366 B.B., Jérôme wakaya wenda ulalakana, ndekelu wa bionso kushikilaye mu tshimenga tshia Aquileia, mu Italie, muakamubuejabu mu malongesha a budikengeshi. Musankisha kudi mmuenenu eyi ya didipidia dinekesha, yeye ne tshisumbu tshia balunda bende bakenza bidimu bivule biakalonda badienzeja bua kuikala ne nsombelu wa budikengeshi.

Mu 373 B.B., lutatu kaluyi lumanyike luakasaka tshisumbu etshi bua kukosoloka. Mutekesha mu mikolo, Jérôme wakaya mutangile ku Est kupitshila mu Bitunia, Galatia, Kilikia ne ndekelu wa bionso wakafika mu Antiokia, ku Sulia (Syrie).

Luendu elu lule luakamupesha ntatu. Mupungile ne kayi ne mubidi muimpe, mubidi kapia uvua wamba kudia Jérôme. Pavuaye ufundila mulunda wende kampanda, wakamba ne: “O, bu Mfumu Yezu Kristo mua kungambula diakamue too ne muaba uudi! Mubidi wanyi muzubuluke, mutekete nansha pandi tshiyi nsama, kawena ne bukole.”

Bienze bu se: disama, dikala nkaya ne dilubakana dia munda bivuaye nabi kabivua bikumbane, mutantshi mukese Jérôme wakapeta kabidi lutatu lukuabu​—lua mu nyuma. Mu tshilota wakadimona “baye nende kumpala kua nkuasa wa tshilumbuluidi” wa Nzambi. Pakamuambilabu bua kudimanyishaye, Jérôme wakandamuna ne: “Ndi muena Kristo.” Kadi muntu uvua ulumbuluisha kuandamunaye ne: “Udi ushima, udi mulondi wa Cicéron, kuena mulondi wa Kristo nansha.”

Too ne mu tshikondo atshi, dijinga dikole dia Jérôme bua kupeta dimanya divua dishindamene pa dilonga nshidimukilu ya bampangano pamutu pa kulonda Dîyi dia Nzambi. Wakamba ne: “Mvua mutatshisha kudi mudilu wa mu kuondo ka muoyo.” Mutekemene se: nealongolole malu bimpe, Jérôme wakenza mutshipu mu tshilota tshiende ne: “Mfumu, meme muikale kabidi ne mikanda ya malu a panu, anyi meme mubale kabidi mikanda ya mushindu’eu, ndi mukuvile.”

Pashishe, Jérôme wakamba ne: kabavua mua kumubala bu muena dibanza bua mutshipu uvuaye muenze mu tshilota. Nansha nanku uvua mupangadije bua kukumbaja mutshipu wende​—nansha lungenyi alu patupu. Nenku Jérôme wakumbuka mu Antiokia ne kukebaye muaba wa pa nkayende mu Chalcis mu tshipela tshia mu Sulia. Bu muvuaye musombe pa nkayende, wakadifila mu dilonga Bible ne mikanda ya teoloji. Jérôme wakamba ne: “Ngakabala mikanda ya Nzambi ne lukunukunu lutambe lumvua mubale nalu mikanda ya bantu kumpala.” Wakalonga kabidi tshiena-Sulia tshivuabu bakula muaba au ne kutuadijaye kulonga tshiena-Ebelu bamuambuluisha kudi muena Yuda uvua muitabe Buena-Kristo.

Mudimu mumupesha kudi pape

Panyima pa bidimu bitue ku bitanu bia disombela mu nzubu wa badiambike, Jérôme wakapingana ku Antiokia bua kutungunuka ne malonga ende. Kadi pakafikaye, wakasangana ekleziya mupanduluke bikole. Bushuwa, patshivuaye mu tshipela, Jérôme ukavua mulombe mubelu kudi Pape Damase, wamba ne: “Ekleziya mmupanduluke mu bitupa bisatu, ne tshitupa tshionso ntshisue bua meme kubuela muabu.”

Ndekelu wa bionso, Jérôme wakapangadija bua kulamata Paulin, umue wa ku bantu basatu bavua bafuilakane muanzu wa muepiskopo wa mu Antiokia. Jérôme wakitaba bua Paulin kumutambuisha bu nsaserdose anu kunyima kua dikumbaja malu abidi avuaye ulomba. Bua kumpala: uvua musue kuikala mudikadile bua kutungunuka ne bipatshila biende bia budiambike. Ne buibidi: wakela nangananga kashonyi pa dishala kayi muenzejibue bua kukumbaja malu-malomba a bunsaserdose bua kuenza mudimu mu ekleziya kampanda musunguluke.

Mu 381 B.B., Jérôme wakaya ne Paulin mu Tshipangu tshia ku Constantinople ne panyima patshi bakatungunuka nende too ne ku Roma. Pape Damase wakitaba ne lukasa ne: Jérôme uvua ne meji mu malu a bushikuluji ne a miakulu. Mu tshidimu tshimue patupu bakapesha Jérôme muanzu wa lumu lua bungi bu sekretere wa Pape Damase.

Bu muvuaye sekretere, Jérôme kakepuka dimutontolola nansha. Kadi bidi bimueneka ne: uvua udikebeladi. Tshilejilu, wakatungunuka ne nsombelu wa didipidia mu lubanza lua pape muvua bintu bia bungi bia mushinga mukole. Kabidi, mu dikankamija nsombelu wende wa didikengesha ne mu diakula ne dikima bua kudiwula buenzavi bua bamfumu ba bitendelelu, Jérôme wakadikebela baluishi ba bungi.

Kadi nansha muvuaku bantu bavua bajana Jérôme, Pape Damase uvua utua ku tshiende ne muoyo mujima. Pape eu uvua ne kabingila kimpe bua kukankamija Jérôme bua atungunuke ne dienza makebulula ende a mu Bible. Dîba adi, bavua benza mudimu ne nkudimuinu ya Bible ya mu Latin ya bungi. Mivule kayivua mikudimuna bimpe to, ivua ne bilema binene. Bualu bukuabu buvua butonde Pape Damase buvua se: muakulu uvua upandulula ekleziya ya ku Est ne ya ku Ouest. Bantu bakese ku Est bavua bamanye Latin; bantu bakese menemene ku Ouest bavua bamanye tshiena-Greke.

Nanku Pape Damase uvua uditatshisha bua kuenzulula nkudimuinu wa Evanjeliyo. Pape Damase uvua ukeba nkudimuinu uvua mua kuleja tshiena-Greke tshia ku ntuadijilu mu mushindu mujalame, kadi muikale umvuija malu ne bukole ne mufunda mu Latin udi umvuika. Jérôme uvua umue wa ku bashikuluji bakese bavua mua kuenza nkudimuinu wa nunku. Bu muvuaye wakula bipepele tshiena-Greke, Latin ne tshiena-Sulia, ne muikale ne dimanya dia bungi dia tshiena-Ebelu, uvua mukumbane bimpe bua kuenza mudimu eu. Nenku ne bukenji bumupesha kudi Pape Damase, Jérôme wakatuadija mudimu uvua ne bua kuangata bidimu bikuabu bia muoyo wende bipite pa 20.

Mpata idi ikola

Nansha muvuaye ukudimuna Evanjeliyo ne lubilu lua bungi, Jérôme wakaleja ngenzelu mutoke ne wa bushikuluji. Pa kufuanyikija maniskri onso a tshiena-Greke avuaku musangu au, wakalongolola bilema bivua mu mifundu ya mu Latin, mu mfundilu ne mu diumvuija, bua kumona mua kuyifikisha mu diumvuangana menemene ne mifundu ya tshiena-Greke.

Nkudimuinu wa Jérôme wa Evanjeliyo inayi uvua muanyisha bikole kudi bantu bonso, anu muvuabu banyishe nkudimuinu wende wa Misambu uvuaye muenzulule, uvua mushindamene pa mifundu ya tshiena-Greke ya Septante. Nansha nanku, kutshivua anu bantu bavua bamujana. Jérôme wakafunda ne: “Bimue bifukibua bia muendi bivua bintatshisha ku bukole ne dibanda dia se: mvua nkeba kulongolola mvese ya mu evanjeliyo, bualu bubengangane ne bukokeshi bua bantu bashidimuke ba kalekale ne mmuenenu wa bantu bonso.” Dibanda Jérôme patoke edi diakakola panyima pa lufu lua Pape Damase mu 384 B.B. Bu muvua malanda a Jérôme ne pape mupiamupia kaayi mimpe, nenku wakapangadija bua kumbuka mu Roma. Bua musangu muibidi, Jérôme wakaya mutangile ku Est.

Dilua mushikuluji wa tshiena-Ebelu

Mu muvu wa automne wa mu 386 B.B., Jérôme wakasombela mu Beteleheme, muakashalaye kashidi. Uvua mulue ne kasumbu kakese ka balondi bende ba lulamatu, pamue ne Paula, mukaji mubanji wa mu dîku dia bunême mufume ku Roma. Paula uvua mulonde nsombelu wa didikengesha bua diyisha dia Jérôme. Muvuaye wambuluisha ne mfranga, bakenza nzubu wa badiambike mulombola kudi Jérôme. Jérôme wakatungunukamu ne mudimu wende wa bushikuluji ne kujikijaye mudimu mutambe bunene wa mu matuku ende a muoyo.

Disombela mu Palestine diakapesha Jérôme mushindu wa kumvua tshiena-Ebelu bimpe menemene. Wakafuta balongeshi bavule bena Yuda bua bamuambuluishe bua kumvua tumue tunungu tutambe bukole tua muakulu. Kadi nansha muvuaye ne mulongeshi, kabivua bipepele to. Jérôme wakakula bua mulongeshi Baraninas wa mu Tibériade, wamba ne: “Biakantatshisha ne kuntudisha makuta bua Baraninas kuikalaye undongesha butuku.” Bua tshinyi bavua balonga butuku? Bualu Baraninas uvua utshina tshivua bena Yuda mua kuamba bua dilamakana diende ne “muena Kristo”!

Mu tshikondo tshia Jérôme, misangu mivule bena Yuda bavua baseka Bampangano bavua bakula tshiena-Ebelu bualu kabavua bamanye mua kubala bimpe maleta a dishindumuina pa muminu. Nansha nanku, panyima pa madikolela a bungi, Jérôme wakamanya mua kushindumuna maleta au. Jérôme wakafunda kabidi miaku ya bungi ya mu tshiena-Ebelu mu Latin. Dienza nenku diakamuambuluisha ki ng’anu bua kuvulukaye miaku eyi, kadi bua kulama kabidi nshindumuinu wa tshiena-Ebelu tshia mu tshikondo atshi.

Mpata mitambe bukole bua Jérôme

Tshitupa tshivua Pape Damase mulongolole bua Jérôme kukudimunaye ki ntshimanyike bimpe to. Kadi kakuena mpata bua mushindu uvua Jérôme umona mudimu eu. Jérôme uvua mutambe kudifila ne muikale ne dipangadika dikole. Dijinga diende dikole divua dia kupatula tshintu “tshiambuluisha Ekleziya, ne bipungu bionso bivua bilonda.” Nenku wakapangadija bua kuenzulula nkudimuinu wa Bible mujima mu Latin.

Bua Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu, Jérôme wakalongolola bua kushindamijila mudimu wende pa Septante. Nkudimuinu eu wa tshiena-Greke wa Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu, mukudimuna kumpala mu siekele muisatu K.B.B., uvua muangata kudi bantu ba bungi bu mufundisha buludiludi kudi Nzambi. Nenku, Septante wakatangalaka bikole munkatshi mua bena Kristo ba mu tshikondo atshi bavua bakula tshiena-Greke.

Kadi pakatungunuka Jérôme ne mudimu wende, miaba ya bungi wakasangana dibenga kumvuangana dia maniskri a tshiena-Greke bu divuaye mupete mu Latin. Bualu ebu buakatamba kutekesha Jérôme mu mikolo. Ndekelu wa bionso wakafika ku nkomenu wa se: bua kupatula nkudimuinu wa kueyemena, uvua ne bua kulekela maniskri a tshiena-Greke ku luseke, pamue ne Septante uvuabu batamba kunemeka, ne kuya buludiludi ku mifundu ya ntuadijilu ya tshiena-Ebelu.

Dipangadika edi diakakebesha ditontolola dikole. Bamue bavua bamba Jérôme ne: mmunyangi wa mifundu, mupendi wa Nzambi, ulekela bilele bia ekleziya bua kulonda bia bena Yuda. Nansha Augustin​—muena teoloji munene wa ekleziya mu tshikondo atshi—​wakasengelela Jérôme bua apingane ku mifundu ya Septante, wamba ne: “Miaba yonso bantu buobu batuadije kubala nkudimuinu webe mu ekleziya mivule, newikale muanda wa dibungama bualu mu dibala Mufundu, dishilangana didi ne bua kumueneka pankatshi pa Ekleziya ya muakulu wa Latin ne wa tshiena-Greke.”

Bushuwa, tshivua Augustin utshina tshivua se: ekleziya uvua mua kukosoloka bu ekleziya mivule ya ku Ouest mienze mudimu ne mifundu ya Jérôme ya mu Latin ivua mishindamene pa mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu, eku ekleziya ya tshiena-Greke ya ku Est mitshikale yenza mudimu ne nkudimuinu wa Septante.b Kabidi, Augustin wakela mpata bua kuteka Septante ku luseke, kushala ne nkudimuinu wa Jérôme.

Ntshinyi tshiakenza Jérôme bua baluishi bonso aba? Biumvuangane ne ngikadilu wende, Jérôme wakalengulula bantu bavua bamujana. Wakatungunuka ne kukudimuna kumbukila diakamue ku tshiena-Ebelu, ne mu tshidimu tshia 405 B.B., ukavua mujikije Bible wende wa mu Latin. Kunyima kua bidimu bakinyika nkudimuinu wende ne: Vulgate, muaku udi uleja nkudimuinu muanyisha kudi bantu bonso (muaku wa mu Latin vulgatus udi umvuija “tshia bantu bonso, tshidi tshianyisha kudi bantu ba bungi”).

Bipeta bidi bishala matuku a bungi

Nkudimuinu wa Jérôme wa Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu uvua mupite kule ne kule difundulula dia mifundu ikavuaku. Bua bipungu bivua bilonda, wakashintulula mushindu wa kulonga ne kukudimuna Bible. Mufundi wa malu a kale Will Durant wakamba ne: “Vulgate mmushale bu mukanda mutambe bunene ne wa buenzeji bua bungi wa mu siekele muinayi.”

Nansha muvua Jérôme muikale ne ngakuilu wa nsenda ne muena matandu, yeye nkayende wakatangija tshiakabidi makebulula a mu Bible ku mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu mifundisha ku spiritu. Muikale ne dîsu ditabale, wakalonga ne kufuanyikija tshiena-Ebelu tshia kale ne maniskri a Bible a tshiena-Greke akadi kaatshiyiku lelu’eu. Mudimu wende kabidi uvua mudianjidile wa ba-Masorete bena Yuda. Nanku, Vulgate mmukanda wa mushinga bua kufuanyikija ngandamuinu mishilangane ya mifundu ya Bible.

Banangi ba Dîyi dia Nzambi badi mua kuanyisha madikolela a tshisumi a mpanda-njila eu muela mpata mu dikudimuna dia Bible, kadi kabayi bakankamija tshikadilu tshiende tshiele kalela anyi mmuenenu ya tshitendelelu tshiende. Bushuwa, Jérôme wakakumbaja tshipatshila tshiende​—wakapatula tshintu “tshikumbanyine bipungu bionso bivua bilonda.”

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 28]

Lupingu lua Jérôme mu Beteleheme

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Garo Nalbandian

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua bimfuanyi mu dibeji 26]

Kuulu ku dia bakaji, maniskri a tshiena-Ebelu: Ne dianyisha dia Shrine of the Book, Mizé wa Israël, mu Jérusalem; Kuinshi ku dia bakaji, maniskri a mu tshiena-Syrie: Maleja ne dianyisha dionso dia The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, mu tshimenga tshia Dublin; Kuulu pankatshi, maniskri a mu tshiena-Greke: Ne dianyisha dia Israel Antiquities Authority