Shaula​—Tshivuadi tshisungula kudi Mfumu

SHAULA wa ku Tâso uvua muluishi uvua ushipa balondi ba Kristo. Kadi Mfumu uvua mumulongoluele nsombelu mukuabu mu matuku atshivua alua. Shaula uvua ne bua kulua mubingishi wa pa buende wa tshivuaye uluisha kumpala ne muoyo mujima. Yezu wakamba ne: “Muntu ewu [Shaula] ndi mumusungule bu [“tshivuadi,” NW], bua kumanyisha dina dianyi mu bukua bisamba, kudi bamfumu ne kudi bena Israele.”​—Malu Menza 9:15, MMM.

Nsombelu wa Shaula bu “muntu mupange kanemu” wakashintuluka bikole pakamufuilabu luse ne pakaluaye ‘tshivuadi tshisungula’ kudi Mfumu Yezu Kristo. (1 Timote 1:12, 13, NW) Makanda avua mamusake bua kubuelakana mu diasa Stefano mabue ne mu dikebela bayidi ba Yezu ntatu mikuabu avua matangija ku bipatshila bishilangane bikole [ne bia kumpala] pavua Shaula mulue mupostolo Paulo muena Kristo. Bushuwa, Yezu wakamona ngikadilu kampanda ivua isankisha munda mua Shaula. Nngikadilu kayi ayi? Shaula uvua nganyi? Mmunyi muvua nsombelu wende wa kale mumuvuije muntu muakanyine kuenza nende mudimu bua kutuma ntendelelu mulelela kumpala? Tudiku mua kulongela bualu kampanda ku malu akamufikila anyi?

Nsombelu uvua nende dîku dia Shaula

Dîba diakafua Stefano katupa kîpi kunyima kua Pentekoste wa mu 33 B.B., Shaula utshivua “nsongalume.” Pavuaye ufundila Filemona bu mu 60-61 B.B., ukavua “muntu mununu.” (Bienzedi 7:58; Filemona 9) Bamanyi bapiluke badi bamba ne: bilondeshile mushindu uvuabu babala bidimu bia bantu kale, kuikala “nsongalume” kuvua pamu’apa kumvuija kuikala ne bidimu pankatshi pa 24 ne 40, kadi “muntu mununu” uvua mua kuikala ne bidimu kubangila ku 50 too ne ku 56. Nenku Shaula uvua pamu’apa muledibue bidimu bikese kunyima kua diledibua dia Yezu.

Tshikondo atshi bena Yuda bavua basombele miaba ya bungi pa buloba. Dibatshimuna kudi bisamba bikuabu, dibakuata ku bupika, dibipata mu ditunga, dienda mushinga ne dimuangala ku budisuile ke amue malu avua mabafikishe ku diumbuka mu Yudeya ne kutangalaka nunku. Nansha muvua dîku diende dikale dia mu bena Yuda bavua batangalake, Shaula udi ushindika muvuabu balamate ku Mikenji, wamba ne: uvua ‘mutengula dituku dia muanda-mukulu; muena Isalele, wa mu tshisamba tshia Benyamina, muena Ebelu wa bena Ebelu, mu bualu bua mikenji uvua Mufalese.’ Shaula uvua ne dîna dia bena Ebelu dia muomumue ne dia muntu mumanyike wa mu tshisamba tshiende​—mukalenge wa kumpala wa Isalele. Bu muvuaye muena Lomo ku diledibua, Shaula wa ku Tâso uvua kabidi ne dîna dia mu muakulu wa Latin dia: Paullus.​—Filipoi 3:5; Bienzedi 13:21; 22:25-29.

Diledibua dia Shaula bu muena Lomo divua diumvuija ne: umue wa ku bankambua bende bantu balume uvua mupete bumuena-muabu bua bena Lomo. Mmushindu kayi? Kudi mishindu ya bungi. Pa kumbusha dipiana bumuena-muabu, bavua mua kubupesha bantu anyi bisumbu bia bantu bua malu mimpe a pa buawu, bua malu a tshididi, anyi bu difutu bua mudimu musunguluke muenzela Mbulamatadi. Mupika uvua ne mushindu wa kusumba budikadidi kudi muena Lomo, anyi muntu uvuabu bapeshe budikadidi kudi muena-muabu muena Lomo, uvua mua kulua yeye muine muena Lomo. Ke muvuabi kabidi bua muntu uvua musalayi kumpala, panyima pa mudimu wende mu tshiluilu tshia bena Lomo, uvua pende mua kupeta bumuena-muabu. Bantu bavua basombele mu bitupa bia Lomo bavua mua kulua bamuena-muabu bena Lomo mu bungi bua matuku. Badi bamba kabidi ne: mu bikondo kampanda, bavua basumba bumuena-muabu ku makuta a bungi. Mushindu uvua bumuena-muabu bubuele mu dîku dia Shaula ki mmumanyike to.

Tudi bamanye ne: Shaula wakafumina ku Tâso, tshimenga tshikulu ne tshinene tshia provense wa mu Lomo wa Kilikia (mpindieu ku Sud kua ditunga dia Turquie). Nansha muvua bena Yuda ba bungi basombele mu tshitupa etshi, nsombelu uvuamu uvua kabidi mua kuikala mufikishe Shaula ku dimanya bilele bia Bampangano. Tâso uvua tshimenga tshinene ne tshia bubanji bua bungi, tshimanyike bu nsangilu wa nshidimukilu wa bena Greke. Badi batshinka ne: bantu pankatshi pa 300 000 ne 500 000 bavua basombelemu mu siekele wa kumpala. Uvua nsangilu wa bungenda-mushinga uvua ku njila munene pankatshi pa Asia Mukese, Sulia ne Mesopotamia. Mpetu ya Tâso ivua ifumina ku bungenda-mushinga ne ku bufuke bua mu mpata uvua munyunguluke tshimenga etshi, muvuabu bakuna nangananga ntete ya blé, mvinyo ne mitshi ya lin. Midimu ya dienza bilamba ivua yenda bimpe. Mu midimu eyi bavua bapatula bilamba bia miosa ya mbuji bivuabu benza nabi ntenta.

Malonga a Shaula

Shaula anyi Paulo uvua udidiisha mu mushindu mululame ne udiambuluisha mu midimu yende ya bu-misionere pa kuenza ntenta. (Bienzedi 18:2, 3; 20:34) Mudimu wa dienza ntenta nguvuabu benza mu tshimenga tshiabu tshia Tâso. Pamu’apa bidi se: patshivuaye muana, Shaula wakalongela dienza ntenta kudi tatuende.

Miakulu ivua Shaula mumanye​—nangananga dishikuluja diende dia tshiena-Greke, muakulu uvua mutangalake mu Ampire wa bena Lomo​—ivua kabidi ne mushinga mu mudimu wende wa bu-misionere. (Bienzedi 21:37–22:2) Bakonkononyi ba mifundu yende badi bamba ne: tshiena-Greke tshiende ntshilenga tshitambe. Miaku ivuaye wenza nayi mudimu kayivua ya tshiena-Greke tshia kale anyi tshia mu mikanda nansha, kadi mmifuanangane ne ya tshiena-Greke tshia mu Septante, nkudimuinu wa tshiena-Greke wa Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu ivuaye utela misangu mivule anyi wambulula mêyi avuamu mu mushindu mukuabu. Bashindamene pa tshijadiki etshi, bamanyi bapiluke kabukabu badi bamba ne: Shaula wakapeta ndongeshilu muimpe wa nshindamenu wa tshiena-Greke, pamu’apa mu tshilongelu tshia bena Yuda. Mumanyi mupiluke Martin Hengel udi wamba ne: “Kale, ndongeshilu mulenga​—nangananga ndongeshilu wa tshiena-Greke—​kabavua bamupeta patupu nansha, pa tshibidilu, bivua bilomba dikuatshisha kampanda dia ku mubidi.” Malonga a Shaula adi aleja ne: uvua mufumine mu dîku dia bena kantu ku bianza.

Pamu’apa, pavuaye ne bidimu 13 peshi bishadile, Shaula wakatungunuka ne tulasa tuende mu Yelushalema, mutantshi wa kilometre mitue ku 840 ne kuabu. Uvua mulongesha ku makasa a Gamaliele, mulongeshi wa bilele bia Bafarizeyi mumanyike bimpe ne muanyisha bikole. (Bienzedi 22:3; 23:6) Malonga au, mafuanangane ne a mu iniversite lelu’eu, akamupesha mushindu wa kupeta lumu mu Buena-Yuda.a

Wakenza mudimu bimpe ne mamanya ende

Bu muvuaye mulela mu dîku dia bena Yuda mu tshimenga tshia bena Lomo mu nshidimukilu wa bena Greke, Shaula uvua muibidilangane ne nshidimukilu isatu. Kakuyi mpata, disombela muaba uvua bantu ba bungi ba miakulu kabukabu diakamuambuluisha bua kulua “malu onso kudi bantu ba mishindu yonso.” (1 Kolinto 9:19-23, NW) Bumuena-muabu bua bena Lomo buakalua kumupesha mushindu wa kubingisha mudimu wende ku diambuluisha dia mêyi ne mikandu ne kuya ne lumu luimpe kumpala kua mukokeshi mutambe bunene uvuaku mu Ampire wa bena Lomo. (Bienzedi 16:37-40; 25:11, 12) Bushuwa, nsombelu wa kale wa Shaula, malonga ende ne bumuntu buende bivua bimanyike kudi Yezu mubisha ku bafue, wakambila Anania ne: “Ndaku, bualu muntu ewu ndi mumusungule bu [“tshivuadi,” NW], bua kumanyisha dina dianyi mu bukua bisamba, kudi bamfumu ne kudi bena Israele. Meme nkayanyi nemmuleje muonso mudiye mua kukenga bua dina dianyi.” (Malu menza 9:13-16, MMM) Pakalutangija Shaula mu disangu dimpe, lukunukunu luende luvua tshiamu tshia mudimu bua kutangalaja mukenji wa Bukalenge mu teritware ya kule.

Disungula Paulo kudi Yezu bua mudimu wa pa buawu divua muanda musunguluke mu miyuki ya bena Kristo. Bushuwa, bena Kristo bonso ba matuku etu aa badi ne mamanya ne ngikadilu idibu mua kuenza nayi mudimu bimpe bua kutangalaja lumu luimpe. Pakajingululaye tshivua Yezu ujinga bua bualu buende, Shaula kakelakana nansha. Wakenza muende muonso bua kutuma bipatshila bia Bukalenge kumpala. Ke muudi pebe wenza anyi?

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Kazubu/​Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 30]

Difundisha ne dijadika bumuena-muabu bua bena Lomo kua mbulamatadi

Difundisha bana balela kudi bena-muabu bena Lomo ku mikanda ya mbulamatadi divua dijadika kudi Auguste ne mikenji ibidi miela mu tshidimu 4 ne tshia 9 B.B. Difundisha edi divua ne bua kuenzeka mu matuku 30 kunyima kua diledibua. Mu provense mivule, bena dîku bavua ne bua kuamba mêyi kampanda kumpala kua nzuji mu biro biakanyine muvua bantu badifundishila mêna, bamba ne: muana eu uvua mulela kumbelu ne uvua ne bumuena-muabu bua bena Lomo. Bavua kabidi bafunda mêna a baledi, dîna dia muana bikalaye uvua wa balume anyi wa bakaji, ne dituku dia diledibua diende. Mene kumpala kua kuelabu mikenji eyi, bavua bafundulula bena-muabu ku mikanda ya mbulamatadi mu komine yonso, teritware ne biro bionso mu bidimu bionso bitanu ku diambuluisha dia dibadika dia bungi bua bantu.

Muntu uvua mua kujadika bumuntu buende pa kuleja mikanda milama bimpe. Mikanda ya malu aa mijadika kudi mbulamatadi bavua mua kuyipeta mienzela mu kabuta kakese ka ku bianza kenza ne tubaya (tubaya tua dibunya). Ku mmuenenu wa bamue bamanyi bapiluke, pavua Paulo wamba ne: uvua muena Lomo, uvua ne mushindu wa kupatula mikanda bua kufila tshijadiki. (Bienzedi 16:37; 22:25-29; 25:11) Bu muvuabu bangata bumuena-muabu bua bena Lomo bu tshintu tshivua ne “ngikadilu wa tshijila” ne tshipetesha muntu masanka a bungi, didienzela mikanda eyi divua dishipa mikenji dinene. Muntu uvua udishintuluila bumuntu buende pa mikanda uvua ne tshibawu tshia lufu.

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Historic Costume in Pictures (Bimfuanyi bia mvuadilu wa kale)/​Dover Publications, Inc., New York

[Kazubu/​Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 31]

Dîna dia Shaula dia bena Lomo

Dîna dia muntu mulume yonso wa mu Lomo divua ne bitupa bisatu. Uvua ne dîna dia munda, dîna dia mu dîku (disuikakane ne tshisamba anyi tshisa tshiende), ne dîna disakidila. Tshilejilu tshimue tshimanyike ntshia Gayo Yulio Kaisa. Bible kêna uleja mêna majima a bena Lomo to, kadi mikanda ya tshianana idi ialeja. Idi ituambila ne: Agipa uvua Mâko Yulio Agipa. Galio uvua Lukio Yunio Galio. (Bienzedi 18:12; 25:13) Bilejilu bia mu Mifundu bia abidi a ndekelu a ku mêna asatu a muntu mbiobi ebi: Pontio Pilato (tshimfuanyi tshidi kuinshi), Sêgio Paulo, Kulaudio Lusia, ne Pokio Festo.​—Bienzedi 4:27; 13:7; 23:26; 24:27.

Kakuena mushindu wa kujadika bikala Paullus dikale dîna dia Shaula dia munda anyi dîna diende dikuabu. Pa tshibidilu muntu uvua mua kusakidila dîna dikuabu divua bena dîku ne bamanyangana nabu mua kumubikila. Kadi, bavua mua kuenza mudimu ne dîna divua kadiyi dia bena Lomo bu mudi dia Shaula bu dîna dikuabu. Mumanyi mupiluke kampanda udi wamba ne: “Dîna dia [Shaula] kadivua mua kukumbana bu dîna dia muena Lomo nansha, kadi divua mua kukumbana bimpe menemene bu dîna dia ku tshilelelu dipesha muena-muabu muena Lomo bu dîna disakidila.” Miaba ivuabu bakula miakulu ya bungi, nsombelu uvua mua kuikala ujadika dîna divua muntu mua kusungula bua kumubikilabu ku mêna avuaye nawu.

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Photograph by Israel Museum, ©Israel Antiquities Authority