Iikalunga Iivalakadhi Ohayi Galikanwa Natango Mbela?
IIKALUNGA iivalakadhi oya li ya galikanwa sigo opethimbo lyAakriste yotango. Omuyapostoli Paulus okwe shi tsakaneke muEfeso muAsia Eshona. Ngaashi naanaa muAtena, oshilando shilwe moka hamu galikanwa iikalungakiintu, ye okwa gandja uunzapo u na sha ‘naKalunga tuu nguka a shiti uuyuni,’ Omushiti omunamwenyo, ngoka inaa “fa oshingoli noshisilveri nenge emanya, [inaa] fa oshiyelekela sha hongwa [paunkulungu] nopamayele gomuntu.” Aaefeso oya li itaaya vulu oku shi idhidhimikila we, oshoka oyendji yomuyo oya galikana oshikalunga oshivalakadhi Artemis, nenge Diana. Mboka ya hupu mokuhambula uutempeli wiisilveri woshikalungakiintu shoka oya hwameke oshipotha. Oongundu dhaantu odhi igidha uule woowili mbali konyala: “Diana gwAaefeso oye omunene!”—Iilonga 17:24, 29; 19:26, 34.
Artemis gwaEfeso
Aagreka nayo wo oya galikana Artemis, ihe Artemis ngoka a galikanwa muEfeso, okwe mu fa owala kashona. Artemis gwaGreka okwa li oshikalungakadhona shuukongo noshemono lyaanona. Artemis gwaEfeso okwa li oshikalungakiintu sholuvalo. Otempeli yasho onenenene muEfeso oya li ya talika ko oyo yimwe yomiikumithalonga iiheyali yomuuyuni. Oshiyelekela she, shoka aniwa sha gu megulu, osha li she mu thaneke oye omugandji gwoluvalo, ontulo ye ya pwa ko komikweyo dhomagundji ge li molupe lwomayi. Olupe lwomagundji ngaka inaalu monika nale olwe etitha po omafatululo gi ili nogi ili, ngaashi kutya go otaga thaneke omayi ogendji nenge nokuli omatupa gontsezi. Kutya nee efatululo oli li ngiini, osha yela kutya go oge li endhindhiliko lyoluvalo.
Shihokitha osho kutya oshiyelekela shotango shoshikalungakiintu shika paThe New Encyclopædia Britannica “osha ningwa moshingoli, miipilangi hayi ithanwa ebony, moshisilveri nomemanya eluudhe.” Oshiyelekela sha tseyika nawa shaArtemis gwaEfeso, shoka sha za methelemimvo etiyali E.N., otashi mu ulike e na oshipala oshiluudhe, iikaha iiluudhe noompadhi oonduudhe.
Oshiyelekela shaArtemis oshe endithwa momapandaanda. Omwiilongimbimbeli R. B. Rackham okwa nyola: “Motempeli [yaArtemis omwa li mwa] pungulwa . . . iimenka niilongitho iiyapuki yoshingoli noshisilveri yasho, mbyoka pethimbo lyiituthi ya simana molweendo olukumithi ya li hayi humbatwa yu ukithwa koshilando nokugalulwa ko.” Iituthi mbika oya hili aayendi omayuvi lwomathele shaa mpono muAsia Eshona. Oya landa uutempeli woshikalungakiintu noye shi ligolele osho oshinene, osho omukiintu gwawo omuholike, omukwaniilwakiintu, omukadhona, “ngoka ha pulakene komagalikano nohe ga taamba ko.” Momidhingoloko dha tya ngaaka osha pula omukumo ogundji gwaPaulus nAakriste yonale ya simaneke “Kalunga tuu nguka a shiti uuyuni” pehala lyokusimaneka iikalunga niikalungakiintu ‘yoshingoli nenge yoshisilveri nenge yemanya.’
Okuza kOshikalunga Oshivalakadhi Sigo ‘okuYina yaKalunga’
Osha li okaakuluntugongalo yomegongalo lyopaKriste muEfeso mboka omuyapostoli Paulus a lombwelele kutya otamu ka holoka eshunomonima. Okwa londodha kutya aashunimonima mboka taa ka holoka otaa ‘popi shoka kaashi ukile.’ (Iilonga 20:17, 28-30) Okushuna kegalikano lyiikalunga iivalakadhi osha li shimwe shomiiponga mbyoka ya kala aluhe muEfeso. Osha ningwa mbela?
Otatu lesha muNew Catholic Encyclopedia: “Efeso, shi li ehala lyaayendi, osha li sha talika ko osho ehala moka [omuyapostoli] Johannes a fumvikwa . . . Omuthigululwakalo gulwe, ngoka gwa gandjwa kOshigongi shaEfeso (431), otagu mangele kumwe Maria Omukadhona Omulalekwa nuuyamba nOmuyapuki Johannes. Ongeleka moka mwa ningilwa Oshigongi, oyi ithanwa Ongeleka yaMaria.” Embo lilwe lyaKatoolika (Théo—Nouvelle encyclopédie catholique) otali popi kombinga “yomuthigululwakalo gwa ziminwa ko” ngoka tagu ti kutya Maria okwa yile pamwe naJohannes kuEfeso, hoka a kala oshihupe shonkalamwenyo ye ayihe. Omolwashike mbela ekwatathano ndika pokati kaEfeso naMaria lya simana nena kutse?
The New Encyclopædia Britannica nayi tu yamukulile: “Esimaneko lyayina yaKalunga olya humithwa komeho sho Ongeleka yAakriste ya ningi ongeleka yoshilongo kohi yaKonstantyn noongundu dhaapagani dha mbombolokele mongeleka. . . . Etilokalunga lyawo nokwiitula mo kwawo kwomuule okwa kala kwa thoolomenwa uule woomvula omayuvi ogendji keitaalo lyoshikalungakiintu ‘oshivalakadhi oshinene’ ‘nomukadhona gwopakalunga,’ ehumokomeho ndyoka lya za komalongelokalunga omakulu gaBabilon naAssiria.” Kapwa li ehala ewanawa li vule Efeso moka egalikano lyoshikalunga oshivalakadhi lya ningwa “lyopaKriste.”
Osha li ano mo 431 E.N., muEfeso, sho shoka aniwa oshigongi shaakuluntu shopangeleka oshititatu sha popi Maria oye “Theotokos,” oshitya shOshigreka shoka tashi ti “Omuhumbati gwaKalunga” nenge “Yina yaKalunga.” ONew Catholic Encyclopedia otayi ti: “Elongitho lyedhina ndika kOngeleka pwaahenomalimbililo olya li lya toto po omalongo gaMaria nokusimanekwa kwe momathelemimvo ga ka landula ko.”
Omakulukuma ‘gOngeleka yOmukadhona Maria,’ mpoka oshigongi shika sha li sha ningilwa, otaga vulu okumonika nena muEfeso shonale. Pamithigululwakalo, ongeleka ndjoka oya li egumbo moka Maria a hupile e ta si, otayi vulu wo okutalelwa po. Omupapa Paulus VI okwa li a talele po omauyapuki gaMaria ngaka mo 1967 muEfeso.
Eeno, Efeso olya li ehala moka elunduluko lyegalikano lyaapagani lyoshikalunga oshivalakadhi, ngaashi Paulus e shi tsakanekele methelemimvo lyotango, lya ningwa okusimaneka Maria kwa kwata miiti oye “Yina yaKalunga.” Egalikano lyoshikalunga oshivalakadhi olya hupu miilongo yUukwakriste unenetuu mokupitila mesimaneko lyaMaria.
Oshikalunga Oshivalakadhi Ohashi Galikanwa Natango
OEncyclopædia of Religion and Ethics otayi kutha moohapu dhomwiilongimbimbeli W. M. Ramsay mpoka ta ti kutya “okugandja esimaneko kwomethelemimvo eti-5 kOmukadhona Maria muEfeso okwa li olupe [lwepepaleko] lyegalikano lyaapagani okugalikana Omuvalakadhi Omukadhona muAnatolia.” The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology otayi ti: “Edhiladhilo lyaKatoolika kombinga ‘yayina yaKalunga,’ ‘nomukwaniilwakiintu gwegulu,’ nonando olye ya konima yE[testamendi] E[pe], otali ulike unene kondjokonona yelongelokalunga lyonale yopetameko mUuzilo. . . . Mokusimanekwa kwaMaria kwa landula ko omu na iinima oyindji yeitaalo lyaapagani yokugalikana yina gwopakalunga.”
Itashi vulika iinima mbika yi kale ya holoka po ohaluka, oshoka yo oyindji noonkondo notayi tsu kumwe unene nokanima kehe. Etsokumwe pokati kiiyelekela yayina a papata okanona yOmukadhona Maria niiyelekela yiikalungakiintu yaapagani, ngaashi Isis, itali vulu okukala inaali ndhindhilikwa. Ngele tatu mono iiyelekela omathele niimenka yaMadonna Omuluudhe moongeleka dhaKatoolika muuyuni auhe, itatu vulu okudhiladhila sha shi ili kaashi shi oshiyelekela shaArtemis. Embo Théo—Nouvelle encyclopédie catholique otali popi kombinga yAakadhona mbaka Aaluudhe: “Osha yela kutya yo oya li omukalo gwokutula esimano lyaapuhe ndjoka lya hupu ko lyaDiana [Artemis] . . . nenge Cybele kuMaria.” Otashi monika wo omalweendo gEsiku lyOkuya kwOmukadhona Maria mEgulu ga fa omalweendo gokusimaneka Cybele naArtemis.
Nokuli omadhina ngoka ga pewa Maria otage tu dhimbulukitha kiikalunga iivalakadhi yaapagani. Ishtar okwi ithanwa oye “Omukadhona Omuyapuki,” “Omukiintu gwandje Omuholike” na “omuvalakadhi omunamutimahenda ngoka ha pulakene komagalikano.” Isis naAstarte oyi ithanwa “Omukwaniilwakiintu gwEgulu.” Cybele okwa lukwa “Yina yAalalekwa nuuyamba ayehe.” Omadhina agehe ngano, ge na eyooloko eshona, ohaga longithwa kuMaria.
Oshigongi II shaVatikan osha ladhipike eitaalo ‘lyOmukadhona Omulalekwa nuuyamba.’ Omupapa Johannes Paulus II okwa tseyika nawa molwokusimaneka kwe Maria. Pethimbo lyomalweendo ge omale ye ihe etha nando ompito yi pitilile po inaa talela po omahala omayapuki gaMaria, moka mwa kwatelwa ndyoka lyaMadonna Omuluudhe gwaCzestochowa, muPoole. Ye okwi inekelitha uuyuni auhe muMaria. Kashi halukitha ano sho The New Encyclopædia Britannica ta nyola kohi yokapalanyole “Oshikalunga Oshivalakadhi” e ta ti: “Edhina ndika olya gandjwa wo kaantu yi ili noyi ili ngaashi mbono ya lukwa Oovenus dhEthimbo lyEmanya nOmukadhona Maria.”
Ihe esimaneko lyaMaria kuKatoolika kaRoma halyo awike omukalo ngoka gwa kaleke po egalikano lyoshikalunga oshivalakadhi sigo opethimbo lyetu. Shikumitha unene, aayambidhidhi yongundu yemanguluko lyaakiintu oye eta po iileshomwa oyindji yi na ko nasha negalikano lyiikalunga iivalakadhi. Yo oyi itaala kutya aakiintu oya lyatelwa pevi unene muuyuni mbuka tau pangelwa kaalumentu ye hole oontamanana, nonokutya egalikano lya gama kombinga yaakiintu otali ulike aantu taa kongo uuyuni u na oontamanana oonshona. Osha yela kutya yo oyi itaala wo kutya uuyuni nena otau ka kala u li nawa nou li ehala li na ombili ando wa gama unene kombinga yaakiintu.
Ihe egalikano lyoshikalunga oshivalakadhi inali eta ombili muuyuni wonale, noitali ke eta wo ombili nena. Natango, opu na aantu oyendji nena, dhoshili omamiliyona mboka taa endathana nOonzapo dhaJehova, ndhoka dhi na uushili kutya evi ndika itali ka hupithwa kuMaria, kutya nee otaye mu simaneke shi thike peni noye mu hole shi thike peni oye omudhiginini nomukiintu gwomethelemimvo lyotango ngoka a li e na uuthembahenda uukumithi okuvala Jesus noku mu tekula. Niishewe, Oonzapo dhaJehova inadhi itaala kutya Einyengo lyOngundu yEmanguluko lyAakiintu, nonando iinima yimwe mbyoka ya hala oyopauyuki, otali vulu okweeta po uuyuni wombili. Oku yi mona, yo oyi inekela Kalunga ngoka Paulus a tseyithile Aayatena nAaefeso oye “Kalunga tuu nguka a shiti uuyuni niinima ayihe yi li mo.” (Iilonga 17:24; 19:11, 17, 20) Kalunga nguka Omunankondoadhihe, ngoka edhina lye Jehova, oku uvaneka uuyuni uuwanawa uupe “moka tamu ka kala uuyuuki,” notatu vulu okukala neinekelo shili meuvaneko lye.—2 Petrus 3:13.
Ihe etaloko lyOmbimbeli oli li ngiini mbela kombinga yondondo yomukiintu koshipala shaKalunga noyomulumentu? Oshipalanyole shika otashi ka tsikila nokukundathanwa moshifo osho tuu shika.
[Ethano pepandja 5]
ASHTORET
Oshikalungakiintu shaKanaan shomilalo noshiita
[Ethano pepandja 5]
Musée du Louvre, Paris
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ARTEMIS
Oshikalungakiintu sholuvalo shaEfeso
[Edhina lyomuthaneki 6]
Musei dei Conservatori, Rome
[Ethano pepandja 7]
“YINA YAKALUNGA” gwUukwakriste
[Edhina lyomuthaneki 7]
Chartres Cathedral, France